OCH 752 ENERGY TECHNOLOGY - Unit 1

OCH752 - ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Dr A R Pradeep Kumar, B.E., M.E., Ph.D.
Professor and Head/Mech.
Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai

Energy
• Energy, is the capacity for doing work.
• It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal,
electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms.
• Other forms of energy are, heat and work
• i.e., energy will be transferred from one body to
another.
• After it has been transferred, energy is always
designated according to its nature.
• Hence, heat transferred may become thermal
energy, while work done may manifest itself in the
form of mechanical energy.
• All forms of energy are associated with motion.

Energy
• Energy can be neither created nor be destroyed but
one form of energy will be changed to another form
of energy.
• This principle is known as the conservation of energy
or the first law of thermodynamics.
• For example, when a box slides down a hill, the
potential energy that the box has from being located
high up on the slope is converted to kinetic energy.
• As the box slows to a stop through friction, the
kinetic energy from the box’s motion is converted to
thermal energy that heats the box and the slope.

Global Energy Scenario
• Fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) currently provide the
majority of our energy.
• On a global basis, it supplies about 81% of the energy.
• Non-fossil fuel sources include nuclear, hydro (dams with
electrical turbines attached to the outflow), solar (both
photovoltaic and solar thermal), and a variety of other
sources.
• The percentages of energy provided by these different
sources have clearly changed over time.
• Will certainly change in the future as well.

Global Energy Consumption Scenario

World Energy Consumption - Projected

Shift to Renewable Energy by 2050
(Proposed by Sustainable Energy Policies)

Ratio between Energy Usage and GDP

Renewable Energy Scenario in India

Energy Scenario in India
• Electricity demand in India has grown an average 4% per
annum over last 30 years.
• For the Indian economy to grow at 9% annually, additional
capacity of 60 GW must be added every five years.
• Government’s promise of 100% electricity to domestic users
will push up consumption.
• Besides the increasing demand for power, gross inefficiencies
and chaotic functioning of the power sector puts further
pressure on power supply.
• The transmission and distribution networks are highly
inefficient.
• Experts say that there is 30 – 40% power loss.
• Financial health of the state electricity boards is poor.

• Capacity utilization is very poor.
• Most hydro and thermal power stations operate at
87% load factor.
• Thermal plants face shortage of coal.
• Nuclear power plants operate at 50% loads, due to
shortage of uranium.
• In 2008, four gas based power projects were idle due
to lack of fuel linkage.
• The demand for electricity is expected to be about
1,000 GW by 2030.

• Invested heavily in renewable energy, particularly in
the wind energy – current installed capacity is about
13 GW.
• Aims to produce 20 GW from solar power and 30 GW
from nuclear energy in next 10-15 years.
• India is rich in renewable sources such as solar, wind,
hydro and bio-energy sources.
• However, it has less hydrocarbon reserve (0.4% of
world’s reserve)
• India depends on fossil fuel imports to meet its
energy demands

• In 2009-10, the import of crude oil alone
accounted for 31% of the country’s total imports.
• India has ambitious plans to expand
its renewable and nuclear power industries.
• Country envisages increasing the contribution
of nuclear power.
• Plan to increase the overall electricity
generation capacity from 3% to 9% within 25
years.

Units of Energy
• Energy is defined in terms of work.
• In CGS unit, the unit of energy is erg .
• 1 Joule is equal to 107 ergs.
• SI unit of energy is the same as that of the unit of work –
the Joule (J).
• The energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle
physics and high energy physics is electron Volt (eV).
• One eV is equivalent to 1.60217653×10−19 J.
• In spectroscopy the unit cm−1 ≈ 0.0001239842 eV is used to
represent energy.
• Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength from the equation.

Various Units of Energy
• British Thermal Unit (BTU)
• Horsepower (HP)
• Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
• Calorie
• Electronvolts (eV)
• Hartree (the atomic unit of energy)
• Rydberg units
• Barrel of oil

Relation between commercial and
SI unit of energy
• The commercial unit of energy is 1 kWh.
• One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of
energy that is consumed by a device in one working
hour at a constant rate of one kilowatt.
• The SI unit of energy is Joule.
• 1 kWh = 1 kW x 1h
= 1000 W x 1h
= 1000 (J/s) x 3600 s
= 3.6 x106 J

Relationship between Energy, Force
and Distance
• Energy = Force x Distance
• Units of force and distance are N and m
respectively
• Therefore, E = N x m

Classification of Energy Sources
• Energy sources can be classified into two types.
• Non-renewable and renewable
• Nonrenewable resources, are removed from the
earth and can be depleted.
• Examples for non-renewable resources are, fossil
fuels and nuclear material.
• Renewable resources are consumed and are
continuously available.
• Examples for renewable resources are wind, water,
solar, tidal and geothermal.

Global Energy Crisis
• It is the concern that the world’s demands on the
limited natural resources that are used to power
industrial society.
• Natural resources are in limited supply.
• Energy crisis is something that is ongoing and getting
worse, despite many efforts.

Causes of the Global Energy Crisis
Overconsumption
 Strain on fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal due to
overconsumption.
 In turn, can put a strain on our water and oxygen
resources by causing pollution.
Overpopulation
 Steady increase in the world’s population and its
demands for fuel and products
 All food products, domestic items are using
transportation, which consumes fuel.

Poor Infrastructure
 Old buildings with wiring causes more current leakage
 Obsolete equipment / vehicle consumes more fuel or energy
 Upgrading the infrastructure will set a high standard of
performance.
Unexplored Renewable Energy Options
 Renewable energy still remains unused in most of the
countries.
 Most of the energy comes from non-renewable sources like
coal.
 Renewable energy sources can reduce our dependence
on fossil fuels.
 Helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Delay in Commissioning of Power Plants
 In a few countries, there is a significant delay in
the commissioning of new power plants.
 Can fill the gap between demand and supply of
energy.
 The result is that old plants come under huge
stress to meet the daily demand for power.
 When supply doesn’t match demand, it results in
load-shedding and breakdown.

Wastage of Energy
In most parts of the world, people do not realize the
importance of conserving energy.
It is only limited to books, the internet, newspaper
ads, lip service, and seminars.
Simple things like switching off fans and lights when
not in use.
Using maximum daylight, walking instead of driving
for short distances.
Using CFL instead of traditional bulbs, proper
insulation for leakage of energy can go a long way in
saving energy

Poor Distribution System
 Frequent tripping and breakdown are a result of
a poor distribution system.
Major Accidents and Natural Calamities
Major accidents like pipeline burst and natural
calamities like the eruption of volcanoes,
floods, earthquakes can also cause interruptions
to energy supplies.
Huge gap between supply and demand for energy
can raise the price of essential items, which can give
rise to inflation.

Wars and Attacks
 Wars between countries can also hamper the
supply of energy.
 Especially if it happens in Middle East countries
like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE, or
Qatar.
 During the 1990 Gulf war when the price of oil
reached its peak causing global shortages and
created major problems.

Miscellaneous Factors
 Tax hikes, strikes, military coup, political events,
severe hot summers or cold winters can cause a
sudden increase in demand for energy.
Can choke supply.
A strike by trade unions in an oil-producing firm can
cause an energy crisis.

Various Effects of the Global Energy Crisis
• The growth of human civilization has led to an
increase in the consumption of traditional sources of
energy.
• The very basic source of energy is precious fossil
fuels.
• The usage of all these sources is bound to produce
certain effects.

Environmental Effects
 Energy is produced by the burning of non-renewable fossil
fuels.
 This does not only affect the global resources of fossil fuels.
 It also affects the environment.
 The burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases like
carbon dioxide and others.
 These gases create a blanket on the earth’s surface, which
prevents the release of the short rays of the sun by night.
The energy crisis facilitates making the earth a
warmer place by promoting global warming.

Increasing Prices of the Fuel Resources
 As the use of fossil fuels increases, the cost of these
resources increases too.
 The quantity in which these fossil fuels are available is limited.
 Keep on using these resources, the amount of these fossil
fuels further decreases
 The demand for these fuels increases daily while their
available quantity decreases every day
 This leads to an immense increase in the price of fossil fuels,
causing the price to increase.
 This creates a huge economic disturbance across the globe.

Political Disturbances
 The energy crisis creates some socio-economic
disturbances.
Global energy crisis also creates a lot of political
disturbances.
With the failure of the energy markets, we see a
crash in not only the global economy but also a crash
of the energy available.

The Effect on the Tourism Industry
 Tourism industry is largely dependent on the rise and fall of
fuel prices.
 Rise of the fuel prices that comes as a result of the energy
crisis affects the tourism industry pretty adversely.
 There are many who cannot afford the same.
 As a result of all this, it is the tourism industry that suffers.

Possible Solutions to the Problem of Global
Energy Crisis
Shift to Renewable Resources
Much of the industrial age was created
using fossil fuels.
There is also known technology that uses
other types of renewable energies – such as
steam, solar and wind.
 Shifting to renewable energy source is the
possible solution for these.

Possible Solutions to the Problem of
Global Energy Crisis
Buy Energy-Efficient Products
Replace traditional bulbs with CFLs and LEDs.
They use fewer watts of electricity and last longer.
If millions of people across the globe use LEDs and
CFLs for residential and commercial purposes, the
demand for energy can go down.

BLDC – Fans (Additional Info.)
BLDC (Brushless DC) motor fans is a upcoming
technology for fans. (50% of energy is saved)

Energy Crisis
Lighting Controls
Preset lighting controls, slide lighting, touch dimmers,
integrated lighting controls are few of the lighting
controls.
Reduce overall lighting costs.
Easier Grid Access
The hassles of getting credit for supplying surplus power
back into the grid should be removed.
 Subsidy on solar panels should be given to encourage
more people to explore renewable options

Energy Crisis
Energy Simulation
Energy simulation software can be used by big
corporates and corporations to redesign the
building unit.
Reduce running business energy costs.
Engineers, architects, and designers could use
this design to come with most energy-efficient
buildings and reduce carbon footprint.

Energy Crisis
Conducting Energy Audit
• The energy audit is a process that helps you to
identify the areas where your home or office is losing
energy.
• What steps you can take to improve energy
efficiency.
• Energy audit, done by a professional will reduce the
carbon footprint.
• Save energy and money, and avoid energy crisis.

ENERGY ALTERNATIVES
• Solar Power
• Nuclear Power
• Hydroelectric Energy
• Wave Energy
• Biofuels
• Natural Gas
• Geothermal Power
• Wind Energy

Energy alternatives – Solar Power
• This energy source is completely renewable and
• The costs of installation are outweighed by the
money saved in energy bills from traditional
suppliers.
• Nevertheless, solar cells are prone to
deterioration over large periods of time.
• Not as effective in un-ideal weather conditions.

Energy alternatives – Nuclear Power
• Most abundant forms of alternative energy
• Direct benefits in terms of emissions and
efficiency
• Boosting the economy by creating jobs in
plant creation and operation.
• drawback is that when something goes
wrong with a nuclear power plant the
potential for catastrophe exists.
• The situations in Chernobyl (1986) and
Fukushima (2016) are examples of this
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_di
saster (Chernobyl)

Energy alternatives – Hydroelectric (Hydel)
• Earliest means of creating energy, though their use
began to decline with the rise of fossil fuels.
• Still account for approximately seven percent of the
energy produced in the United States.
• A clean source of energy
• Doesn’t create pollution
• A renewable energy source.

Energy alternatives – Wave Energy
• Valuable contributor to alternative energy fuel
sources with wave energy converters.
• Advantage over tidal energy sources because they
can be placed in the ocean in various situations and
locations.
• More reliable than many other forms of alternative
energy.
• Has enormous potential when used properly.
• Cost of systems is a major contributing factor to slow
uptake.

Energy alternatives – Biofuel
• Bio-fuels make use of animal and plant life to create
energy.
• Fuels that can be obtained from some form of
organic matter.
• Renewable in cases where plants are used, as these
can be re-grown on a yearly basis.
• Requires dedicated machinery for extraction, which
can contribute to increased emissions even if bio-
fuels themselves don’t.

Energy alternatives – Natural Gas
• Natural gas sources have been in use for a number of
decades.
• It is being used in cars to reduce carbon emissions.
• Demand for this energy source has been increasing.
• The potential for contamination is larger than with
other alternative fuel sources.
• Natural gas still emits greenhouse gases, even if the
amount is lower than with fossil fuels

Energy alternatives – Geothermal Power
• Extracting energy from the ground around us.
• It is growing increasingly popular, with the sector as a
whole experiencing five percent growth in 2015.
• World Bank currently estimates that around forty
countries could meet most of their power demands
using geothermal power.
• This power source has massive potential while doing
little to disrupt the land.
• Heavy upfront costs of creating geothermal power
plants has led to slower adoption.

Energy alternatives – Wind Energy
• Has become increasingly popular in recent years.
• It makes use of a renewable source and generates no
waste.
• Current wind energy installations power
roughly twenty million homes in the United States per
year.
• Unfortunately, this form of energy generation also
presents challenges.
• Wind turbines restrict views and may be dangerous to
some forms of wildlife.

Energy alternatives – Biomass Energy
• Burning wood has been used for thousands of years
to create heat.
• More recent advancements have also seen waste,
such as that in landfills, and alcohol products used
for similar purposes.
• Focusing on burning wood, the heat generated can
be equivalent to that of a central heating system.
• Costs involved tend to be lower.
• Amount of carbon released by this kind of fuel falls
below the amount released by fossil fuels.

Energy alternatives – Tidal Energy
• It is a fairly new technology, its potential is enormous.
• United Kingdom estimated that tidal energy could
meet as much as 20% of the UK’s current electricity
demands.
• Uses the kinetic energy of the ocean to power
turbines.

Energy alternatives – Hydrogen Gas
• Unlike other forms of natural gas, hydrogen is a
completely clean burning fuel.
• Once produced, hydrogen gas cells emit only water
vapor and warm air when in use.
• Mostly derived from the use of natural gas and fossil
fuels.
• The process of electrolysis, is used for the splitting of
water into hydrogen and oxygen.

Energy Alternatives India (EAI)
• To provide consulting, research, promotion and
marketing support to the fast growing renewable
energy.
• To establish clean-tech industry in India.
• Started by a team of professionals from IITs and
IIMs having prior experience in the alternative energy
industry.
• Vision of EAI is to promote widespread and increased
adoption of renewable energy.
http://www.eai.in/about-us#sthash.iYEMGzY8.dpuf

Energy Alternatives India (EAI)
• EAI provides consultancy for all the major
renewable energy sectors.
• Major focus on Solar (PV and thermal), Wind,
Bio-energy, and Energy Efficiency.

Thank you
Email : dearpradeepkumar@gmail.com
99 41 42 43 37

OCH 752 ENERGY TECHNOLOGY - Unit 1

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