Basic Booklet Class 7

1. 1
CLASS : 7 SUBJECT: TELUGU
విషయ సూచిక :
I. అక్షరమాల
II. గుణింతాల గురతు లు
III. గుణింతాలు
IV. మహాప్రా ణాక్షర గుణింతాలు
V. ఒత్తు లు
VI. ఒత్తు లతో వచ్చే పదాలు
VII. దవితాిక్షరరలు - సింయుక్రు క్షరరలు – సింశ్లేషరక్షరరలు
VIII. భాషరభాగరలు
IX. తిథులు, తెలుగు నెలలు, ఋత్తవులు
X. విభక్తు లత
XI. సింధులు
XII. సమాసాలత

2. 2
I. అక్షరమాల అ నుిండి ఱ వరకు
అచ్ుేలు – 16
అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ౠ ఎ ఏ ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ అిం అః
హలుే లు – 36
క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ
చ్ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ
ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ
త్ థ ద ధ న
ప ఫ బ భ మ
య ర ల వ శ ష స హ ళ క్ష ఱ
ఉభయాక్షరరలు : ంిం సునాా, ం అరసునా, ంః విసరగః
II. గుణింతాల గురతు లు అ నుిండి అః వరకు
III. సరళ గుణింతాలు
క – క క్ర క్ి క్ీ కు కూ కృ కౄ క్ె క్ే క్ెై క్ొ క్ో క్ౌ కిం కః
అ -√ ఉ –ంు ఎ –ంె ఓ –ం
ఆ – ంర ఊ –ంూ ఏ –ంచ ఔ –ం
ఇ –ం ఋ –ంృ ఐ –ంె అిం –ంిం
ఈ –ం ౠ –ంౄ ఒ –ం అః –ంః

3. 3
గ – గ గర గి గీ గు గూ గృ గౄ గె గే గెై గో గో గౌ గిం గః
చ్ – చ్ చ్ా చి చీ చ్ు చ్ూ చ్ృ చ్ౄ చ్ె చ్చ చ్ె చ్ొ చ్ో చ్ చ్ిం చ్ః
జ - జ జా జి జీ జు జూ జృ జౄ జె జే జె జొ జో జౌ జిం జః
ట – ట టా టి టీ టు టూ టృ టౄ టె టే టె టొ టో టౌ టిం టః
డ – డ డా డి డీ డు డూ డృ డౄ డె డచ డె డ డ డ డిం డః
త్ - త్ తా తి తీ త్త త్ూ త్ృ త్ౄ తె తచ తె తొ తో త త్o త్ః
ద – ద దా దవ దీ దు దూ దృ దౄ దె దచ దె ద ద ద దిం దః
న – న నా ని నీ ను నూ నృ నౄ నె నే నె నొ నో నౌ నిం నః
ప - ప ప్ర ప ప పు పూ పృ పౄ పె పే పె ప్ొ ప్ో ప్ౌ పిం పః
బ – బ బా బి బీ బు బూ బృ బౄ బె బే బె బొ బో బౌ బిం బః
మ - మ మా మి మీ ము మూ మృ మౄ మె మే మెై మొ మో మౌ మిం మః
య – య యా యి యిీ యు యూ యృ యౄ యిె యిే యిెై యొ యో యౌ యిం యః
ర – ర రర రి రీ రత రూ రృ రౄ రె రే రెై రొ రో రౌ రిం రః
ల - ల లా లి లీ లు లూ లృ లౄ లె లే లె లొ లో లౌ లిం లః
వ - వ వర వి వీ వు వూ వృ వౄవె వే వె వొ వో వౌ విం వః
శ - శ శ్ర శి శీ శు శూ శృ శౄ శ్ె శ్ల శ్ెై శ్ొ శ్ో శ్ౌ శిం శః
ష – ష షర ష ష షత షూ షృ షౄ షె షే షె షొ షో షౌ షిం షః
స - స సర స స సు సూ సృ సౄసె సే సె సొ సో సౌ సిం సః
హ - హ హా హి హీ హు హూ హృ హౄ హె హే హెై హొ హో హ హిం హః
ళ – ళ ళీ ళి ళీ ళు ళూ ళృ ళౄ ళె ళే ళెై ళొ ళో ళౌ ళిం ళః

4. 4
క్ష – క్ష క్షా క్షి క్షీ క్షు క్షూ క్షృ క్షౄ క్షె క్షే క్షెై క్షొ క్షో క్షౌ క్షిం క్షః
ఱ – ఱ ఱా ఱి ఱీ ఱు ఱూ ఱృ ఱౄ ఱె ఱే ఱె ఱొ ఱో ఱౌ ఱిం ఱః
IV. మహాప్రా ణాక్షర గుణింతాలు
ఖ – ఖ ఖా ఖి ఖీ ఖు ఖూ ఖృ ఖౄ ఖె ఖే ఖెై ఖొ ఖో ఖౌ ఖిం ఖః
ఘ - ఘ ఘా ఘి ఘీ ఘు ఘూ ఘృ ఘాౄ ఘె ఘే ఘెై ఘొ ఘో ఘౌ ఘిం ఘః
ఛ - ఛ ఛా ఛి ఛీ ఛు ఛూ ఛృ ఛౄ ఛె ఛచ ఛె ఛొ ఛో ఛ ఛిం ఛః
ఝ - ఝ ఝా ఝి ఝీ ఝు ఝూ ఝృ ఝౄ ఝె ఝే ఝెై ఝొ ఝో ఝౌ ఝిం ఝః
ఠ- ఠ ఠర ఠి ఠీ ఠత ఠూ ఠృ ఠౄ ఠె ఠే ఠెై ఠొ ఠో ఠౌ ఠిం ఠః
ఢ - ఢ ఢాఢి ఢీ ఢు ఢూ ఢృ ఢౄ ఢె ఢచ ఢె ఢ ఢ ఢ ఢిం ఢః
థ - థ థా థవ థీ థు థూ థృ థౄ థె థచ థె థ థ థ థిం థః
ధ- ధ ధా ధవ ధీ ధు ధూ ధృ ధౄ ధె ధచ ధె ధ ధ ధ ధిం ధః
ఫ – ఫ ఫర ఫ ఫ ఫు ఫూ ఫృ ఫౄ ఫె ఫే ఫె ఫొ ఫో ఫౌ ఫిం ఫః
భ – భ భా భి భీ భు భూ భృ భౄ భె భే భె భొ భో భౌ భిం భః
V. ఒత్తు లు – క నుిండి ఱ వరకు
క – జ - ణ - ఫ - వ - ఱ -
ఖ – ఝ - త్ - బ - శ -
గ – ఞ - థ - భ - ష -
ఘ – ట - ద - మ - స -
ఙ – ఠ - ధ - య - హ -
చ్ – డ - న - ర - ళ -
ఛ – ఢ - ప - ల - క్ష –
VI. ఒత్తు లతో వచ్చే పదాలు

5. 5
క - గ – చ్ – జ – ట -
1. కుకక 1. మొగగ 1. నిచ్ెేన 1. మజిిగ 1. బుటట
2. నకక 2. ముగుగ 2. మచ్ే 2. దరీి 2. కటెటలు
3. చ్ెకక 3. బుగగ 3. గచ్ుే 3. బుజాి యి 3. చ్ెటుట
4. అకక 4. సగుగ 4. పచ్ుేక 4. బుజిి మేక 4. పటట
5. త్క్ెకడ 5. నిగుగ 5. పచ్ేని 5. బొ జి 5. చిటిట
డ - త్ – ద – న – ప -
1. బిడడ 1. కతిు 1. అదదిం 1. నానా 1. సరపము
2. గొడుడ 2. సుతిు 2. ఎదుద 2. వెనెాల 2. కపుప
3. గడిడ 3. గిత్ు 3. దుదుద లు 3. కనుా 3. బొ ప్రపయి
4. తెడుడ 4. గుతిు 4. గదద 4. గినెా 4. దుపప
5. లడుడ 5. విత్ునాలు 5. ముదద 5. సనాాయి 5. దపపక
బ - మ – య – ర – ల -
1. డబుు 1. పదమము 1. చ్ెయిి 1. ఛత్ాము 1. ఇలుే
2. అబాుయి 2. త్తమెమద 2. ఉయాిల 2. చ్కరిం 2. పలిే
3. మబుు 3. సమెమట 3. వెయిి 3. కరర 3. మలెే లు
4. క్ొబురి 4. బొ మమ 4. తాత్యి 4. శుకరవరరిం 4. చ్లే
5. రతబుురోలు 5. నిమమక్రయ 5. తియిని 5. యింత్ాిం 5. గులే

6. 6
వ - శ – ష – స – హ -
1. గువి 1. సుదరశనిం 1. కరషకుడు 1. శిరసుు 1. కలహణుడు
2. క్ొవొితిు 2. దూరదరశనిం 2. వరషిం 2. కసుు 2. బరిహ
3. దువెిన 3. దరశనిం 3. హరషిం 3. సరసుు 3. కలాహ రిం
4. త్తవరియి 4. దరిశ 4. శీరిషక 4. బసుు 4. విదాిరహత్
5. అవి 5. సపరశ 5. వరరిషక 5. లసు 5. మలాహ రిం
ళ - క్ష – ఱ –
1. పళెళిం 1. క్షతిాయుడు 1. గుఱఱిం
2. కళెళిం 2. క్షేత్ాిం
3. కళుళ 3. క్షణిం
4. నీళుళ
VII. ద్విత్విక్షరాలత
ఒక హలుే కు అదచ హలుే ఒత్తు చ్చరిే రరయడానిా దవితాిక్షరరలు అింటారత
ఉదా : అకక, మొగగ, గజెి, ముకక, రొయి, అవి, అమమ, అదదిం, బిడడ, అత్ు
సంయుక్ాు క్షరాలత
ఒక హలుే కు మరొక హలుే ఒత్తు చ్చరితచ సింయుక్రు క్షరిం అింటారత
ఉదా : దురగ, కురీే, గరిన, క్రరతడ , సరానిం, నిదా, గరే సు, మరరిద, వరణన, వరషిం, విజాా నిం
సంశ్లేషాక్షరాలత

7. 7
ఒక హలుే కు రెిండు వేరత వేరత ఒత్తు లు చ్చరితచ దానిని సింశ్లేషరక్షరిం అింటారత
ఉదా : సుీ, కక్షి, లక్షిమ, అసుీిం, వసుీిం, దారిదాయిం, ఈరషయ, అరహత్, సరమర్యిం
VIII. భాషాభాగాలత
1. నామవరచ్కిం
2. సరినామిం
3. క్ిరయ
4. విశ్లషణిం
5. అవియిం
1. నవమవాచక్ం: మనుషతిల, జింత్తవుల, పక్షుల, సథలాల, నదుల, వసుు వుల పేరేను తెలిపే దానిని
నామవరచ్కిం అింటారత
ఉదా: సత్, పులి, ప్రలపటట, చ్ారిమనార్, గోదావరి, పెనుా మొదలెనవి
2. సర్ినవమం : పేరేకు బదులుగర వరడచ పదాలను సరినామాలు అింటారత
ఉదా: ఆమె, ఆయన, అదవ, ఇదవ, ఎకకడ, అకకడ, ఇకకడ, అవి, ఇవి, ఎిందరత, క్ొిందరత మొదలెనవి
3. క్రియ( పని ) : మనిం చ్చసే పనులను క్ిరయ అింటారత
ఉదా: రరయడిం, చ్దవడిం, ఏడవడిం, నవిడిం, ఆడడిం, తినడిం, ప్రడడిం మొదలెనవి
4. విశ్లషణం: నామవరచ్కము, సరినామము యొకక గుణాలను తెలిపేదానిని విశ్లషణిం అింటారత
ఉదా: అిందింగర, ప్ొ టిటగర, ప్ొ డవుగర, లావుగర, సనాగర, తెలేగర, నలేగర, మొదలెనవి
5. అవ్యయము : లిింగ వచ్న విభక్ిు పాత్ియాలు లేని పదాలను అవియములు అింటారత
ఉదా: ఓయి!, అయోి!, ఓహో !, ఆహా!, మొదలెనవి

8. 8
IX. తిథుల పేర్లే ( 15 )
1. ప్రడిమి 9. నవమి
2. విదవయ 10. దశమి
3. త్దవయ 11. ఏక్రదశి
4. చ్వితి 12. దాిదశి
5. పించ్మి 13. త్ాయోదశి
6. షషీ 14. చ్త్తరదశి
7. సపుమి 15. ప్ౌరణమి/ అమావరసి
8. అషటమి
త్ెలతగు నెలల పేర్లే
1. చ్ెత్ాము 7. ఆశియుజము
2. వెశ్రఖము 8. క్రరీుకిం
3. జేిషటము 9. మారగశిరిం
4. ఆషరఢము 10. పుషిిం
5. శ్రర వణము 11. మాఘము
6. భాధాపదము 12. ఫరలుగ ణము
ఋతువ్ులత
1. వసింత్ ఋత్తవు – చ్ెటుే చిగురిసరు యి ( చ్ెత్ా , వెశ్రఖ మాసరలు )
2. గీరషమ ఋత్తవు – ఎిండలు బాగర క్రసరు యి ( జేిషట , ఆషరఢ మాసరలు )
3. వరష ఋత్తవు – వరరష లు బాగర కురతసరు యి ( శ్రర వణ , భాదాపద మాసరలు )

9. 9
4. శరదృత్తవు – చ్లేని వెనెాల వసుు ిందవ ( ఆశియుజ , క్రరిుక మాసరలు )
5. హేమింత్ ఋత్తవు – చ్లి ఎకుకవగర ఉింటుిందవ ( మారగశిర , పుషి మాసరలు )
6. శిశిర ఋత్తవు – చ్ెటుే ఆకులు రరలిప్ో తాయి ( మాఘ , ఫరలుగ ణ మాసరలు )
X. విభక్రు – పరతయయాలత
పరతయయాలత విభక్తు లత
డు , ము, వు, లు పాథమా విభక్ిు
ని(న్), ను(న్), ల(న్), కూరిే , గురిించి దవితీయ విభక్ిు
చ్చత్(న్), చ్చ(న్), తోడ(న్), తో(న్) త్ృతీయా విభక్ిు
క్ొఱకు(న్), క్ెై చ్త్తరీథ విభక్ిు
వలన(న్), కింటె(న్), పటిట పించ్మి విభక్ిు
క్ి(న్), కు(న్), యొకక, లో(న్), లోపల(న్) షషీ విభక్ిు
అిందు(న్), న(న్) సపుమీ విభక్ిు
ఓ, ఓరి, ఓయి, ఓస సింబో ధన పాథమా విభక్ిు
XI. సంధులత
సంధవ పరిచయం : వరికరణ పరిభాషలో రెిండు సిరరల ( అచ్ుేల ) కలయికను సింధవ అని పలుసరు రత
సంధవ క్ార్యం : రెిండు అచ్ుేల మధి జరిగే మారతపను సింధవ క్రరిిం అని పలుసరు రత
పూర్ి సిర్ం : సింధవ జరిగే మొదటి పదిం చివరి అక్షరిం లోని అచ్ుేను ( సిరరనిా) పూరి సిరిం అని
పలుసరు రత
పర్ సిర్ం : సింధవ జరిగే రెిండవ పదిం మొదటి అక్షరిం లోని అచ్ుేను (సిరరనిా) పర సిరిం అని
పలుసరు రత

10. 10
1. సవ్ర్ణద్ీర్ఘ సంధవ : అ, ఇ, ఉ, ఋ లకు అవే అచ్ుేలు పరమెైనపుడు వరని దీరరా లు ఏక్రదచశింగర వసరు యి.
అ – అ,ఆ ఇ – ఇ,ఈ ఉ – ఉ,ఊ ఋ – ఋ,ౠ ( సవరరణ లు)
ఉదా : రరమాలయిం = రరమ + ఆలయిం
కవీిందుా డు = కవి + ఇిందుా డు
భానూదయిం = భాను + ఉదయిం
పత్ౄణిం = పత్ృ + ఋణిం
2. గుణసంధవ : అ క్రరరనిక్ి ఇ, ఉ, ఋ లు పరమెైనపుపడు కరమముగర ఏ, ఓ, అర్ లు ఆదచశింగర వసరు యి
అ+ఇ=ఏ , అ+ఉ=ఓ , అ+ఋ=అర్
ఉదా: రరజేిందుా డు = రరజ + ఇిందుా డు రరజరిష = రరజ + ఋష
నరేిందుా డు = నర + ఇిందుా డు దచవరిష = దచవ + ఋష
దచశ్ోనాతి = దచశ + ఉనాతి
3. వ్ృద్వి సంధవ : అ క్రరరనిక్ి ఏ, ఐ లు పరమెైనపుపడు ‘ఐ’ క్రరము ఓ, ఔ లు పరమెైనపుపడు ‘ఔ’ క్రరము
ఆదచశముగర వసరు యి
ఉదా: వసుధెక = వసుధ + ఏక
రసెక = రస + ఏక
సమెైకిిం = సమ + ఏకిం
పప్ౌఘము = ప్రప + ఓఘము
దవవౌిషధిం = దవవి + ఔషధిం
4. అతిసంధవ : అత్తు నకు సింధవ బహుళముగర వసుు ిందవ, అనగర ‘అ’ అక్షరరనిక్ి అ ఇ ఉ ఋ ఏ అక్షరరలనీా
సింధవగర వసరు యి
ఉదా: మేనలుే డు = మేన + అలుే డు

11. 11
మేనత్ు = మేన + అత్ు
సత్కక = సత్ + అకక
రరమయి = రరమ + అయి
5. ఇతిసంద్వ : ఏమిదుల ఇత్తు నకు సింధవ వెకలిపకింగర వసుు ిందవ. ఏమిదుల అనగర “ఏమి”
మొదలగునవి. ఏమి, మఱి, క్ి, అదవ, ఇదవ, అవి, ఇవి, ఏదవ . వెకలిపకిం అనగర సింధవ జరగచ్ుే
జరగకప్ో వచ్ుే. వరికరణింలో ఈ సథతిని వెకలిపకిం అింటారత
ఇతిసంద్వ తపపక్ జర్గాలని నియమం ఏమీ లేదు
ఉదా: ఏమింటివి = ఏమి + అింటివి
ఏమియింటివి = ఏమి + య్+అింటివి
వచిేరిపుడు = వచిేరి + ఇపుడు; వచిేరియిపుపడు; వచిేరి+య్+ఇపుపడు
మఱేమి = మఱి + ఏమి
XII. సమాసాలత :
సమాసం : రెిండు వేరేిరత అరర్ లు కల పదాలు కలిస ఒక అర్వింత్మెైన పదిం ఏరపడుటను సమాసిం
అింటారత
దింది సమాసం : రెిండు పదాలక్ి సమాన ప్రా ధానిత్ కలిగి ఉింటే దానిని దిింది సమాసిం అింటారత
ఉదా: త్లిేదిండుా లు :- త్లిేయును , త్ిండిాయును
ద్విగు సమాసం: సమాసింలో పూరి పదిం సింఖాివరచ్కమెైతచ దానిా దవిగు సమాసిం అింటారత
ఉదా: అషట దవకుకలు : ఎనిమిదవ సింఖి గల దవకుకలు
మూడు లోక్రలు : మూడు సింఖి గల లోక్రలు
దవిముఖాలు : రెిండు సింఖి గల ముఖాలు

12. 12
CLASS : 7 SUBJECT: HINDI
I. वर्णमाला अ से श्र तक I
स्वर : अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ए ऐ ओ औ अं अः
व्यंजन :
क ख ग घ ङ
च छ ज झ ञ
ट ठ ड ढ र्
त थ द ध न
प फ ब भ म
य र ल व श ष स ह
संयुक्ताक्षर : क्ष त्र ज्ञ श्र
II. मात्राएँ l
अ- ए-
आ- ऐ-
इ- ओ-
ई- औ-
उ- अं-
ऊ- अः -
ऋ-
III. बारहखड़ी ललखो I

13. 13
क का कक की कु कू कृ के कै को कौ कं कः
ख खा खख खी खु खू खृ खे खै खो खौ खं खः
ग गा गग गी गु गू गृ गे गै गो गौ गं गः
म मा लम मी मु मू मृ मे मै मो मौ मं मः
न ना नन नी नु नू नृ ने नै नो नौ नं नः
प पा पप पी पु पू पृ पे पै पो पौ पं पः
IV.समुच्चयबोधक
जो शब्द दो शब्दों के वाक्यों या वाक्यांशो को आपस में जोड़ने का काम करते हैं, उन्हें
समुच्चयबोधक कहते है I जैसे – और, तथा, एवं, अथवा, परंतु, फलतः तो, क्योंकक,
उदहारर् :
1. राम – शाम लमत्र है I 4. तनु एवं मनु छात्राएँ है I
2. चाय – कॉफी पपएंगे I 5. मधु आएगी तो रूपा नाचेगी I
3. गाँव जाना था – बस नह ं आयी I
V. भारतीय मह नों के नाम I
1. चैत्र 7. आश्ववन
2. वैशाक 8. कानतणक
3. जेष्ठ 9. अगहन
4. आषाढ़ 10. पौष
5. श्रावर् 11. माघ
6. भाद्रपद 12. फाल्गुन
VI. संज्ञा

14. 14
व्यश्क्त, वस्तु, स्थान, प्रार्ी, भाव आदद के नाम का बोध कराने या नाम को संज्ञा कहते है
I
जैसे – कु सी, श्रीकृ ष्र्, राम, उपवन, मंददर, गाय, पतंग, हैदराबाद, अमरावती, चेन्नई, आदद
I
संज्ञा शब्द पर रेखा लगाओ I
1. राम खाना खाता है I
2. कु त्ता घर की रखवाल करती है I
3. गाय फालतू जानवर है I
VII. सवणनाम
संज्ञा के स्थान पर आनेवाले शब्द को सवणनाम कहते है I
जैसे – मैं, मेरा, हम, हमारा, तू, तुम, आप, तुम्हारा, वह, वे
उदा : ( सवणनाम शब्द पर रेखा लगाओ I )
1. मेरा नाम कमल है I
2. वह मेरा भाई है I
3. हम हमारे गाँव जा रहे है I
VIII. पवलोम शब्द
1. कु संग X सत्संग 6. ददन X रात
2. ताकतवर X कमज़ोर 7. ईमानदार X भ्रष्ट
3. पवववास X अपवववास 8. काला X सफ़े द
4. दुःख X सुख 9. आना X जाना
5. प्रशंसा X ननंदा 10. देव X दानव
IX. गगनती ललखो – 1 से 30

15. 15
1. एक – १ 11. ग्यारह – ११ 21. इक्कीस – २१
2. दो – २ 12. बारह – १२ 22. बाईस – २२
3. तीन – ३ 13. तेरह – १३ 23. तेईस – २३
4. चार – ४ 14. चौदह – १४ 24. चौबीस – २४
5. पाँच - ५ 15. पंद्रह – १५ 25. पच्चीस – २५
6. छे – ६ 16. सोलह – १६ 26. छब्बीस – २६
7. सात – ७ 17. सत्रह – १७ 27. सत्ताईस – २७
8. आठ – ८ 18. अठ्ठारह – १८ 28. अठ्ठाईस – २८
9. नौ – ९ 19. उन्नीस – १९ 29. उन्सीस – २९
10. दस – १० 20. बीस – २० 30. तीस – ३०
X. वचन
शब्द के श्जस रूप से वस्तु की संख्या का बोध हो, उसे वचन कहते है I
दहंद में दो वचन है I – 1. एकवचन 2. बहुवचन
एकवचन – श्जस शब्द से एक वस्तु का बोध हो, वह एकवचन है I उदा: लड़का, घर,
गचट्ट , आदद I
बहुवचन - श्जस शब्द से एक से अगधक वस्तुओं का बोध हो, उसे बहुवचन कहते है I
उदा : कलमे, माताएँ, लडककयाँ I
एकवचन बहुवचन
पेट - पेदटयाँ
सेवक - सेवक
मोती - मोती

16. 16
औरत - औरतें
कमरा - कमरे
पुस्तक - पुस्तके
XI. उगचत कारक से ररक्त स्थान भरो I
1. धीरज ___________ दो हज़ार रूपये है I ज : के पास
2. हम रोज पाँच बजे _________ उठते है I ज : के पहले
3. आदमी गचड़ड़या __________ नह ं उड़ सकता I ज : कक तरह
4. तुम ककस __________ रहते हो I ज : के साथ
5. सूयण ननकला _________ अन्धकार नष्ट हो गया I ज : और
6. तुम यहाँ से जाते हो _________ पुललस को बुलाऊं I ज : या
7. _________ तुम जल्द आओगे ______ हम वहा जाएँगे I ज : यदद,....तो
8. छत ___________ मुगी है I ज : के ऊपर
9. मेहनत करो __________ बाद में पछताओगे I ज : अन्यथा
XII. पुनरुक्त शब्द
जब ककसी एक शब्द का दो बार जोड़ने के रूप में प्रयोग ककया जाता है, इन शब्दों को
पुनरुक्त या द्पवरूक्त शब्द कहा जाता है I (ये कथन प्रभावशाल भी हो जाते है I )
1. ऊं चे – ऊं चे 6. अपनी – अपनी
2. अभी – अभी 7. सुबह – सुबह
3. मोटे – मोटे 8. जो – जो
4. बार – बार 9. हरे – हरे
5. तरह – तरह 10. कहाँ – कहाँ
XIII.पवराम – गचह्न

17. 17
भाषा के ललखखत रूप में पवशेष स्थानों पर रुकने का संके त करने वाले गचह्नों को पवराम –
गचह्न कहते है I
प्रमुख पवराम - गचह्न :
1. पूर्ण पवराम ( I ) (fullstop)
वाक्यों के अंत में पूर्ण पवराम का प्रयोग होता है I
जैसे : 1. बालक खेल रहा है I 2. बड़ों का आदर करो I
3. फू ल मत तोड़ो I
2.अल्प पवराम ( , ) (comma)
पढते या ललखते समय श्जस जगह थोड़ी देर रुकते है वहां अल्प पवराम का प्रयोग होता है
I
जैसे : 1. राम, घर जाओ I 2. राम, वयाम और रोदहत लमत्र है I
3. आप फल, सश्ब्जयाँ, मेवे जो चाहे खर दे I
3. प्रवनवाचक गचह्न ( ? ) (question mark)
श्जस वाक्य में प्रवन पुछा जाता है, उसके अंत में प्रवनवाचक गचह्न लगाया जाता है I
जैसे : 1. आप क्या लाए?
2. आप कहाँ जा रहे है?
3. मेरा पसण कहाँ है?
4. पवस्मयसूचक गचह्न (!) (exclaimatory mark)
हषण, दुःख, शोक, आवचयण आदद भावों को प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों के साथ पवस्मयसूचक
गचह्न का प्रयोग होता है I
जैसे : 1. अरे ! आप कब आए I
2. वाह ! फू टबाल अच्छा खेल है I
3. नछ ! ककतनी गंद जगह है I

18. 18
Class:VII Subject: English
I Parts of speech
II Degrees of comparison
III Synonyms
IV Antonyms
V Adjectives
VI Punctuation [ exclamation & Interrogation
sentences]
VII Full forms & contracted forms
VIII Regular & Irregular verbs
IX Tenses
X Collective Nouns
XI Verbs & noun forms
XII Direct & Indirect speech
XIII If clause & main clause – condition sentences
XIV Punctuation Marks

19. 19
XV Framing sentences with the help of clues given
XVI Prefix- Suffix
XVII Active Voice & Passive Voice

20. 20
Parts of Speech:
Noun: All the naming words
Eg: Ram, Ooty, School, Honesty , Bunch
Pronoun: Used in the place of Noun
Eg: He, She, It, I , We, You, They, These, This, That, Which, Who etc.,
Verb: Action ords
Eg: Sit, Eat, Drink, Come, Go, Run, Play etc.,
Adverb: Speaks about the verb , words ending with –ly
Eg: Bitterly, Honestly, Slowly, Sweetly, Swiftly, Hardly etc.,
Adjectives: Describes the noun or pronoun
Eg: Tall, Short, Good, Bad, Sweet, Sour
Conjunction: Joining words
Eg: and, bit, while, when, no sooner---------- thin, unless etc.,
Preposition: A word used usually before a noun or a pronoun
Eg: to, from, in, on, under, above, below etc.
Interjection: An Interjection is a word which express sudden feeling or emotion. Ex:
Alas! Hurray! Ah! Oh! Hello!
Activity: Teacher should ask the students to read a lesson and underline the parts of
speech in it.
II.Degrees of comparison:
There are three degrees of comparison 1. Positive, 2. Comparative, 3. Superlative
Eg: Tall -Taller- Tallest
Sweet-Sweeter-Sweetest
Hard-Harder-Hardest

21. 21
Useful-More useful- Most useful
Beautiful-More beautiful-Most beautiful
P.D: The elephant is a big animal
P.D: No other animal is as big as an elephant
C.D: Elephant is bigger than any other animal
C.D: Elephant is the biggest animal
S.D: Elephant is the biggest animal
Activity: 1. Read a lesson and underline adjectives.
2.Frame sentences for degrees of comparison by using the given adjectives:
Dark, small, near, lovely, didy, melodious, heavy, etc.,
III.&IV. Antonyms & Synonyms:
Antonyms are opposites Synonyms are similar
Hot / cold Present/ gift
Fast / slow cat/kitty
Old/ young dog/ pooch
Old/new frightened/ scared
Exhausted/ energized quick/ fast/ speedy
Heavy/ light tug/ pull
Teacher should ask the students to read a lesson and frame Antonyms & synonyms at
least ten in each.
V.Adjectives:
Definition: An adjective is a word that qualifies a noun .It is something added to the noun. Eg:
Beautiful, deep, high, large, red ------------
Kinds of Adjectives: -
1. Adjectives of Quality: These adjectives are used to indicate the qualities of noun
Eg: large, small, low, high------
2. Adjectives of Quantity: These are used to indicate the quantity of noun.
Eg: Some, much, more , great ----------------

22. 22
How many children do you have?
3. Adjectives of Number: These are used to indicate the count of nouns.
Eg: hundreds, several, few, first-----------
4. Demonstrative Adjective: These are used to indicate the describes “ which”
Eg: this, that, they, those-----------
This is my bicycle
5. Possessive adjectives: These show to whom a thing belongs
Eg: My, his, her, theirs, yours, ours
Whose dog is that?
It’s mine
6. Interrogative adjectives: These are always followed by a noun or a pronoun, are used to
form questions.
Eg: Which , what, whose,
Whose child is this?
7. Distributive adjective: These are describe specific members out of a group. These are used
to single or more.
Eg: each, Every, Either, Neither----------------
Every rosehas its thorns
Activity: Complete the following using the adjectives given below:
Squirrels are ___________ animals. They are found in ____________ colours. They are
____________butcan more very fast. They are ______________becausethey can only
jump short distances.
(Small, attractive, flightless, different)
Teacher should ask the students to practice some more tasks.
VI.Punctuation Marks:
The following are some common punctuation marks used in English. They are
. - Is a period of full stop ; - is a semi colon
,- is a comma - is a hyphen
?- is a question mark ( ) – are brackets
!- is an exclamation mark
’ – is an apostrophe or single quote mark
“ is a quotation mark/ inverted comma
: - is a colon

23. 23
Eg: Wretch said the king that harm did I do these that thou shudst seek to take my life with
your own hand you killed my father and my two brothers was the reply
Wretch said the king, “ What harm did I do these. That thou shuds’t seek to take my life with
your own hand. You killed my father and my two brothers was the reply.
Activity: Teacher should make the students to practice.
VII.Full forms & Contracted forms:
Eg: He used to spend his hours after office in the lab.
The underlined word “lab” is in the short form. Its full form is “ Laboratory”
Look at the following:
Short Forms Full forms
Plane aeroplane
Kilo kilogram
Photo photograph
Bike motorbike
Mike microphone
It’s it is
That’s That is
Teacher should ask the children to read a lesson and identify the short forms then write
them in full forms.
VIII.Regular & Irregular verbs:
The main verbs fall into two types. They are Regular verbs and Irregular verbs
The regular verbs are formed by adding “d” or “ ed” to the present tense. Eg: decide – decided
The Irregular verbs have different forms for the present past tense. Eg: fall –fell
List of regular verbs List of Irregular verbs
Avoid-avoided awake-awoke
Believe-believed become-became

24. 24
Correct-corrected catch – caught
Drawn-drowned drive-drove
Exhibit-exhibited eat-ate
Fold-folded flee-fled
Gather-gathered go-went
Hesitate-hesitated hang-hung
Invite-invited leave-left
Join-joined make-made
Love-loved pay-paid
Migrate-migrated ring-rang
Obey-obeyed see-saw
Plead-pleaded tell-told
Spoil-spoiled wear-wore
Taste-tasted weep-wept
Respect-respected win-won
Unite-united write-wrote
Violate-violated
Wrap-wrapped
Activity: Collect some more verbs from the text book and write them in the note book.
X.Tenses:
Definition : Tenses mean time. It is the change form of averb. It shows the time of an action.
Tenses are of three types: 1. Present Tense 2. Past Tense 3. Future tense
Present tense: A verb that refers to the existing (or) present time.
Past Tense: A verb that refers to what had happed
Future tense: A verb that refers to what will happen next
Again each tense is divided into four sub – tenses

25. 25
Sub-Tenses: Simple Tense Continuous Tense
Perfect Tense Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Simple Tense: If an action is complete (Or) not. Hence it is also called present “
indefinite”
Form of Verb: In this tense , if the subject of present tense, in thrd person singular add ‘s’ (or)
‘es’ to the verb.
Uses: This tense is used to express habitual actions .
Eg: I go to school
She goes to school
This tense is used to indicate external (Or) universal truth
Eg: The sun rises in the east
This tense is used to express past events in a dramatic manner.
Eg: Rama takes an arrow and kills Ravana
This tense is used to indicate quotations
Eg: Gandhi say “always speak the truth”
2. Present Continuous Tense: form of verbs am , is, are + verb+ ing (be forms)
Uses: This tense is used to represent an action which is going on at the present time.
Eg: I am writing a letter
He is playing cricket
They are taking lunch
3. Present Perfect Tense: Form of verb : have , has + V3 (past participle)
He is used third person singular
Have is used rest of other persona
Uses: This tense is used to express an action which just been completed
Eg: I have completed my work
He has gone to college
4. Present perfect continuous tense:

26. 26
Form of verb : have been , has been + verb+ing
Uses: This tense is used to express an action which began in the past and is going on at he
time of speaking.
Eg: I have been completing my work for 2 hours
He has been going to college since Monday
II.1. Simple past Tense: Form of verbs: Use past tense verb only
Uses: This tense is used to indicate an action that was completed in the past.
Eg: The principal visited all the classes last week.
2. Past Continuous Tense:
Form of verb: was , were,+ ing form (was is for singular, were is for plural)
Uses: This tense is used to indicate an action which was going on at a certain time in the past.
Eg: Radha was teaching the lesson Yesterday at 10 am
3.PastPerfect Tense: Form of verb : Had+v3 (Past Participle Tense verb) ‘had’ is common
for all (Singular/ Plural)
Uses: This tense is used to indicate an action which was completed. Earlier than another
action.
Eg: She had slept before he came
4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
Form of verb: had been +verb+ing
Uses: This tense is used to indicate an action which began in the past continued upto some
extent (or) point of time in the past.
Eg: The students had been playing cricket since Yesterday at 10 AM to 5 PM.
III.1. Simple Future Tense:
Form of verb: Shall , will + present tense verb
Uses: This tense is used to indicate an action that will take place in future.
Eg: I shall go to school tomorrow.
They will come to my house next week.
1. Future Continuous Tense:

27. 27
Form of verb: Shall be, will be+ verb + ing
Uses: This tense is used to indicate an action that will be going on at some time in future.
Eg: I shall be going to school at this time tomorrow they will be coming to my house next
week at this time.
2. Future perfect Tense:
Form of verb: shall have , will have + v3 ( past participle verb)
Uses: This tense is used to express an action that will be gong on over a period of time which
will end in the future.
Eg: By this time of next year they will have finished their work.
By this time of next month I shall have completed my work.
3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
Form of verb: Shall have , will have +been +verb+ing
Uses: This tense is used to express an action that will be going on over a period of time
which will end in the future.
Eg: When he completes his studies , his father will have been working for two years in U.S
Activity: The teacher should ask the students to read a lesson and made them to identify.
Present: V1, V2, V3
Eg: eat ate eaten
Simple
V1
Continuous be+
v1+ing
Perfect
have/has +v3
Perfec continuous
have/ has
+been+verb+ing
I eat I am eating I have eaten I have been
eating
We eat We are eating We have
eaten
We have been
eating
You eat You are eating You have
eaten
You have been
eating
HE/ She/
It eats
He/She/It is eating He/ She/It has
eaten
He/She/It has
been eating
They eat They are eating They have
eaten
They have been
eating
Forms
1st
S
P
2nd
S/P
3rd
S
P

28. 28
Past:
Persons Simple V2 Continuous
be+V1 +ing
Perfect had+V3 Perfect
continuous
had+been+V1+ing
1st S
P
I ate I was eating I had eaten I had been eating
We ate We were eating We had eaten We had been
eaten
2nd
S/P
You ate You are eating You had eaten You had been
eating
3rd S/P He/She/It ate He/She/it was
eating
He/She/It had
eaten
He/ She/ it had
been eating
They ate They were
eating
They had eaten They had been
eating
Future :
Persons Simple shall/
will +V1
Continuous
shall/ will
+be+ V1+ ing
Perfect
shall/will+have+V3
Perfect continuous
shall/will+been+V1+ing
1st
S
P
I shall eat I shall be
eating
I shall have eaten I shall have been
eating
We shall eat We shall be
eating
We shall have
eaten
We shall have been
eating You will have
been eating
2nd
S/P
You shall eat aYou shall be
eating
You will be eating You will have been
eating
3rd S/P He/she/it
will eat
He/she/It will
be eating
He/she/it will be
eating
He/she/it will have
been eating
They will eat They will be They will be eating They will have been

29. 29
eating eating
X.Collective Nouns:
A count noun that denotes a group of individuals.
Eg: assembly, army, crowd, herd, band, bunch, pack, bundle
A class of pupils, a pack of cards , A bundle of sticks, an army of soldiers
Activity: Teacher should ask the students to read a lesson from text book.
Students should frame sentences by using collective nouns.
XI.Verbs & Nouns forms:
Raman was equally delighted
The underlined word “delighted” is a verb and has been used to exress a feeling of joy orr
happiness . Its noun form is “delight”
Now look at the following:
Verb Noun
Enjoyed enjoyment
Surprised surprise
Appoint appointment
Worried worry
Satisfied satisfaction
Teacher should ask the students to read the lesson and identify the verb forms and noun
forms.
XII.Direct & Indirect speech:
The sentence which quots the exact words of a speaker is said to be in the direct speech.
The sentence which indirectly reports the meaning of the speaker’s speech is said to be in the
indirect/ reported speech
Eg: He said me , “ I hide money in the bank”. (D.S)
He said me that he had hid money in the bank .(I.S)
Changes : Follow the following changes for changing direct speech into Indirect speech.

30. 30
Point out main clause and sub-ordinate clause and first change the main clause. In main
clause don’t change the subject and object. Change only the verb depends on sub –ordinate
clause.
After changing the main clause and before entering into sub ordinate clause put a conjunction
depends on sub –ordinate clause.
After entering into sub-ordinate clause. Change the subject. If the subject is in first and third
person change it depends on main clause subject. If the subject is in second person change it
depends on main clause subject.
After changing the subject, change the verb as the following when reported verb in past tense
the following changes occur.
D.S I.S/R.S
Simple present tense simple past tense
Simple past tense past perfect tense
Present continuous tense past continuous tense
Present perfect tense past perfect tense
Present perfect continuous tense past perfect continuous tense
Past continuous tense past perfect continuous tense
Past perfect tense past perfect tense
Past perfect continuous tense Past perfect continuous tense
Simple future tense past future tense
I He/She
We They
You He/She/I
He Him
She Her
It It
Me Him/ Her
Us Them
My His/Her

31. 31
Your His/ Her/ Mine
Them Us
Today That day
Yesterday The previous day / The day before
Tomorrow The next day
Now Then
Here There
Says Says
Said Said, Asked, requested -----------
Said to Told
Told Told
A sentence makes declaration is called affirmative sentence use the conjunction word “That”
A sentence that asks a question is called on interrogative sentence. Here there is no
conjunction word.
A sentence starts with any auxiliary helping verb, we use the conjunction word “ if /
whether”.
Eg: “Do you speak English ?” she asked me.(D.S)
She asked me if I spoke english (I.S)
A sentence that express command, order, request and advice is called an Imperative sentence.
Then we use the conjunction word “to”
Eg: The teacher said to the boy “ Shut your mouth”. ( D.S)
The teacher ordered the boy to shut his mouth . ( I.S)
A sentence that express sudden feelings or emotions is called an exclamatory sentence and
followed by interjections. Hence we remove the interjections in the indirect speech the
conjunction word is “that”
Eg: The man said, “ Alas! The old man is died”. (D.S)
The man cried that the old man was dead.
Activity: The teacher should ask the children to read the lesson and identify the direct speech
and then change into indirect speech.

32. 32
XIII.“If” Clause:
It’s form uses a conditional clause in the present simple, and the main clause in the future
tense. The main clause will use a modal , like would, should, could, will , may, might or can.
Here are some examples:
If I sleep now. I will be up all night
There are four types of conditionals, They are 1) The zero conditional (present real condition)
2. The first conditional (Present or future real conditional)
1. The second conditional (Present unreal conditional)
2. The third conditional (Past unreal conditional)
Some sentences: 1. If I am late, my teacer ask me stand upon the bench
2. When you mix red and white , you get pink
3. If you walk quickly , you will catch the bus.
4. If you disturb a snake , it bites you.
5. You get well if you take medicine
Teacher should ask the students to identify some more sentences.
XIV. Punctuations:
The following are some common punctuation marks used in English. They are
. - Is a period of full stop ; - is a semi colon
,- is a comma - is a hyphen
?- is a question mark ( ) – are brackets
!- is an exclamation mark
’ – is an apostrophe or single quote mark
“ is a quotation mark/ inverted comma
: - is a colon
Eg: Wretch said the king that harm did I do these that thou shudst seek to take my life
with your own hand you killed my father and my two brothers was the reply

33. 33
Wretch said the king, “ What harm did I do these. That thou shuds’t seek to take my life
with your own hand. You killed my father and my two brothers was the reply.
Activity: Teacher should make the students to practice.
I. Frame the sentences with the help of clues given
Smt: Nirmala is an old woman
Eg: She/ like/ eat/ soft things : She likes to eat soft things.
1. She/like/eat/sweets:
2. She/hate/eat/hard things
3. One day she/ want/ eat/ Jamun
4. She/ ask/ her neighbor / buy/ some kova
5. The young woman/ agree/ get/ some
6. She/ promise/ buy/ a kilo
7. The old woman/ promise/ pay her later
8. In the market / the young woman/ remember/ buy/ something for her
9. She/ bought/ hot
10.The old woman /refuse/pay
Answers:
She like to eat sweets
She hates to eat hardthings
One day she wanted to eat Jamun
She asked her neighbor to buy some Kova
The young woman agreed to get some
She promised to buy a kilo
The old woman promised to pay her later
In the market the young woman remembered to buy something for her
She bought hot
The old woman refused to pay

34. 34
Activity: Teacher should ask the children to read a lesson from the text book and made them
to frame some sentences given:
II. Prefixes & Suffixes:
Prefixes Suffixes
Eg: Take = mistake Eg: Stood= understood
A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a word
Happy- unhappy
A suffix is a group of letters places after the root of the word
Happy- happiness
Place – misplace place-placement
Law- mother-in-law law- lawyer
Legal-illegal legal-legally
Mature- premature mature-maturity
Health-illhealth health-healthy
Act- enact act- actually
Appear- disappear appear-appearance
Develop-undevelop develop- development
Fix-prefix fix-suffix
Lucky-unlucky lucky- luckiest
Activity: Teacher should ask the students to read the lesson and ask them to frame such
words in the form of prefix and suffix
XVII.Voice: (Active & Passive)
Voice shows if the acts (or) acted upon. There are two kinds of voice. They are 1. Active
voice and Passive voice.
Active Voice: if the subject acts , it is called an “active voice” Eg: Arjun killed Karna

35. 35
Actiive voice : If the subject acted upon, it is called “passive voice” Eg: Karna was killed by
Arjun.
Follow the following changes for changing A.V into P.V
Object becomes subject
Write a ‘be’ form depends on A.V sentence verb and object
Change the verb into past participle tense(V3 form)
Put ‘by’ preposition
Subject becomes object.
Changes of pronoun”
A.V(Sub) P.V(Obj)
I me
We us
You you
He him
She her
It it
They them
1) Sita sings songs
Songs are sing by Sita
2) Sita sang songs
Songs were sung by Sita
3) Sita is singing songs
Songs are being sung by Sita
4) Sita was singing songs
Songs were being sung by sita
5) Sita has sung songs
Songs have been sung by Sita

36. 36
6) Sita had sung songs
Songs had been sung by Sita
Activity: The teacher should ask the students to read a lesson and practice some more
sentences by using the voice.

37. 37
Class: VII Subject : Mathematics
Knowing our numbers:
Which is the greatest and smallest among the group of numbers:
i) 15432, 15892, 15730, 15524
ii) 44687, 44645, 2280, 5701
iii) 5001, 5200, 5670, 2001
Note: Give more example -------------------------
Write the numbers in Ascending Order:
i) 21, 37, 74, 81, 24, 25
ii) 93, 87, 02, 30, 45, 87
iii) 200, 274, 198, 347, 121
iv) 874, 987, 205, 274, 301
Note: Give more example -------------------------
Write the numbers in Descending Order:
i) 13, 27, 97, 81, 61, 51, 48
ii) 248, 742, 101, 208, 211, 399
iii) 8881, 1001, 2073, 3041, 4031
iv) 8972, 3421, 8973, 9427, 2931
Note: Give more example -------------------------
Using symbols: < or >
i. 10<20 iv. 207______27
ii. 97>93 v. 987______978
iii. 1001_________101 vi. 998 ______899

38. 38
The numbers in words:
Eg: 72642
Ten thousand thousand hundreds tens ones
7 2 6 4 2
72642 is Seventy two thousand six hundred forty two
Write the numbers in words:
i. 93475
ii. 56740
iii. 60000
iv. 99999
v. 50001
Write the numbers in figures:
i) Forty thousand two hundred seventy – 40270
ii) Fourteen thousand sixty four-
iii) Nine thousand seven hundred one-
iv) Sixty thousand-
Write
i. The smallest two digit number: 10
ii. The greatest two digit number: 99
iii. The smallest five digit number: _____________
iv. The greatest six digit number: _______________
Note: Give more examples-----------------------
Natural Numbers: The numbers which are used for counting are called
natural numbers. It is denoted by “ N” N = { 1,2,3----------}

39. 39
Whole number: The natural numbers along with the zero is called whole
number. W = { 0,1,2,3, ---------------}
Successor: The next number of any natural number is called it’s successor. Eg:
The successor of 9 is 10
Predecessor: The number just before a number is called the predecessor. Eg:
The predecessor of 9 is 8
Divisibility Rule:
Divisibility by 2 : A number is divisible by 2 if it has any of the digits 0,2,4,6,8
in it’s ones place. Eg: 10,20,9892,10008-------------------
Divisibility by 3 : If the sum of the digits is divisible by 3 then the number is
divisible by 3. Eg: 243 = 2+4+3 =9; 9/3=3
243 is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 6: If a number is divisible by both 2 and 3 then it is also
divisible by 6
Eg: 228
228 is divisible by “2”
2+2+8=12 = 12/3=4 ( R=0)
228 is divisible by 3 by therefore divisible by 6
Divisibility by 9: A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of the digits of the
number is divisible by 9.
Eg: 99 9+9=18 18/9(R=O)
99 is divisible by 9
Divisibility by 5: A number is divisible by 5 , if it’s last digit having numbers
are 0,5
Eg: 920, 2995 ------------------

40. 40
Divisibility by 10: A number is divisible by 10, it’s last digit having “ 0” is
called divisibility by 10.
Eg: 100, 220, 9990 ------------------
Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by its last
two digits is divisible by 4.(Tens and ones)
Eg: 216
Last 2 digits are 16 / 4(R=0)
216 is divisible by 4
Divisibility by 8: A number is divisible by 8 , if the number formed by its last
three digits is divisible by 8. (i.e. Hundreds, tens, and ones)
Eg: 93648
648 is divisible by 648/8(R=0)
There fore 93648 is divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 11: A given number is divisible by 11, if the difference
between the sum of the digits atodd places and the sum of the digits at even
places (from the right ) is either 0 or divisible by 11
Eg: i) 6545
Sum of the digits at odd places= 5+5=10
Sum of the digit at even places = 6+4=10
Their difference =10-10=0
6545 is divisible by 11
More eg: i. 1221 is divisible by 11?
ii. Is 6535 divisible by 11?
Least common multiple LCM:
Finding LCM are two methods
i) Prime factorization method

41. 41
ii) Division method
LCM by using Prime Factorization method:
i. Find LCM of 30 and 60
Sol: 2 30 2 60
3 15 2 30
4 5 3 15
1 5 5
1
Factor of 30= 2 X 3 X 5
Factor of 60= 2 X 2 X 3 X 5
LCM of 30 and 60 = 2 X 3 X 5 X 2=60
ii. Find the LCM of 36 and 48
iii. Find the LCM of 12,24 and 64
LCM by using division method:
i. Find the LCM of 21,35 and 42
7 21, 35, 42
3 3, 5, 6
2 1, 5, 2
5 1, 5, 1
1,1,1
LCM of 21,35 and 42 is =7X3X2X5=210

42. 42
ii. Find the LCM of 84,112 and 196
iii. Find the LCM of 26, 14 and 91
Highest Common Factor(HCF):
Highest common factor are two methods
i. Prime factorization method
ii. Division method
Finding HCF by using Prime factorization method:
i. Find the HCF of 12,30 2 12 2 30
Sol: 12= 2 X 2 X 3 2 6 3 15
30= 2 X 3 X 5 3 3 5 5
The common factor of 12,30 is 2 X 3 = 6 1 1
HCF of 12,30 is 6
ii. Find the HCF of 12,16 and 28
iii. Find the HCF of 10,35 and 40
iv. Find the HCF of 106 and 159
Finding HCF by using division method
i. Find the HCF of 56 and 64
56 64 1
56
8 56 7
56
0 Remainder
HCF of 56 and 64 is 8
ii. Find the HCF of 40 and 56

43. 43
Basic Geometrical Ideas:
i. Line segment: Line segment having two end points, it is denoted by AB
. .
A B
ii. Straight line : Straight line having no end points. It is denoted by AB
A B
iii. Ray : Ray having only one end point it is denoted by OA
O A
iii. Angle: The two rays forming an angle are called sides of the angle. It is
denoted by L symbol. B
BOA= x x
O A
Triangle : The simple closed figure formed by three line segments is a triangle.
Three line segments are (or) sides AB,BC and AC A
Three vertices A, B and C
Three angles are BAC ABC and BCA B C
Total three angles are 180º
Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral is a simple closed figure bounded by four line
segments. C
Four sides are AB, BC , CD and AD D
Four angles DAB BCD ABC and CDA
Four vertices are A, B,C,D A D
Sum of the four angles are 360º

44. 44
Circle: A circle is simple closed curve , where each point on the boundary is
at an equal distance from the centre. The fixed distance is the radius .
O is centre point C
OA is radius
BC is chord, BA is diameter B A
Types of angles: B
Acute angle: Acute angle is more than 0 B
less than 90º is called acute angle. BOA= 45º 45º
O A
Right Angle: Angle is 90º is called right angle A
AOB = 90º
90º
O B
Obtuse angle: Obtuse angle is more than 90º, less than 180º is called Obtuse
angle. AOB = 120º A
O B
Straight angle: Angle is 180º is called straight angle.
A O B AOB = 180º
Reflex angle : Angle more than 180º and less than 360º is called Reflex angle.
O A AOB = 270º
B
Zero angle: Angle is zero is called zero angle
AOB= 0º O B A
r
o

45. 45
Complete angle: Angle is 360º is called complete angle. O B A
AOB = 360º
Fraction: A fraction means a part of group (or) of a whole .
Eg: 1/8, 2/3 -------------
Types of fractions:
i. Proper fraction: Proper fraction is less numerator and more denominator is
called proper fraction.
Eg: 2/8,1/10, 200/1000----------------------
ii. Improper fraction: Improper fraction is more denominator and less
numerator is called improper fraction.
Eg: 9/2,99/10, 200/10------------------------
iii. Mixed fraction : Mixed fraction is whole part and fractional part is called
mixed fractions.
Eg: 2 1/3, 3 1/5, 100 1/2------------------
Like fractions: The fractional number that have the same denominators are
called like fraction.
Eg: 1/3 , 2/3 , 7/3 --------------
Unlike fractions: Fraction does not have same denominators are called unlike
fractions.
Eg: 2/3, 2/5, 9/10
Addition of like fractions:
i. 2 + 1 = 2+1 = 3
5 5 5 5
ii. 3 + 5 = 3+5 = 8
9 9 9 9

46. 46
iii. Find 3/12 +13/12
iv. Find 9/15+ 20/15
Addition of unlike fractions:
i. 2/3 +1/4
Sol. 2/3 +1/4 LCM of 3,4 is 12
2/3 +1/4 = 2/3 X 4/4 +1/4 X 3/3
= 8/12 +3/12= 8+3/12 = 11/12
Decimals: 2 0 . 7 3 5
Tens thousands( 1/1000)
Ones Hundredths(1/100)
Tenths(1/10)
Addition of decimal numbers:
i. Add 3.64 +5.4
Sol. 3.64
+ 5.4
9.04
ii. Add 34.52 + 25.34
34.52
+ 25.34
59.86
iii. Add 0.543+20+0.29
iv. Add 20+30+0.25+0.30
v. Add 200.300+100.500+101.005
vi. Add 250.34+100+300.02

47. 47
Perimeter and area: D a C
i. Square : ABCD is Square
Side of square= a a a
Perimeter of square = 4Xa=4a
Area of square = side X side= a X a=a2 A a B
ii. Rectangle: ABCD is a rectangle
Length of rectangle = l D l C
Breadth of rectangle = b b b
Perimeter of rectangle = 2(l+b)
Area of rectangle = lXb A l B
iii. Circle : Centre is O C
Radius of circle = r
Diameter of circle =d A B
Area of circle is = Πr2
Perimeter of circle = 2Πr ( Note Π value is 22/7)
Ratio: A ratio is an ordered comparison of quantities of the same units.
Eg: Ramu age is 12 years and Shamu age is 15 years
Ratio of Rasmu and Shyamu = 12:15
4:5
D
r O
o

48. 48
Proportion : In general if the ratio of a and b is equal to the ratio of c and d we
say that they are in proportion this is represented as a:b :: c:d
Eg: a:b = 2:3 and c: d = 6:9
A:b :: c:d = 2 : 3 :: 6 : 9
a c 18÷18
b d
bc 18
ad = 18
2:3 and 6:9 are proportion.
Understanding 3D:
i) Cube:
No. of faces = 8
No .of edges = 12
No. of faces= 6
ii) Cuboid:
No. of vertices =8
No. of edges = 12
No. of faces = 6
iii) Cylinder iv. Cone v. Sphere
r r l
r
h
h
r

49. 49
Symmetry : A figure is said to have line symmetry if a line can be drawn
dividing the figure into two identical part. This line is called a line of
symmetry.
Eg: