Enterprise Management Capability Through Makhana(Euryale ferox Salisb.) Production System Management

1. Bhola Paswan Shastri agricultural College
purnea , 854302
ICAR ELU-A PRESENTATION ON :-Enterprise Management Capability Through
Makhana(Euryale ferox Salisb.) Production System Management
Submitted to:-
ICAR-ELU
ELp MAKHANA
Dept. of Horticulture
Presented by:
Ankit Raj
Roll no. BPSAC/……..
Sem: 8th , year : 4th
B.Sc.(Hons.)Ag

2. Objectives of
Experiential
Learning
Programme
ElP –The Experiential Learning
Programme aims for promoting professional
skills and knowledge through hands on
experience, building confidence and ability to
work in project mode and acquire enterprise
management capabilities.
Objective:-
•To develop skill among UG students in Makhana
production system and marketing.
•To develop skill among UG students in better utilization
of field through suitable crops.eg.-pond bund and slope of
bund space can be utilized in the production of vegetables
and short canopy fruit crops.
•To develop enterprise management capability
•To build confidence among students to develop and
manage wetland as an important economic activity.
•It also aims to install greater confidence, competitiveness
and competence among the graduates to meet needs of
private sector and to undertake self-employment in
vocations of their choice.

3.  Introduction
 History of Makhana
 Morphology of Makhana
 Distribution of Makhana
 Nutritional and Medicinal Value of
Makhana
 Makhana and Ayurveda and Its
Medicinal Value
 Varieties of Makhana
 Makhana Cultivation
 Activities carried out during
experiential learning programme
(Makhana package and practice )
 Online CBP training on
"Strengthening of
Makhana Value Chain in
Bihar" on 16-20 June
2021
 Post Harvesting
 Value Added Products
and by product
 Swot analysis
 Kisan mela
 Conclusion

4. Classification Description
Kingdom Plantae
Class Angiosperm
Order Nymphaeales
Family Nymphaeaceae
Genus Euryale
Species ferox
Sub species Salisb.
Makhana – the global food really needs no introduction. This popular
super food has travelled the globe and forms a part of daily lives of
all health freaks
Makhana as a crop is grown since century before by the farmers of
Bihar. It is an aquatic plant with large spherical floating leaves. The
flower is pink to purple in colour which is solitary terminal in position.
Spines are present on the whole plant including the leaves and the
rootstalk. The flowers are cleistogamous and predominantly self
pollinated
Botanical name- Euryale Ferox Salisb
Chromosome no- 58
Common Name - Makhana, Phool
Makhana, foxnut
Major makhana
producing state
Bihar
Propagated through- Seed only
A diploid aquatic plat (2n)
MAKHANA- AN INTRODUCTION

5. History of Makhana
o Makhana’s presence dates back
to more than 200 years ago. The
origin of cultivation of Makhana
took place at Madhubani, a
popular Mithilanchal region of
Bihar.
Bihar: In the Process of getting the
prestigious GI tag for Makhana.
Makhana has started getting
distributed to rest of the world
from Madhubani. Also called as the
black diamond, Makhana is in the
process of getting the Geographical
Indication Tag which will give a
huge boost to exports of Makhana
to other parts of the country.
Stringent tests of quality are done
before any produce of a region gets
the GI tag.
Makhana in Indian Mythology
o Makhana has been a part of every
religious practice and rituals.
o Makhana has been considered as a
“Satvik Bhojan” that is offered to
idols of Gods and Goddesses
o In Jain community, both
Svetambara and Digambara are
very particular about their food
intake during fasts and Pooja.
o Makhana is considered pure during
Pooja and Havens during Hindu
ceremony. People observing fasts
during Navratri and Durga Pooja
have Makhana as a food to eat.
o Makhana is very famous option
even in Muslim community during
Ramazan. People observe Roza or
fast and eat Makhana in different
forms

6. MORPHOLOGY OF MAKHANA
 Makhana is an aquatic and floating leaf emergent
macrophyte . It does not bear stem but the rootstalks are
short, thick and fibrous comprising 3 to 5 clusters, each
consisting of about 15 rootlets.
 The leaves are orbicular, floating, green and deep
purple beneath, supported by stout, porous & prickly
ribs Each fruit consists of 20-25 seeds, which are small.
The full-grown leaves are of 1.2 - 1.5 m in diameter .
 The leaves have a quilted texture, although the stems,
flowers, and leaves which float on the surface are
covered in sharp prickles. Other leaves are submerged
Fig:- leaf of makhana
Fig:-Dorsal view of leaf
Fig:-Makhana flower
Fig ;-Mature fruit
stage
Fig:-Popped makhana
Fig:-Makhana seed

7.  The plant is cultivated for its seeds in lowland ponds in
India, China, and Japan. The Chinese have cultivated
the plant for centuries.
 . In India, it is cultivated in an area of 20,000ha. Out of
which 80% areas is in Bihar. The average production
and productivity of Makhana crop in Bihar is 3.19 lakh
Q and 21.25q/ha, respectively.
 At present 40-45 %of Makhana crop is cultivated in
low land rice field condition and rest are traditionally
grown in the pond system.
Global Distribution of Makhana
 With E-commerce and online sales, World has
become a global village. Manufacturers in
developing countries like India are getting
orders from another end of the world with a
click of a button. E-commerce has given a big
boost to the exports of Makhana.
 Makhana is highly popular in countries such as
India, China , Japan, and Thailand. The
potential of the Makhana market in Western
countries such as the UK and the US is still
untapped.
Production of fox-nut in Bihar
Districts and cities including
Darbhanga, Madhubani, Saharsa,
Katihar, Purnea, Supaul,
Kishanganj, Araria and Sitamarhi
are major producers of Makhana.
SN GENERAL DISTRIBUTION COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION AREAS
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
West Bengal
Assam
Manipur
Tripura
Meghalaya
Eastern Odisha
Madhya Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Rajasthan
Eastern Uttar Pradesh
BIHAR:
Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Madhubani,
Saharsa, Supaul, Katihar Purina,
Araria, & Kishanganj

8. Distribution of Makhana Plots in BPSAC

9.  Fox nut has a low Glycaemic Index (GI),
which means that is slowly absorbed by the
body and does not shoot the sugar level in
human beings. Therefore, it is also helpful for
people suffering for diabetes.
 High Fiber Content: High fiber acts as an
absorbent and is helpful for the body, in heart
management, keeping the body fit and fine.
 Low in Calories, fox nuts can be eaten on a
daily basis in different forms to regulate
normal body functions. It is advisable to
consult a health management expert regarding
that quantity that can be consumed every day.
 High in Potassium and also contains Vitamin
B1, carotene, iodine, iron, and phosphorous in
addition to calcium.
 The natural sodium content in makhana is
insignificant which is also helpful to manage
blood pressure
Makhana -The Indian Superfood
 Makhana is considered to be one of the
most potent Indian super foods
 Makhana due to its different nutritional
and healing properties have also found a
lot of use in Ayurveda and also the
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
 Potent source of carbohydrates, fiber,
plant-based protein, nutrients including
magnesium, potassium, phosphorous,
iron and zinc to name a few.
 Small and white puffed seeds are also
low in fat and sodium.
 The magnesium content present in
makhanaseeds also makes them useful
for those suffering from high blood
pressure, heart disease, diabetes and
obesity.
 Makhana is also known to have an anti-
aging enzyme that assists in repairing
damaged cells and proteins.

10. NUTRITIONALAND MEDICINAL VALUE
OF MAKHANA
Parameter Raw Makhana
content
Popped Makhana
Content
Carbohydrate 76.9% 84.9%
Protien 9.7% 9.5%
Fat 0.1% 0.5%
Moisture 12.8% 4%
Calorific value 362kcal/100g 328kcal/100g
Nutritionl value

11. It very beneficial and interacts
positively with most medicinal
systems and supplements.
It is widely used in Ayurveda
and Traditional Chinese
Medicine. Also makhana or
lotus seeds do not react with
homeopathic medicine.
Good Digestion:
Makhana Seeds have a
cold potency, balances
Vata and Pitta dosha
because of these
properties having
makhana regularly is
advised in Ayurved.
Anti-Ageing: Makhana
seeds have naturally
occurring anti-ageing
enzymes and properties,
Anti-Inflammatory:
Excellent source of
various important
minerals require by
human body including
protein, magnesium,
iron, zinc and
phosphorous it act as
anti-inflammatory
substances and protect
the human body from a
number of inflammation
related diseases.
Improving Sexual Performance: It helps in
improving the sexual performance. This property of
makhana is referred to as “Vrushya” in Ayurveda.
These seeds also ensure a safe pregnancy, also
known as “Garbha Sansthapaka”
Reduces Fatigue: In Ayurvedic
treatment, Makhana seeds are often
prescribed for reducing fatigue.

12.  Makhana In Diabetes-(Type 2 diabetes )Makhanas come as a relief to a
diabetic patient as it is not only low in calories but also high in taste.
 Makhana A Wonder Nut for pregnant women-Makhana is apt when it
comes to providing essential vitamins to women.
Makhana is packed with high level of B vitamins, amino acids and
antioxidants calcium that helps in maintaining the bone density of women,
helps in better growth of the fetus. It also helps in balancing the hormones
during pregnancy.
 Makhana has been known to cure diseases like cardiovascular
diseases, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure etc. Makhanas seeds and
flakes are known for having low sodium and high potassium which helps
in overall health of people with heart conditions. The high potassium helps
decrease the blood pressure levels among patients having High blood
pressure.
 There are a number of women suffering from PCOD/PCOS (polycystic
Ovarian Syndrome). Such individuals often develop resistance to insulin
due to excess weight gain and hormonal imbalance. Consuming food such
as makhana with low GI helps in maintaining an optimal weight and
overcoming the ailment.
 Food with low GI, improve the mental alertness, cognitive performance
by providing a steady and sustained release of energy to the brain. During
childhood and growing up years also, it is important that well balanced and
nutritional food with low index is given to children for better learning
ability and improved concentration.

13. SWARN VAIDEHI-
 First ever variety of Makhana released in India. for Bihar,
Assam, Chhattisgarh and Odisha on 15th November, 2013.
 This variety developed through pure line selection
 It has ’seed yield-28-30 q/ha the production potential in
farmers’ field which is almost two fold higher than the
productivity of traditional cultivars & pop recovery 35-40
percent
 The variety of makhana has been developed and released
by ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna,
for the first time in India.
 The seeds of Swarna Vaidehi are bold with average
productivity of 28— 30 q/ha. variety showed 60 per cent
higher seed yield compared to local check.
Seeds of Swarn Vaidehi
leaf of Swarn
Vaidehi
Fig: Seeds, field view and Pop of Swarn

14. SABOUR MAKHANA-1:-
 Sabour Makhana-1 are suitable for Bihar, Assam,
Chhattisgarh and Odisha regions of the Country.
 Seed (Guri) yield of 32-35q/ha and pop , recovery of 55-60
per cent as compared to ‘Swarn Vaidehi’(seed yield-28-30
q/ha & pop recovery 35-40 per cent only) and other
genotypes under test.
 It is moderately field resistant to important insect pests viz.,
Aphid, Case worm, leaf Midge (Chironomus spp.)
 It is also moderately field resistant to Leaf blight disease
(Altenariaspp).
 Maturity range of seed is 240-250 days.
 It has large spherical leaf, dark purple flowers, medium size
fruit; small, oval and smooth seeds with very thin seed
coat(0.29mm).
Fig: Seeds of Sabour Makhana-1
Pop of Sabour Makhana-

15.  Nursery Management in the Field
 Land Preparation and Inter-culture Operations
 Transplantation-Transplant seedlings when they are-Seedlings are uprooted from
nursery pond at 60-65 days after sowing for transplanting in mainfield.
 Maintain inter row spacing- of 1.25m x 1.25m
 Complete the transplanting within February to March to achieve higher yield
 Carry out gap filling where and when required.
 Weed Management-The weeds need to be kept under control especially during early
stages after transplanting
 Insect Pest Management-In field system, Crop is moderately resistance to important
insect pests
 In pond system, application of Neem cake@ 2 q/ha at the time of last
ploughing/planting + foliar sprays of Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5% at 25 days
interval from 40 Days After Transplanting(DAT) could be useful to prevent and
control insect pest attack.
 Disease management-Apply Foliar spray of Neem Seed Kernel Extract @ 5% at 25
days' interval from 40 Days After Transplanting(DAT) to very effective against Leaf
blight disease /Altenaria spp.)
 Irrigation Management-Standing water (minimum 6 inch) should be maintained in
main field from transplanting to flower initiation i.e. up to first fort night of April.
Thereafter, the depth is to be increased to one foot and continued to maturity as well
as harvesting (buharai) of Makhana seed (Gurri)i.e. up to first fort night of August in
field condition.
 In pond system standing water (minimum 3 feet and maximum 7 feet) should be
maintained.
 This practice helps in good plant establishment and weed control

16. 1.Site selection and discussion on land preparation for Makhana cultivation
On 13 February 2021, Dr. Pankaj Yadav sir, Addressed site for cultivation of makhana. 22 plots of
30m length and 10m width were allotted to each student group. One was allotted to me in group of 2
student. Allotment of plot is done for cultivation of makhana and its better management of field.
2.Collection of soil sample – Each sample collected by us is a true representative of the
area being sampled. Utility of the results was obtained from our laboratory analysis depends on
the sampling precision. Hence, we have done collection of large number of samples.
I Collected 13 samples from each sampling unit in zig zag manner
After collecting soil :- Quartering is done
by dividing the thoroughly mixed sample
into four equal parts. I discarded two
opposite quarters and remaining two
quarters are remixed and the process
repeat until the desired sample size is
obtained

17. Continued
• Proper sanitation of the plot by removing the all weed from the plot.
• Tillage practice done properly with spade to loosen the soil to all plot
Before Preparation of field
Fig: Field preparation at BPSAC Farm
Fig: Prepared field

18. Prepared the plots
for water filling
Continued
Fig : Water filling in plots
4.Water filling in plot –
Depth of water in field system
should be minimum 6 inch
Depth of water in pond system
should be maximum 5-6 ft

19. TRANSPLANT
ING
 Transplanting
stage of
sapling is 55-
60 days after
sowing when
the sapling
bears 4-5 light
green leaves
with soft
spines.
 Spacing done
is 1.25x1.25m
Germinated seeds early stage of plant ready for transplanting stage
Fig: Uprooting the saplings from nursery
Fig: Transplanting of saplings in main
field
(during 1st week of March)

20. REGULAR VISIT( FOR WEED
MANAGEMENT)
• Regular visit of field and removal of aquatic weeds from the
plots
• 2-3 manual weeding in early stage till the water surface
covered by Makhana leaves
Fig: Removing of aquatic weed
Fig:Weed & algae infestation
Fig: After weeding
Major weeds which we came
across in the makhana field
were:
1. Marsilea quadrifolia
2. Eichhornia crassipes
3. Ipomoea aquatica
4. Azolla pinnata
5. Cyperus difformis
6. Hydrilla verticillate
Fig:Infestation of
Ipomoea aquatica

21.  We were visiting Makhana plots regularly
during this period we observed- various
types of weeds, insects, pests & diseases
and also observed morphological changes
in Makhana plant.
Fig. At Regular Field Inspection
BPSAC Makhana Plot visit

22. HARVESTING OF
MAKHANA
Agri-innovation for the harvesting of Makhana by
BPSAC, Purnea
 Since, harvesting of makhana is a labour intensive as
well as a tedious task, the innovation of this machine
with easily available components and that too at low
cost makes it feasible. The costs incurred is around 1.2-
1.5 lakh for making it from scratch.
 And, thus it can be considered that the machine will
provide great relief to the growers by saving them time
as well expenses Fig: Demonstration of Makhana
harvester in Kisan Mela 2021at
BAU,Sabour
The suction pumps
that brings up the
seeds
Fig:Fully mature makhana plant
Fig:Flowering & fruit setting
Fig:Mature fruit stage
Mature fruit bursting Harvesting /sweeping of Makhana
seeds from bottom of pond
Harvested, threshed&
cleaned Makhana seeds
Makhana seeds should be collected in late summer and
early autumn.
The optimum harvesting time is 2nd fortnight of July to
1st fortnight of August.
Harvesting &Processing of seed is still carried out by
traditional method(Manually)
Seed (Guri) yield is around 32-35 q/hac

23. We had been assigned to survey farmers and learn from them the
package and practices they follow and the contrivances they face in their
daily lives.
As a part of the survey, I met Mr. Md. Mohusadh Alam who had been
field method of makhana cultivation.
Problems faced by him-
 Before ripening of fruit get distorted because of insect pest infestation.
 Lack of a regulated market Price Goes Up and down. Some time they
have to sell at low price
 Harvesting issue.
 Not Satisfied with seed quality that they are use to grow .
Fig. Survey and Interaction With Makhana Farmar
1. Name Mr. Md Mohusdha Alam
2. Address Kishanganj
3. Mobile Number 7766869066
4. Source of knowledge Traditional farmer
5. Area 22acre
6. Mode of cultivation Field system
7. Mode of irrigation Rainfed as well as irrigated
8. Record of soil testing No
9. Source of seeds From paikar
10. Crop duration Jan- Sep
11. Crop pattern Makhana- fish-Makhana
12. Yield 1-1.2q/acre
Bata, Cattla and Rehu, Glass Carp

24. Online CBP training on "Strengthening of Makhana Value Chain in Bihar" on 16-
20 June 2021
Due to the entry COVID-19 19 2nd wave in India led to a shutdown in most of
the states of India, effective in Bihar from mid-April with the orders of
Government of Bihar.
I am very thankful to my teachers and to the education system that protected us
from collapsing and providing us with constant learning through digital media
and updated us with the ELU proceedings and others.
Due to lockdown, we could not proceed beyond Transplanting and Weed
Management and stayed at home, continuing everything in online mode.

25.  During COVID 19 2nd wave lockdown, We have attended online capacity
building programme entitled “Strengthening of Makhana Value Chain in
Bihar” organized by Bhola Paswan Paswan Shastri Agricultural College ,
Purnea, and sponsored by MANAGE, Hyderabad scheduled on
16to20.06.2021,which was organized on the auspicious occasion of 11th
Foundation Day of BPSAC, purnia
Fig. Online CBP training on "Strengthening of Makhana Value Chain in Bihar"

26.  I also attended the EXPERIENTIAL
LEARNING SERIES conducted by Bihar
agricultural university, Sabour. By
considering the COVID 19 pandemic
situation, for the benefits of undergraduate
students in the field of agriculture and allied
sciences, the BAU organized lecture series on
Experiential Learning Programme. As a part of
this experiential learning series, lectures
delivered by Dr. P. S. Panday , Dr. Shridhar
Patil, By Dr. Ahmar Aftab and Shridhar
Patil.

27. Step 1: Makhana
Seeds kept in pond
Step 2:
Drying of
seeds
Step 3: Sieving
through 16
sieves
Step 4:
Frying of
seeds
Step 5: Manual
popping Ready for
popping
Ready for
transportation

28.  Makhana pop has highly relished food consumed as namkeen, snacks, kheer, curry,
breakfast cereals and so forth. Popped Makhana is used in the preparation of a number of
delicious and rich sweet dishes like Makhana kheer, vermicelli, halwa, flour, puddings and
various other sweet dishes. The Flour produced from Makhana is used as substitute of
Arrow Root. The flour is also used to make delicious dishes like sweet meat, soups,
Makhana kheer and as thickener in different foods preparations.

29. SWOT ANALYSIS OF MAKHANA
SECTOR.
Bihar is the highest producer and also have
skilled labour about makhana cultivation
Basic traditional knowledge
High nutritive and medicinal value
Can be grown in flooded areas or high water
table areas i.e. utilization of wetlands
Export potential quite high
Strengths
Lack of awareness about its capacity
Lack of risk taking ability
Lack of infrastructural processing
facilities
Silting and Eutrophication of water
bodies (algal deposit)
Weakness
Geographical condition of Bihar Promote its
Cultivation.
Lots of Value added Makhana products
Still more innovations can be done by using this
product
Commercial production of makhana
Scope of socio-economic improvement
Scope of a integrated farming approach
Opportunities
Sometime climate get adverse for it.
Migration of skilled workers to other
states for employment
Shifting riverbeds and recurring
flooding
Shrinkage of Water bodies
Threats

30. ACTIVELY PARTICIPATED IN KISAN
MELA(20-22ND FEB 2021)
Actively participated in “Kisan Mela-cum-
Agri Expo”. We as a team member , prepared
a model Of “Integrated Farming System” to
present in Kisan Mela at BAU, Sabour,
under the guidance of our Respected
Principal sir (Dr Paras Nath) , Dr. Anil
Kumar & Dr. Pankaj Yadav.
Team members : Miss Ankit Raj, Miss Sakshi
suman, Miss Shobha kumari, Mr Ankit Raj,
Mr Rahul Rai, Mr Neelabh Singh, Mr Nitish
Gaurav, Mr Mayank..
Our college participated in Kisan mela 2021 together
with the student of Experiential Learning Programme for
the Demonstration of Makhana harvester ( Agri-
Innovation of our college BPSAC,PURNEA). Our college
got first prize for stall presentation .

31.  Makhana Cultivation is a very tedious painful process from farm to our plate
 Makhana Cultivation is a profitable farming business if it done by scientific manner with proper
skill and using modern technique
 Innovative Skill and Modern Improved Machinery may bring revolutionary change in makhana
farming and processing.
 If by some mean, I Realized in process of ELP if it became possible to make affable Spine-less
makhana plant with the help of biotechnology-engineering then it will be the game changer for
makhana cultivation.
 Still there is a need of more innovation in this field so that we can reach up to more then 90%
popping percentage of seed.
 There is a need of innovation in harvesting process of makhana seed
 There is a need of more research and survey how it helps to resolve the health issues So that more
popularity of this product can be raised among the people
 Lack of knowledge among farmers for new variety and cropping pattern is another challenge.
 Lack of risk taking ability for new farmers for the cultivation and processing of this product.
 Lack of Processing plants is another issue towards connectivity
 Lack of FPOs formation too results in backwardness.
This EL Program gave us the opportunity to have practical exposure of surrounding environment &
different aspects of Makhana production . We learnt Inculcation of art of listening and art of
negotiation , Confidence in addressing realistic problems , Development of skill of group formation,
group action and on field management , Understanding farming process at ground level.
Overall, the duration of this whole program made us more knowledgeable and experienced in field
activities and prepared us for many future endeavors. I want to express my sincere gratitude towards
Scientists, members of college, farmers, and my batchmates for making this journey of 6 month
memorable , beneficial and educational.

32. THANK YOU