This document is the table of contents for a book on English grammar titled "Essentials of English Grammar" by Sanai Habib Muhammad. It lists 17 chapters that will cover topics such as parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives), tenses (present, past, future), conditional sentences, and more. The purpose of the book is to provide students with the necessary foundational knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary.
1) Communication and expression have two basic forms: speech and writing. Both require using a language as a medium in some way.
2) Language is composed of words and words are made up of letters (alphabet). Each word conveys meanings based on social, regional, cultural and political contexts.
3) Additional elements beyond words are needed for full and accurate understanding, such as tone of voice, facial expressions, body language, context and more. Words alone are not enough for complete comprehension.
"F" vs "P" and "B" vs "V" duussanne dhayuwa pilggethaa- pilgganchay Axxa Si...𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒌𝒆𝒕 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒖𝒆𝒍
1. The document discusses the pronunciation of the /f/ and /v/ sounds in the Gojjam dialect of Amharic. It notes that while /f/ is pronounced as a fricative, /v/ is pronounced like /w/ or /f/ in this dialect.
2. The author analyzes previous studies on the phonetic characteristics of these sounds. The studies found that /f/ is pronounced as a fricative in similar way to other Semitic languages like Arabic, while /v/ can be pronounced like /w/, /f/ or sometimes like /b/ depending on the word or speaker.
3. The document concludes that more research is needed on the
1) The document discusses different levels or categories (darjats) of spiritual works (amels) in Islam, ranging from basic to highly advanced.
2) The most advanced amels are the buzurgs or walis who have a direct connection to God and help others by commanding jinns and solving problems caused by powerful jadugar.
3) These buzurgs are able to foresee future events and help resolve serious issues even when powerful jadugar are involved, as the jinns and their leaders must obey the buzurgs out of respect for their strong connection to God.
1) Tehran is a precious yet complex city that we must truly understand in order to effectively contribute to its development as architects and urban planners.
2) While money is being spent, more awareness, sustainability and action is needed regarding Tehran's inherent natural, historical, and cultural values that are disappearing.
3) There is a need for constructive criticism and promotion of good solutions to engage all of Tehran's cultural community, including architects and artists, in meaningful discussions about the city's future.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics as a field of study. It begins by defining sociolinguistics and outlining some of its key concepts, including language variation, language attitudes and identity, language contact, and language policy and planning.
It then discusses some basic aspects of sociolinguistics, such as how social factors influence language use and how languages vary based on situations. It also examines how social aspects are linked to linguistic aspects.
The document outlines several perspectives on defining sociolinguistics. It discusses sociolinguistics in relation to other fields like anthropology, sociology, and social psychology. It also distinguishes between micro-sociolinguistics, which focuses on internal
The document discusses signs and symptoms of black magic or "kalay jado" in Urdu. It lists 31 potential symptoms experienced by those under the effects of black magic, including headaches, body pains, increased sexual urges, nightmares, and digestive issues. It explains that black magic can be used to manipulate someone's mind and control their behavior for purposes like ruining someone's reputation, humiliating their family, or forcing unwanted sexual acts. The document advises that removing black magic requires understanding the specific condition and using appropriate remedies, as different types of black magic may require different treatments.
The document is a hymn from the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib praising the infinite, eternal, and formless qualities of God. It describes God as:
- Being without attributes, qualities, or characteristics that can be perceived or understood
- Existing beyond concepts of time, space, birth, and death
- Being the creator of all realms and beings
The hymn emphasizes that God is indescribable, beyond comprehension, and eternally existing.
The study aims to investigate the reading skills and challenges of grade 8 students in learning reading at Kusti Secondary School. It seeks to identify the students' reading levels, skills, and difficulties. The study employs questionnaires, observation, and interview to gather data from students, teachers and school officials. It is hoped that the findings can help improve teaching methods and learning outcomes in reading.
1) Communication and expression have two basic forms: speech and writing. Both require using a language as a medium in some way.
2) Language is composed of words and words are made up of letters (alphabet). Each word conveys meanings based on social, regional, cultural and political contexts.
3) Additional elements beyond words are needed for full and accurate understanding, such as tone of voice, facial expressions, body language, context and more. Words alone are not enough for complete comprehension.
"F" vs "P" and "B" vs "V" duussanne dhayuwa pilggethaa- pilgganchay Axxa Si...𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒌𝒆𝒕 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒖𝒆𝒍
1. The document discusses the pronunciation of the /f/ and /v/ sounds in the Gojjam dialect of Amharic. It notes that while /f/ is pronounced as a fricative, /v/ is pronounced like /w/ or /f/ in this dialect.
2. The author analyzes previous studies on the phonetic characteristics of these sounds. The studies found that /f/ is pronounced as a fricative in similar way to other Semitic languages like Arabic, while /v/ can be pronounced like /w/, /f/ or sometimes like /b/ depending on the word or speaker.
3. The document concludes that more research is needed on the
1) The document discusses different levels or categories (darjats) of spiritual works (amels) in Islam, ranging from basic to highly advanced.
2) The most advanced amels are the buzurgs or walis who have a direct connection to God and help others by commanding jinns and solving problems caused by powerful jadugar.
3) These buzurgs are able to foresee future events and help resolve serious issues even when powerful jadugar are involved, as the jinns and their leaders must obey the buzurgs out of respect for their strong connection to God.
1) Tehran is a precious yet complex city that we must truly understand in order to effectively contribute to its development as architects and urban planners.
2) While money is being spent, more awareness, sustainability and action is needed regarding Tehran's inherent natural, historical, and cultural values that are disappearing.
3) There is a need for constructive criticism and promotion of good solutions to engage all of Tehran's cultural community, including architects and artists, in meaningful discussions about the city's future.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics as a field of study. It begins by defining sociolinguistics and outlining some of its key concepts, including language variation, language attitudes and identity, language contact, and language policy and planning.
It then discusses some basic aspects of sociolinguistics, such as how social factors influence language use and how languages vary based on situations. It also examines how social aspects are linked to linguistic aspects.
The document outlines several perspectives on defining sociolinguistics. It discusses sociolinguistics in relation to other fields like anthropology, sociology, and social psychology. It also distinguishes between micro-sociolinguistics, which focuses on internal
The document discusses signs and symptoms of black magic or "kalay jado" in Urdu. It lists 31 potential symptoms experienced by those under the effects of black magic, including headaches, body pains, increased sexual urges, nightmares, and digestive issues. It explains that black magic can be used to manipulate someone's mind and control their behavior for purposes like ruining someone's reputation, humiliating their family, or forcing unwanted sexual acts. The document advises that removing black magic requires understanding the specific condition and using appropriate remedies, as different types of black magic may require different treatments.
The document is a hymn from the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib praising the infinite, eternal, and formless qualities of God. It describes God as:
- Being without attributes, qualities, or characteristics that can be perceived or understood
- Existing beyond concepts of time, space, birth, and death
- Being the creator of all realms and beings
The hymn emphasizes that God is indescribable, beyond comprehension, and eternally existing.
The study aims to investigate the reading skills and challenges of grade 8 students in learning reading at Kusti Secondary School. It seeks to identify the students' reading levels, skills, and difficulties. The study employs questionnaires, observation, and interview to gather data from students, teachers and school officials. It is hoped that the findings can help improve teaching methods and learning outcomes in reading.
Takht, Taj Aur Waqt Kisi Kay Sagay Nahainmaqsood hasni
This document discusses some of the negative consequences that can arise when a government prioritizes revenue collection over the welfare of its citizens. It provides numerous examples of how overtaxation can corrupt societies and governments. The document argues that Pakistan has suffered greatly from these issues, and questions whether independence was worthwhile if this is the state of affairs. It calls on the government to have mercy on the people and reform tax policies and institutions to better serve citizens.
This document summarizes the life of Sai Asaram. It describes how he was born in a village and showed signs of divinity from a young age. He was educated in Ahmedabad and developed a dispassionate nature. After experiencing enlightenment, he became known as a spiritual leader who spread the message of devotion, yoga, and knowledge of the self. He attained liberation and realization of the eternal self.
The document is a summary of the benefits and importance of remembering God (ismrin pRB/hir). It discusses how remembering God brings peace, destroys suffering and fear of death, fulfills all tasks, and leads one to liberation. It says remembering God is the highest action, brings all spiritual rewards, and destroys ego and attachment. It emphasizes that one who remembers God is blessed and ferries across the world ocean of fear and suffering.
1) The document discusses certain types of people who do not worship God or sing His praises, and instead criticize others while being flawed themselves.
2) It states that it is best to stay away from such people, as they are detached from God's devotion, and only seek to harm others through their words and actions.
3) The document provides various examples of the hypocrisy and harmful behaviors of such people, such as not helping others while criticizing, focusing on minor faults of others while ignoring their own, and trying to undermine religious teachings and figures of authority.
This document contains poems and reflections on life, love, friendship and dealing with hard times. It discusses the importance of a mother's blessings, cherishing good memories with friends and loved ones, learning to cope with loneliness and separation, and finding strength through faith even during difficult periods. It encourages appreciating the present moment and maintaining hope that hard times will pass.
Sad attitude status in hindi 2 line for facebookAarushi Sharma
1. The document contains 34 lines of poetry or quotes in Hindi about love, friendship and life.
2. Many of the poems express longing for a lost love or friend, missing their presence and remembering them fondly.
3. Several convey messages about cherishing relationships while you have them and finding comfort in memories.
Aseeb,Saya,Jinaat Or Bandish,Aasebi Bandish.touqeerabbas
This document discusses beliefs about jinn (spirits) in Islam. It provides explanations of jinn from Islamic teachings and scholars of spirituality. It describes different types of jinn, how some may possess or affect humans by causing disturbances, illnesses, or attachments through black magic. It also mentions how reciting Quran or getting a home blessed can help address spiritual issues believed to be caused by jinn.
This presentation highlights what it takes to get into a top college. This is the Punjabi version and covers the following topics -
1. The types of colleges your kids can attend
2. What you need to know about High School
3. The college admissions process
4. Checklist for each year of high school
This presentation was given at Yuba City Gurdwara on October 18th, 2009.
Masoom si mohabbat ka bus itna sa fasana haimnqureshi226
The document contains several poetic verses and lines expressing themes of love, longing, separation and heartbreak. It explores the pain of losing a loved one and being left alone with memories. Some verses mention waiting endlessly for the person to return or feeling their absence deeply in every moment. The collection of poems reflects on the complex emotions involved in love and relationships.
1. All humans descend from Adam and share basic innate traits, though languages have developed differently based on environmental factors over time.
2. Languages evolve based on regional climates, needs, and influences on speech organs and sounds. Over time, some languages incorporated more sounds and words from other languages due to human migration and interaction.
3. While languages have independently developed, they have still influenced each other. No language was directly descended from another, but they have borrowed words and sounds from linguistic contact over history.
The document discusses different perspectives on language. It states that all languages are equal and for communication, and that no single language can be considered better than others. While English is seen by some as an international language, the document argues that it is not the most widely spoken or read globally, and that declaring it an international language is done more for political reasons than linguistic ones. It emphasizes that all languages serve important purposes and that diversity of languages is positive.
Admi, Janwar ya os ki koee taraqi’yafta surat hai?! maqsood hasni
This document discusses similarities between humans and animals in their behaviors and physical characteristics. It provides numerous examples of how behaviors like fear, anger, love for offspring, play, hunting, and more can be seen in both humans and animals. It suggests that humans' close coexistence with animals over thousands of years may have resulted in humans acquiring some animal-like traits, and that sexual relations between humans and animals may have also influenced human evolution and characteristics. The document aims to show that while humans were given an elevated status by God, we still share many behaviors and qualities with other living creatures.
maqsood hasni ki roman khat main urdu nazmainmaqsood hasni
abk_ksr_mh.904/2016
maqsood hasni ki roman khat main urdu nazmain
پیش کار
پروفیسر نیامت علی مرتضائی
paish'kar
prof. niamat Ali murtazaee
ابوزر برقی کتب خانہ
نومبر ٢٠١٦
abuzar barqi'kutab'khana
nov.2016
1) The document discusses the origins and development of the Urdu language. It traces Urdu back to Hazrat Hind bin Haam bin Nouh and suggests the language originated in the Indian subcontinent long before the arrival of Arabs or Aryans.
2) It argues that Urdu cannot be defined based on religion, ethnicity, or region as it is spoken by people of various backgrounds. The language evolves based on its speakers but remains a single entity.
3) The document criticizes past scholarship on Urdu for being narrow and one-sided rather than comprehensive. It calls on professors to take a broader and more rigorous approach to the study of language origins and development.
This document provides a summary of 51 grammar topics in English for conversation. The topics covered include: parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives; tenses like simple present, past, future; pronouns; possession; word order; question tags; passive voice; relative clauses; and more. The document is intended to teach English grammar structures that are commonly used in conversation.
This document contains the lyrics to several songs in multiple languages (Mandarin Chinese and Hindi). The songs discuss themes of love, friendship, memories, and growing up. They use poetic language and metaphors to express feelings of longing, nostalgia, and the complex emotions associated with relationships.
Ek walid apney naujawan betey ko ley kat merrey paas ayaalihussnain
A young man visited the clinic with his father, worried about his small penis size before his upcoming marriage. The doctor explained that penis size varies naturally between men and has no relation to height, and that an erect penis of only 2-3 inches is enough for sexual satisfaction and reproduction. While pornography and social comparisons can create unrealistic perceptions of size, most women are satisfied by an average-sized penis and prefer gentleness over size alone. A man's character and ability to be an affectionate partner are far more important to a woman than his penis size.
1. The document discusses the events surrounding the martyrdom of Imam Hussain and questions whether Yazid can truly be considered a just ruler.
2. It questions the common narratives around historical figures like Aurangzeb and suggests that simply calling someone a "Muslim ruler" does not make their actions just.
3. The author argues that the way history is studied, understood and presented needs reform so that narratives are not biased by partisanship and historical figures' actions are analyzed objectively rather than in support of certain ideologies.
Takht, Taj Aur Waqt Kisi Kay Sagay Nahainmaqsood hasni
This document discusses some of the negative consequences that can arise when a government prioritizes revenue collection over the welfare of its citizens. It provides numerous examples of how overtaxation can corrupt societies and governments. The document argues that Pakistan has suffered greatly from these issues, and questions whether independence was worthwhile if this is the state of affairs. It calls on the government to have mercy on the people and reform tax policies and institutions to better serve citizens.
This document summarizes the life of Sai Asaram. It describes how he was born in a village and showed signs of divinity from a young age. He was educated in Ahmedabad and developed a dispassionate nature. After experiencing enlightenment, he became known as a spiritual leader who spread the message of devotion, yoga, and knowledge of the self. He attained liberation and realization of the eternal self.
The document is a summary of the benefits and importance of remembering God (ismrin pRB/hir). It discusses how remembering God brings peace, destroys suffering and fear of death, fulfills all tasks, and leads one to liberation. It says remembering God is the highest action, brings all spiritual rewards, and destroys ego and attachment. It emphasizes that one who remembers God is blessed and ferries across the world ocean of fear and suffering.
1) The document discusses certain types of people who do not worship God or sing His praises, and instead criticize others while being flawed themselves.
2) It states that it is best to stay away from such people, as they are detached from God's devotion, and only seek to harm others through their words and actions.
3) The document provides various examples of the hypocrisy and harmful behaviors of such people, such as not helping others while criticizing, focusing on minor faults of others while ignoring their own, and trying to undermine religious teachings and figures of authority.
This document contains poems and reflections on life, love, friendship and dealing with hard times. It discusses the importance of a mother's blessings, cherishing good memories with friends and loved ones, learning to cope with loneliness and separation, and finding strength through faith even during difficult periods. It encourages appreciating the present moment and maintaining hope that hard times will pass.
Sad attitude status in hindi 2 line for facebookAarushi Sharma
1. The document contains 34 lines of poetry or quotes in Hindi about love, friendship and life.
2. Many of the poems express longing for a lost love or friend, missing their presence and remembering them fondly.
3. Several convey messages about cherishing relationships while you have them and finding comfort in memories.
Aseeb,Saya,Jinaat Or Bandish,Aasebi Bandish.touqeerabbas
This document discusses beliefs about jinn (spirits) in Islam. It provides explanations of jinn from Islamic teachings and scholars of spirituality. It describes different types of jinn, how some may possess or affect humans by causing disturbances, illnesses, or attachments through black magic. It also mentions how reciting Quran or getting a home blessed can help address spiritual issues believed to be caused by jinn.
This presentation highlights what it takes to get into a top college. This is the Punjabi version and covers the following topics -
1. The types of colleges your kids can attend
2. What you need to know about High School
3. The college admissions process
4. Checklist for each year of high school
This presentation was given at Yuba City Gurdwara on October 18th, 2009.
Masoom si mohabbat ka bus itna sa fasana haimnqureshi226
The document contains several poetic verses and lines expressing themes of love, longing, separation and heartbreak. It explores the pain of losing a loved one and being left alone with memories. Some verses mention waiting endlessly for the person to return or feeling their absence deeply in every moment. The collection of poems reflects on the complex emotions involved in love and relationships.
1. All humans descend from Adam and share basic innate traits, though languages have developed differently based on environmental factors over time.
2. Languages evolve based on regional climates, needs, and influences on speech organs and sounds. Over time, some languages incorporated more sounds and words from other languages due to human migration and interaction.
3. While languages have independently developed, they have still influenced each other. No language was directly descended from another, but they have borrowed words and sounds from linguistic contact over history.
The document discusses different perspectives on language. It states that all languages are equal and for communication, and that no single language can be considered better than others. While English is seen by some as an international language, the document argues that it is not the most widely spoken or read globally, and that declaring it an international language is done more for political reasons than linguistic ones. It emphasizes that all languages serve important purposes and that diversity of languages is positive.
Admi, Janwar ya os ki koee taraqi’yafta surat hai?! maqsood hasni
This document discusses similarities between humans and animals in their behaviors and physical characteristics. It provides numerous examples of how behaviors like fear, anger, love for offspring, play, hunting, and more can be seen in both humans and animals. It suggests that humans' close coexistence with animals over thousands of years may have resulted in humans acquiring some animal-like traits, and that sexual relations between humans and animals may have also influenced human evolution and characteristics. The document aims to show that while humans were given an elevated status by God, we still share many behaviors and qualities with other living creatures.
maqsood hasni ki roman khat main urdu nazmainmaqsood hasni
abk_ksr_mh.904/2016
maqsood hasni ki roman khat main urdu nazmain
پیش کار
پروفیسر نیامت علی مرتضائی
paish'kar
prof. niamat Ali murtazaee
ابوزر برقی کتب خانہ
نومبر ٢٠١٦
abuzar barqi'kutab'khana
nov.2016
1) The document discusses the origins and development of the Urdu language. It traces Urdu back to Hazrat Hind bin Haam bin Nouh and suggests the language originated in the Indian subcontinent long before the arrival of Arabs or Aryans.
2) It argues that Urdu cannot be defined based on religion, ethnicity, or region as it is spoken by people of various backgrounds. The language evolves based on its speakers but remains a single entity.
3) The document criticizes past scholarship on Urdu for being narrow and one-sided rather than comprehensive. It calls on professors to take a broader and more rigorous approach to the study of language origins and development.
This document provides a summary of 51 grammar topics in English for conversation. The topics covered include: parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives; tenses like simple present, past, future; pronouns; possession; word order; question tags; passive voice; relative clauses; and more. The document is intended to teach English grammar structures that are commonly used in conversation.
This document contains the lyrics to several songs in multiple languages (Mandarin Chinese and Hindi). The songs discuss themes of love, friendship, memories, and growing up. They use poetic language and metaphors to express feelings of longing, nostalgia, and the complex emotions associated with relationships.
Ek walid apney naujawan betey ko ley kat merrey paas ayaalihussnain
A young man visited the clinic with his father, worried about his small penis size before his upcoming marriage. The doctor explained that penis size varies naturally between men and has no relation to height, and that an erect penis of only 2-3 inches is enough for sexual satisfaction and reproduction. While pornography and social comparisons can create unrealistic perceptions of size, most women are satisfied by an average-sized penis and prefer gentleness over size alone. A man's character and ability to be an affectionate partner are far more important to a woman than his penis size.
1. The document discusses the events surrounding the martyrdom of Imam Hussain and questions whether Yazid can truly be considered a just ruler.
2. It questions the common narratives around historical figures like Aurangzeb and suggests that simply calling someone a "Muslim ruler" does not make their actions just.
3. The author argues that the way history is studied, understood and presented needs reform so that narratives are not biased by partisanship and historical figures' actions are analyzed objectively rather than in support of certain ideologies.
This document summarizes the key points of a study on the highland village of Gojjam in Ethiopia. The summary is as follows:
1. The study examines the indigenous conflict resolution practices of the Gojjam people in resolving disputes between community members. It describes practices such as mediation by elders and reconciliation processes focused on restitution and forgiveness.
2. The role of traditional institutions like the village council and religious leaders in facilitating conflict resolution is also discussed. Conflicts over land and resources are common issues addressed through these community-led practices.
3. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of preserving indigenous conflict resolution methods in maintaining social cohesion and resolving disputes at the local level in a
Nl R.Lalbiakchhungi Chanchin (Khawvel Sunday School Ni)Mahruaia Colney
This document provides biographical information about missionary Nula R. Lalbiakchhûngi and discusses his work. It notes that he will be speaking at the November 2014 Mizoram Presbyterian Sunday School.
It describes Lalbiakchhûngi's background, including being born in 1967 in Tlangpui village in Manipur. It details his upbringing and family circumstances.
The document discusses Lalbiakchhûngi's work as a missionary with the Synod Mission Board in Manipur from 1986-1989, focusing on spreading the gospel and helping people. It provides an overview of his life and missionary career.
1. Physics is the branch of science that deals with the study of matter, energy, and their interaction. It includes various sub-fields like mechanics, electromagnetism, optics, nuclear physics, atomic physics, geophysics, astrophysics, and thermodynamics.
2. Fundamental physics quantities include length, mass, time, temperature, amount of substance, electric current, and luminous intensity. Derived quantities include speed, acceleration, force, work, power, momentum, and others.
3. Vectors represent physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Vectors can be added and subtracted using the head-to-tail rule.
Pakistan is facing a serious electricity crisis as demand for electricity is growing at 9% annually while supply is only increasing at 7%. This is causing regular load shedding. The key causes of the crisis are theft and mismanagement of funds, aging equipment, failure to utilize domestic coal resources, wastage of energy, and high fuel costs. The effects include increased unemployment, impacts on education, and negative effects on industries. Proposed remedies include enforcing laws against theft and corruption, developing renewable energy sources, and promoting more efficient devices to reduce energy consumption.
This document describes a system to detect electrical power theft using GSM technology. It discusses using an Arduino, GSM modem, current transformer, and other hardware components to detect unauthorized electricity usage. If power theft is detected, the system will send an alert message via the GSM modem to notify authorities. The document provides details on the hardware implementation, including how each component works and is integrated into the system. The goal is to help reduce power losses and costs due to theft on the electrical distribution lines.
This document proposes two systems for detecting power theft: 1) In distribution lines, a relay system would detect theft by measuring currents and tripping a circuit if I1 does not equal I2+I3, indicating unauthorized tapping. 2) In domestic energy meters, two transformers connected to the supply and load could detect theft by measuring a voltage on their primaries only when an unauthorized load is connected before the meter. The goal is to provide a simple, real-time way to detect theft without human interference by monitoring current and voltage differentials.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of child labor in Tharparkar district, Sindh, Pakistan. It begins with background information on Tharparkar, describing its location, demographics, culture, and livelihoods which are dependent on rain-fed agriculture and livestock. It then outlines the structure of the research, which aims to study child labor on Tharparkar farms and khadi estates to determine if these activities violate children's rights. The introduction establishes the context for further investigation into the causes and impacts of child labor in the region.
Research On Water scarcity and other problems of water.Aneel-k Suthar
This document summarizes research on water scarcity and related problems in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan. The key points are:
1. Tharparkar district has a population of over 900,000 people spread across 2,200 square kilometers and includes desert and semi-desert areas. Rainfall is limited and droughts occur every 4-5 years, putting pressure on water sources.
2. Groundwater is highly saline and many water sources are non-functional due to technical, social, and economic issues. Most residents spend 4-6 hours collecting water from dug wells.
3. The research objectives are to investigate sources of pure water, the effects of hand pump water,
NTDC 220kV Transmission gird station Internship reportAneel-k Suthar
This document provides an overview of Anil Kumar's internship report on the 220/132 kV grid station in Jamshoro-T.M. Khan Road. It includes acknowledgements, an executive summary, and sections on the grid station, one-line diagram, bus bar, switches, relays, transformers, and maintenance. The grid station regulates and controls power flow and supplies electricity to substations. It uses a double bus one and a half breaker scheme, which improves reliability over other schemes by allowing maintenance without power interruptions.
National Transmission And Dispatch Company (NTDC)Aneel-k Suthar
1. NTDC presented on its current transmission system, future plans, bottlenecks, and key performance indicators.
2. NTDC's transmission system has expanded significantly since 1980, with transmission line length and substation capacity growing each year to keep up with increasing electricity demand.
3. NTDC outlined numerous ongoing and planned transmission projects through 2020 to further expand the system and address future challenges of meeting rising peak demand projections. Key bottlenecks like insufficient generation capacity were also discussed.
This document contains a practical work book for a power system analysis course. It includes 10 experiments on topics like analysis of three phase star and delta connected systems under balanced and unbalanced loads, demonstration of the single phase equivalent of a three phase star connected network, simulation of three phase short circuits using MATLAB, selection of circuit breakers for three phase faults, and analysis of transients in power systems. The experiments are designed to help students learn and apply concepts related to power system modeling, analysis, and protection.
This document summarizes the internship experience of the authors at the Lucky Cement plant. It acknowledges those who helped make the internship possible, including managers who provided assistance and workers who shared their technical knowledge. The authors are grateful for the opportunity to gain practical experience that supplemented their university studies. They learned about various departments at the plant including limestone crushing, grinding, calcination, clinker production, coal grinding, cement milling, and packing.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
5. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
5
אﺳﺘﻤﺮאري ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ زﻣﺎنFuture Perfect Continuous
ﺷﺮﻃﻴﻪConditionalﺟﻤﻼ
ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺎت ﭼﻮﭤﻮن ﺑﺎب
Haveאﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل روאﺟﻲ ﺟﻮ
Do
Be
Should or ought to
Had Better
Would
Can, Could
May, Might
Must
Active Voice and Passive Voice
Direct and Indirect Speech
ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن אﺧﺘﺼﺎري ﭘﻬﺮﻳﻮن ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻮShort Forms
ﭔﻴﻮ ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻮList of Irregular Verbs
ﺣﻞ ﺟﻮ ﻣﺸﻘﻦKey to Exercises
9. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
9
A B
1. The duke of Wellington owned a large estate.
2. The poor woodcutter lost his axe.
3. This book belongs to me.
4. The boy laughed.
5. The boy, with a smile on his face ran down the street.
6. I can do these exercises.
7. The work man is unhappy.
۾ ﺟﺪول ﻣﭥﺌﻴﻦAﺣﺼﻲ ﭔﺌﻲ ۽ ،آﻫﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻔﻆ وאرא ﺧﺎﻧﻲB،آﻫﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ۾ ﺟﻨﻬﻦ ۾אنﮐﻲﻣﺒﺘﺪאPredicate
ﭤﻮ ﺳﮇﺟﻲ.
ﺷﺮو ﺟﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻲع۾ﻣﺒﺘﺪא ﭘﻮِء ۽ آﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪو ﻓﺎﻋﻞ אﻛﺜﺮPredicate.ﭘﻮِء ﮐﺎن ﻣﺒﺘﺪא ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻦ ﻛﻦ ﭘﺮ
آﻫﻲ ﭤﻴﻨﺪو אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل.ﺟﻴﺌﻦ:
Down went the Aslam Khan.
Sweet are the uses of Adversity.
۽ ﻇﺮف ،ﺻﻔﺖ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ ،ﻓﻌﻞ ۾ ﻣﺒﺘﺪא ۽ ،آﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪو ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ ﻛﺮي ﮔﮭﮣﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞComplementﺷﺎﻣﻞ
ﻫﻮﻧﺪאآﻫﻦ.
وڌא ﺟﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞEnlargement:آﻫﻦ אﻳﻨﺪא ﻛﻢ ﮔﮇﺟﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺟﮭﮍא ﺻﻔﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ ﮔﮇ ﺳﺎن ﻓﺎﻋﻞ.ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ
آﻫﻲ ﭼﺌﺒﻮ وڌא ﺟﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ.אﻧﮉرﻻﺋﻴﻦUnderlineﻟﻔﻆ ﭤﻴﻞآﻫﻦ ﺳﮇﺑﺎ وڌא ﺟﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ.
1. An honest man is liked by all. 2. Barking dogs seldom bite. 3. A man of virtue (a virtuous man) will
never tell a lie. 4. My brother’s book is lost. 5. Her lips began to burn. 6. The king himself was present.
ﻣﻔﻌﻮلObject:ﺟ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲﻫﺠﻲ ﭘﻴﻮ אﺛﺮ ﺟﻮ ﻛﻢ ﻣﭥﺲ ﻳﺎ ،ﻫﺠﻲ ﭤﻴﻮ ﻛﻢ وאرو ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻲ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ ﻨﻬﻦ
ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﮐﻲ אن ﺗﻪ.אﻫﮍא ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﻜﮍאﻫﻮﻧﺪאﻫﺌﮡ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ،آﻫﻦﻳﺎﻣ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ وﺿﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﺟﻲ ﻛﺮڻﻔﻌﻮل
آﻫﻦ ﺳﮕﮭﻨﺪא ﻛﺮي ﻧﻪ ﺳﻮאِء ﮐﺎن.ﻣﺘﻌﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻲ אﻧﻬﻦيTransitive Verbآﻫﻲ ﭼﺌﺒﻮ.ﻣﺘﻌﺪي ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ
ﺟﻲ ﻛﻢ ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﮐﻲ אن ،آﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪو ﻣﺤﺘﺎج ﺟﺎ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ ﺟﻨﻬﻦ ﻻِء وﺿﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﻜﻤﻞObject
آﻫﻲ ﻛﻮﭠﺒﻮ.
1. Birds build nests. 2. All know her. 3. We should pity the poor. 4. The Rajputs love fighting. 5. The boys tried to
climb the tree.
وڌא ﺟﻮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮلEnlargement of Object:وڌא ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻴﺎن ﻓﺎﻋﻞآﻫﻲ ﮐﮣﻨﺪو ﮔﮇ ﺳﺎن ﭘﺎڻ ﻟﻔﻆ وאرא.
10. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
10
1. The king caught a large tiger.
ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﭨﺎﺋﻴﮕﺮ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲآ۽ ﻫﻲLargeوڌא אﻧﺠﻮEnlargementآﻫﻲ.
ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺳﮅא אڻ ﻳﺎ ﺳﮅאDirect or Indirect Objects:
ﺳﮅو ﮐﻲ אن ﺗﻪ ﭤﺌﻲ אﺛﺮ ﺳﻨﺌﻮن ﺳﮅو ﺟﻮ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻲ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ ﺟﻨﻬﻦﻣﻔﻌﻮلDirect Objectﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ.ﺟﻦ ﭘﺮ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺳﮅو אڻ ﮐﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ ﺗﻪ ﻫﺠﻲ ﭤﻴﻞ אﺛﺮ ﺟﻮ ﻛﻢ ﺳﮅو אڻ ﺗﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻦIndirect Objectﭤﻮ ﺳﮇﺟﻲ.
SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT
1. Ahmed gave Nadeem a CD.
2. I’ll send my cousin a postcard.
3. We bought all the children an ice cream.
ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻴﻤﻴﻨﭧComplement:ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﻜﮍאوريﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﻻِء אﻇﻬﺎر ﺟﻲ ﻛﺮت ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ ﮐﻲ ﺟﻦ ،آﻫﻦ אﻫﮍא
ﺟﻲﮔﮭﺮجﭘ ﭤﻲ ﻧﻪﻮﻻزﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ אﺳﺎن ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،يIntransitive Verbﭼﺌﻮن ﭤﺎ.ﺑ،آﻫﻦ ﻻزﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ אﻫﮍא ﻛﻲ ﻬﺮﺣﺎل
ﭔﻴﻦ ﭘﺮ ﻧﻪ ﺟﻲ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﻻِء وﺿﺎﺣﺖ ﺟﻲ ﻛﺮت ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ ﮐﻲ ﺟﻦﭤﻲ ﭘﻮي ﺿﺮورت ﺟﻲ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ.ﻟﻔﻈﻦ אﻫﮍن
ﮐﻲComplementآﻫﻲ وﻳﻨﺪو ﻛﻮﭠﻴﻮ.
Subject Verb Complement
1. The Piano is heavy.
2. It was a big problem.
3. Umed Ali is a teacher.
ﻋﻼوه ﮐﺎن אنﻣﺘﻌﺪي ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻲTransitive Verbﭘﮡﺳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻻِء ﻛﺮڻ وאﺿﺢ ﮐﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﺤﺎلڻComplementﺟﺎ
آﻫﻦ ﻫﻮﻧﺪא ﮔﮭﺮﺟﺎﺋﻮ ﺑﻪ.
Subject Verb Object Complement
1. They made him king.
2. The Judge found him innocent.
3. The sad news plunged her into the deepest grief.
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺟﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻲKinds of Sentence:
آﻫﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﮑﻴﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ) .ﭼﺎر ﻛﻲﭤﺎ ﭴﺎﮢﺎﺋﻴﻦ.(ﭤﻲ ڏﺟﻲ ﻫﻴﭟ وﺿﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺟﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ.
11. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
11
1.ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﻪAssertive or Declarative Sentence:ﺻﺮف ۾ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﺎﻛﺎري ﻳﺎ ﻫﺎﻛﺎري ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﺟﻤﻠﻮ אﻫﻮ
ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﻦ ﻛﺮي ﺑﻴﺎنAssertive Sentenceﭤﻮ ﺳﮇﺟﻲ.
A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called an Assertive or Declarative sentence.
Those which simply affirm or deny something are called Assertive or Declarative Sentences.
Example:
1. The sun rises in the east. (Affirmative)
2. He does not eat meat. (Negative).
2.ﺟﻤﻠﻮ אﻣﺮيImperative Sentence:ﺟﻤ אﻫﻮﺣﻜﻢ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﻠﻮOrder or Commandﻋﺮض ،Requestﺻﻼح ،
Adviceﻣﻨﻊ ۽ ،Prohibitionﭤﻮ ﻛﻮﭠﺠﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺣﻜﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ אﻣﺮي ﮐﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﻦ ،ڏﻳﮑﺎري ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻲٰ.
A sentence that expresses a command or entreaty or request is called Imperative Sentence. Or
Those which express some command, request or prohibition are called Imperative Sentences.
Example:
1. Be quiet. (Order or Command)
2. Please excuse me this time. (Request or entreaty)
3. Don’t depend upon him. (Prohibition)
3.ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺳﻮאﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ אﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲInterrogative sentence:ﻛﺮڻ ﺳﻮאل ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺟﻴﻜﻮאن ،אﭼﻲ ۾ ﻛﻢ ۾ ﭘﮁﮡ ﻳﺎ
אﺳﺘ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮאﻟﻲ ﮐﻲﻔﻬﭤﻮ وﭸﻲ ﻛﻮﭠﻴﻮ ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺎﻣﻲ.
A sentence that asks question is called Interrogative Sentence.
1. How do you do?
2. Have you finished your work?
3. Is she eating an apple?
4.ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﻋﺠﺒﻲExclamatory Sentence:ﺧﻮﺷ ،ﻏﻢ ،ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﺟﻤﻠﻮ אﻫﻮאوﭼﺘﻮ ﺟﻮ ﭘﺎرאﺗﻲ ﭘﭧ ﻳﺎ دﻋﺎ ،ﻲ
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﻋﺠﺒﻲ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﻦ ،ﻛﺮي אﻇﻬﺎر.
A sentence that expresses strong feelings is called Exclamatory.
1. What a beautiful night it is!
2. How tiresome grammar is!
3. How kind of you!
12. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
12
5.ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺧﻮאﻫﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺪאﺋﻴﻪOptative Sentence:אﻇﻬﺎر ﺟﻮ دﻋﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻤﻨﺎ ،ﺧﻮאﻫﺶ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﺟﻤﻠﻮ אﻫﻮ
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺧﻮאﻫﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺪאﺋﻴﻪ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﻦ ﻛﺮي.
Those which express some wishes are called Optative Sentence.
1. Almighty Allah save the king!
2. May you live the long!
ﻧﻮٽ:،ﭤﺎ وﭸﻦ ﭴﺎﮢﺎﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻢ ﭼﺎر ﺟﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ ۾ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻦ אﻛﺜﺮ۾ ﺗﻦOpatative Sentenceﺟﻤﻠﻲ ﻋﺠﺒﻲ ﮐﻲ
Exclamatory Sentenceﭤﻮ وﭸﻲ ﺳﻤﺠﮭﻴﻮ ﺣﺼﻮ ﺋﻲ ﺟﻮ.
13. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
13
ﭔﻴﻮ ﺑﺎب
ﻟﻔﻆ ﺟﺎ ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﮡParts of Speech
ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻔﻆﻛﻢאﻧﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻲرﻛﻦ،ﭤﺎאﻧﻬﻲآﻫﻲ وﻳﻮ ورﻫﺎﻳﻮ ۾ ﻗﺴﻤﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻦ אﭠﻦ ﮐﻲ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﺳﺎن ﺣﺴﺎب.
ﺟﺎ ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﮡ ۾ ﺳﻨﮅي ﮐﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻦ אﻧﻬﻦ۾ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي ۽ ﻟﻔﻆParts of Speechﭤﻮ ﺳﮇﺟﻲ.ﻫﻴﭟ ﻧﺎﻻ ﺟﺎ אﻧﻬﻦ
ڏﭤﺎ ﺟﻦ.
1.אﺳﻢNoun؛2.ﺿﻤﻴﺮPronoun3.ﺻﻔﺖAdjective4.ﻓﻌﻞVerb5.ﻇﺮفAdverb6.ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮفPreposition
7.ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺣﺮفConjunction8.ﻧﺪא ﺣﺮفInterjection.
ﻫﺮﻫﻚﻟﻔﻆرﻫﻨﺪو ﻧﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺑﻲ ذﻛﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺟﻮ.
1.אﺳﻢNoun
ﻧﺎﻟﻮ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ אﺳﻢٰ.ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻲאﺳﻢ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،אﭼﻦ ۾ ﻛﻢ ﭤﻲ ﻧﺎﻟﻮ ﺟﻮ ﺧﻴﺎل ﻳﺎ ﺷﻲِء ،ﺟﺎِء ،
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ.
“Noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea.” Or
“Noun is a naming word.” Or
“The words, most frequently used, are those by which we identify some one or some thing. A noun names
a person, a place, a thing or an idea.”
Example
Person: Aslam, Malook, Nazir, Shopkeeper, teacher, Man, Girl, Child.
Place: Quetta, Hala, Asia, Europe, Garden, Hospital.
Idea: Grief, Happiness, Sorrow, courage.
ﺟﺎ אﺳﻢﻗﺴﻢ
آﻫﻲ وﻳﻮ ورﻫﺎﻳﻮ ۾ ﻗﺴﻤﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻦ وري ﮐﻲ אﺳﻢ.
1.ﻋﺎم אﺳﻢCommon Noun2.ﺧﺎص אﺳﻢProper Noun3.ذאت אﺳﻢAbstract Noun4.ﺟﻤﻊ אﺳﻢCollective Noun
5.ﺟﻨﺲ אﺳﻢMaterial Noun
Common Noun: Cow, Dog, Boy, Girls, Man, Animal.
Proper Noun: God, Hala Old, Aslam, Lahore.
Abstract Noun: Truth, Honesty, Justice, Courage, Grief.
14. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
14
Collective Noun: Army, Class, Crowd, Herd, Flock, Swarm, etc.
Material Noun: Silver, Wood, Iron, Lead etc.
ﻛﻢ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ ﺟﺎ אﺳﻢFunctions of Noun
آﻫﻲ ﻛﻨﺪو ﻛﻢ ﻫﻴﭡﻴﺎن ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ אﺳﻢ:
1.ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻮ ﺟﻤﻠﻲSubjectאآﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪو אﺳﻢ ﻛﺜﺮ.
1. Aslam arrived. 2. Saleem is eating an apple. 3. Karachi is a large city. 5. Honesty is bet policy.
2.ﺟﻤﻠﻲ۾ﻓﻌﻠﻦ آﻳﻞBe, Become, and Seemﭜﺮא ﺟﻲComplementآﻫﻲ ﻛﻨﺪو ﻛﻢ ﻃﻮر.
1. Nadeem is an actor. 2. Lakhadinoo is a teacher.
3.۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻞ آﻳﻞ(object)آﻫﻲ ﻛﻨﺪو ﻛﻢ ﭤﻲ.
1. I saw Bashir. 2. I purchased the books.
4.ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف آﻳﻞ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ(Preposition)آﻫﻲ ﺑﻨﺒﻮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻮ.
I spoke to Nasim. 2. I went to School.
ﻋﺪد ﺟﻮ אﺳﻢNumber of Noun
آﻫﻦ ﻋﺪد ﭔﻪ ﺟﺎ אﺳﻢ:1.وאﺣﺪ אﺳﻢSingular2.ﺟﻤﻊ אﺳﻢPlural.
1.אﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ وאﺣﺪٰ.ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﺎن ﺟﻦ אﺳﻢ אﻫﮍאنآﻫﻲ ﭼﺌﺒﻮ وאﺣﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺟﻮ ﺗﻦ ،ﭘﻮي ﭘﺮوڙ ﺟﻲ ﻫﺌﮡ אﻛﻴﻠﻲ.
Axe, book, fan, table, man, women, leafExample:
2.ﮔﮭ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻤﻊٰﮣﺎ.ﺟﻤﻊ ﻋﺪد ﺟﻮ ﺗﻦ ،ﭘﻮي ﺧﺒﺮ ﺟﻲ ﻛﺜﺮت ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﮔﮭﮣﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﻨﺪن ﻣﺎن ﺟﻦ ،אﺳﻢ אﻫﮍאPlural
آﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪو.
Example: Axes, books, fans, tables, men, women, leaves
آﻫﻦ وﻳﻨﺪא آﻧﺪא ﻛﻢ אﺻﻮل ﻫﻴﭡﻴﺎن ﻻِء ﭠﺎﻫﮡ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻋﺪد ﮐﻲ وאﺣﺪ ﻋﺪد ۾ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي:
1.۾ آﺧﺮ ﺟﻲ אﺳﻤﻦ ﮔﮭﮣﻦsﮘﻨﮃيآﻫﻲ ﭠﺎﻫﺒﻮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ ،.
Day – Days; dog – dogs; house – houses.
ﻧﻮٽ:א آﺧﺮي ﻟﮙﺎﻳﻞ ﻻِء ﭠﺎﻫﮡ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺗﻪ رﻫﻲ ﻳﺎدﮐﻲ ﻳﺲٿ ،ف ،ٽ ،כ ،پس ﭘﻮِء ﮐﺎنsوﻳﻨﺪو אﭼﺎرﻳﻮ ﻛﺮي
ز ﮐﻲ אﻳﺲ آﻳﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻓﻦ ﭔﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ،آﻫﻲzآﻫﻲ אﭼﺎرﺑﻮ ﻃﻮر.
2.ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ ﺟﻲ אﺳﻤﻦ ﺟﻦo, ch, sh, ssﻳﺎx۾ آﺧﺮ ﺟﻲ ﺗﻦ ،آﻫﻲ ﭤﻴﻨﺪي ﺗﻲesآﻫﻲ ﺟﻮڙﺑﻮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻼﺋﻲ.
Tomato – tomatoes; brush – brushes; box – boxes; church – churches; kiss – kisses.
ﻣﺨﻔﻔﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﺟﻲ ﭔﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﭔﻴﻦAbbreviationsאﮔﺮ ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ ﺟﻲ ﺟﻦ ،oﺟﻤﻊ ﺟﻮ אﻧﻬﻦ ۾ ﺻﻮرت אن ﺗﻪ ﭤﺌﻲ ﺗﻲ
ﭠﻬﻨﺪو ﺳﺎن ﮘﻨﮃڻ אﻳﺲ ﺻﺮف.
16. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
16
crisis – crises; phenomenon – phenomena; radius – radii; erratum – errata; memorandum – memoranda; terminus
– termini; oasis – oases; tempo – tempi(tempos.
آﻫﻦ ﭤﻴﻨﺪא ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ۾ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻋﺪن ﺟﻲ زﺑﺎن אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي ﻛﻲ ﭘﺮ:
dogma – dogmas, gymnasium – gymnasiums; formula – formulas (formulae is used by Scientists)
10.אﺳﻤﻦ ﭔﭩﻦCompound Nounsﺟ ﮐﻲﭤﺎ ﻛﺠﻦ درج ﻫﻴﭟ אﺻﻮل ﺟﺎ ﭠﺎﻫﮡ ﻤﻊ:
אﻟﻒ(آﻫﻲ ﻛﺒﻮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ آﺧﺮي ﺟﻲ ﻛﻦ:
boy-friend – boy-friends; break-in – break-ins; travel agent – travel agents.
)ب(۾ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﺟﻦmanﻳﺎwomanﺑﻨﺎﺋﺒﻮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﻲ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﭔﻨﻬﻲ ۾ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ אن ﺗﻪ آﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪو آﻳﻞ אﮘﻴﺎن:
Man driver – men drivers; man servant – men servants.
)ت(آﻫﻲ ﭠﺎﻫﺒﻮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻣﮑﻴﻪ ﺟﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ אﻛﺜﺮ:
foot-man – footmen; passer-by – passers-by; hanger-on – hangers-on; looker-on – lookers-on, step-son – step-sons;
man-of-war – men of war; washer-man – washer-men; son-in-law – sons-in-law; court martial – courts martial;
spend-thrift – spend-thrifts; knight-errant – knight-errants; Editor-in-chief – Editors-in-chief; Commander-in-chief –
Commanders-in-chief.
)ج(ﺟﻦﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ ﺟﻲ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﭔﭩﻦman۾ ﺗﻦ ،ﭤﺌﻲ ﺗﻲVowelﭠﺎﻫﺠﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ آﮢﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻠﻲ ۾.
kinsman –kinsmen; statesman – statesmen
)ث(ﺳﺎن אﮐﺮ وאري ﭘﮁﺎڙي ﺟﻲ ﻣﺨﻔﻔﻦsوﭸﻲ ﮘﻨﮃي:
MPA- MPAs; MNA – MNAs; VIP – VIPs
11.אﭤﻦ رﻫﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﮘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت وאري ﺟﻤﻊ ﺗﻪ آﻫﻦ ﭤﻴﻨﺪא אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﻌﺪ אﻧﮕﻦ ﺟﮇﻫﻦ אﺳﻢ ﻛﺠﮫ.
score, dozen, hundred, thousand, million, brace, pair, couple, stone, piece, hundred weight.
Twenty score men laid down their arms.
This radio set cost me three hundred rupees.
I bought tow dozen organs.
He weighed ten stone.
Twenty hundred weight make one ton.
Four pice make one anna.
12.۾ آﺧﺮ ﺟﻲ ﺟﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻛﺠﮫics،آﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪي آﻳﻞﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﺎڻ ﺗﻦ ،آﻫﻦ ﻫﻮﻧﺪא ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﺎن ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺟﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ אﻫﻲ ۽
آﻫﻲ ﻛﺒﻲ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺻﻮرت وאري ﺟﻤﻊ ﺟﻲ:
17. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
17
acoustics, athletics, ethics, ethics, hysterics, mathematics, physics, politics
آﻫﻦ ﭤﻴﻨﺪא אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر وאﺣﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻧﺎﻻ ﺟﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻨﺴﻲ ﻛﻦ אﻟﺒﺖ.
Mathematics is an exact science.
13.آﻫﻦ؛ ﭤﻴﻨﺪא אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺋﻲ ۾ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻛﺠﮫ
Arms (weapons), particulars, damages (compensation); premises (quarters), earnings, riches, savings, goods/wares,
greens (vegetables); spirits (alcohol); grounds, stairs, outskirts, surroundings, pains (trouble/effort), valuables.
14.آﻫﻦ رﻫﻨﺪא وאﺣﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻛﺠﮫ:
Advice, knowledge, baggage, furniture, information, luggage, rubbish
אﺳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻤﺎريUncountable Noun
ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻤﺎري ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،آﻫﻲ ﺳﮕﮭﺒﻮ ﻧﻪ ﮘﮣﻲ ﮐﻲ ﺟﻦ ،آﻫﻦ אﻫﮍא אﺳﻢ ﻛﻲUncountable Nounsوﭸﻲ ﭼﻴﻮﭤﻮ.،ڌאﺗﻮ
آﻫﻦ אﺳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻤﺎري ذאت אﺳﻢ ۽ ﻣﺎدא.אﺳﻢ ﻫﻴﭡﻴﺎنUncountable Nounsآﻫﻦ:
experience, horror, pit, beauty, fear, information, relief, courage, help, knowledge, suspicion, death, hope, mercy,
work, bread, cream, gold, paper, tea, beer, dust, ice, sand, water, cloth, gin, jam, soap, wine, coffee, glass, oil, stone,
wood, baggage, damage, luggage, weather, shopping, parking, furniture, etc.
Uncountable nouns used in sentences.
1. I eat rice every day. I like rice.
2. There’s sand in my shoes.
3. Akber was listening to (some) music.
4. Have you got any money?
5. It wasn’t your fault. It was bad luck.
6. There is no electricity in this house.
7. We haven’t got enough water.
8. Can I have some water?
9. Shall we sit on the grass?
10. The money is quite safe.
11. I love music.
Uncountable Nounsآرﭨﻴﻜﻞ ﮐﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ ﭘﺮ ،آﻫﻦ ﻫﻮﻧﺪא ۾ ﺻﻮرت وאﺣﺪ ﻛﺮي ﮔﮭﮣﻮa/anﺳﻮאِء ﮐﺎنﺋﻲאﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل
آﻫﻲ ﻛﺒﻮ.ﻛﺮي ﮔﮭﮣﻮ אﺳﻢ ﻫﻲsome،any،no،a littleآﻫﻦ ﻛﺒﺎ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﭘﻮِء ﮐﺎن وﻏﻴﺮه.אﺳﻤﻦ ﭔﻴﻦ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ ﻳﺎ
bit،piece،slice،Dropوﻏﻴﺮه+ofאﺳﺘﻌ ﮔﮇ ﺳﺎنآﻫﻦ ﻛﺒﺎ ﻤﺎل.ﻃﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل:
18. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
18
a bit of news, a grain of sand, a pot of jam, a cake of soap, a pane of glass, a sheet of paper, a drop of oil, a piece
of advice, a carton of orange juice, a tine of paint, a bottle of water, a box/packet of cereal, a jar of jam, a tube of
toothpaste, a glass of water, a cup of coffee, a kilo of cheese, five metres of cable, twenty litters of petrol, half a
pound of butter, a piece of wood, a piece/slice of bread, a piece/sheet of paper, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread
etc.
Sentences:
1. We had some fun.
2. That won’t be any fun.
3. There was only a little bread left.
4. Would you like some butter?
5. Can I give you some advice?
6. We got some information from the tourist office.
7. That’s wonderful news!
ﺷﻤﺎري אﻫﻲ ﺗﻪ آﻫﻦ ﭤﻴﻨﺪא אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ۾ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﺎص ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﺟﮇﻫﻦ אﺳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻤﺎري ﻛﻲٰCountableﺑﻨﺠﻲ אﺳﻢ
وﻳﻨﺪא.آﻫﻲ وﻳﻮ ڏﻳﮑﺎرﻳﻮ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ۾ ﻧﻤﻮن ﭔﻨﻬﻲ ﺟﻮ אﺳﻤﻦ ﻛﻦ ۾ ﭨﻴﺒﻞ ڏﻧﻞ ﻫﻴﭟ.
Countable Uncountable
1. I bought a paper. (= a newspaper) 1. I need some paper to write on.
2. I’ll have a glass of orange juice, please. 2. I bought a piece of glass for the window.
3. Have you got an iron? (for clothes) 3. The bridge is made of iron.
4. I switched all the lights on. 4. There’s more light by the window.
5. I’ve been to France many times. 5. I can’t stop. I haven’t got time.
6. The journey was a great experience. 6. He has enough experience for the job.
7. I run a small business. (= a company) 7. I enjoy doing business. (=buying and selling)
8. We finally found a space in the car park. 8. There are hundreds of satellites out in space.
9. I’m peeling the potatoes. 9. Would you like some potato?
19. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
19
10. Nadeem was eating an apple. 10. Is there apple in this salad?
11. There is a hair on your shirt. 11. I must brush my hair.
12.Rugby is a sport. ( = a particular sport) 12. Do you like sport? ( = sport in general)
13. We heard a sudden noise outside. 13. Constant noise can make you ill.
ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﻲ אﺳﻢGender
ﻣ ۽ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻨﺴﻦ ﭔﻦ ﺻﺮف ۾ ﭔﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻨﮅيﺆﻣﺎدي ۽ ﻧﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺚﭤﻴﻨﺪو ذﻛﺮ ﺟﻮآﻫﻲ.אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي ﺗﻪ ﺟﮇﻫﻦ
ﭨﻦ ﻛﻲ ۾ﻛﺠﮫ ۽ﭤﺎ ﻛﻦ ذﻛﺮ ﺟﻮ ﺟﻨﺴﻦ ﭼﺌﻦ.
1.۾ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي ﮐﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮرن ﻧﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮدن ﻣﺬﻛﺮMasculine Genderﭤﻮ ﺳﮇﺟﻲ.
Man, Boy, bachelor, lion, her, king, father, brother
2.۾ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي ﮐﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﻲ ﻋﻮرﺗﻦ ۽ ﺟﺎﻧﻮرن ﻣﺎديFeminine Genderﭤﻮ ﺳﮇﺟﻲ.
Woman, girl, spinster, lioness, heroine, queen, mother, sister
3.۾ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي ﮐﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ אﻫﮍي ﺗﻪ ﻫﺠﻦ ﻫﻜﺠﮭﮍא ﻻِء ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻮڙي ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺎﻻ אﻫﻲCommon
Genderﭼﺌﺠﭤﻮ ﻲ.
mouse, singer, bird, child, cousin, servant, friend, pupil, person, student, orphan, relation, deer, sheep, calf, neighbour,
spouse, teenager, infant, baby, parent, dancer
4.ﺟﺎن ﺑﻲ ﺗﻪ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ אﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،آﻫﻦ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﻜﻲ ،آﻫﻦ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﻜﻲ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺎﻻ אﻫﻲ،آﻫﻦ ﺷﻴﻮن
۾ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦNeuter Genderﭤﺎ ﭼﻮن.
book, table, tree, pen, stone, cupboard, desk, water
ﺣﺎﻟﺖCase
ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ אﻧﺪر ﺟﻤﻠﻲ ﺟﻲ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ آﻫﻲ ﻣﺮאد ﻣﺎن ﺣﺎﻟﺖ.ﭘﻨﺠﻦ ﮐﻲ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ ۾ ﭔﻮﻟﻲ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي
آﻫﻲ وﻳﻨﺪو ﻛﻴﻮ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ۾ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻦ.אﺣﻮא ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺟﻮ אﻧﻬﻦﭤﻮ ڏﺟﻲ ﻫﻴﭟ ل.
1.ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻲ אﺳﻢ ﮐﻲ אن ،ﻫﺠﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ אﻫﻮﻳﻌﻨﻲNominative Caseﭼﺌﺒﻮ
آﻫﻲ.
“Any Noun (or Pronoun) that is the subject of a verb is said to be in the nominative case.”
Examples
The Sepoy arrested the thief. (Who arrested? – The sepoy).
20. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
20
The pot was broken by Naeem. (What was broken? – the pot)
He bought a silver watch. ( who bought? – He)
ﻧﻮٽ:آڏو ﻓﻌﻞ אﺳﺎنwho۽whatﭤﺎ ﺳﮕﮭﻮن ﻛﺮي ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ آﮢﻲ.
2.אﺳﻢ אﻫﻮ)ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ(ﻫﻴ אﻧﺘﻈﺎم ﺟﻲ ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف ﻳﺎ ،ﻫﺠﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻴﻜﻮﮐﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻲ אن ،آﻫﻲ ﭟ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖAccusative (objective) caseﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ.
Any Noun (or Pronoun) that is the object of verb or governed by a preposition is said to be in the objective (or
accusative) case.
The sepoy arrested the thief. (Whom did sepoy arrest: - the Thief)
He bought a silver watch. (What did he buy? – a silver watch)
ﻧﻮٽ:אﮘﻴﺎن ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻲ אن ۽ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻻِء ﻟﻬﮡ אﺳﻢ وאرو ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖwhom۽whatﻛﺒﻮ ﺳﻮאل آﮢﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺟﺎ.
وאر ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ۾ ﺟﻮאبوآﻫﻲ ﻣﻠﻨﺪو אﺳﻢ.
3.אﺳﻢ אﻫﮍא)ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ(אﺳ وאري ﭜﺮ ﭔﺌﻲ ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻮ ﺟﻮ ﺟﻦאن ﺗﻪ ﻫﺠﻲ ڏﻳﮑﺎرﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻲ ﺳﺎن ﻢ
אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻲPossessive caseﭤﻴﻨﺪي.
A noun (or Pronoun) used to show possession is said to be in the possessive case or genitive case.
1. This is Saleem’s book.
2. Is that your brother’s bat?
3. My uncle’s house is far from here.
آڏو ﻣﻔﻌﻮل אﻛﺜﺮ ﻻِء ﻟﻬﮡ אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖwhoseآﻫﻲ ﻛﺒﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺟﻮאب آﮢﻲ.
Whose book is this? Saleem’s.
Whose bat is that? Your brother’s
Whose house is farm from here? Your Uncle’s.
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻮ ،ﺟﺎ ،ﺟﻲ ،ﺟﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ אﻫﻮ ۾ ﭔﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻨﮅيِofﺟﻮڏﻳﮑﺎرﺑﻮ ﻛﺮي אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎلآﻫﻲ.
ﭠﺎﻫﮡ אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖFormation of Possessive/Genitive case
1.۾ ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ ﺟﻲ ﺟﻦ ،ﺟﻤﻊ ﻳﺎ وאﺣﺪ אﺳﻢs۾ آﺧﺮ ﺟﻲ ﺗﻦ ،آﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪي ﻧﻪ`s)אﭘﺎﺳﭩﺮאﻓﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲApostrophe `۽
אﻳﺲ(آﻫﻲ ﭠﺎﻫﺒﻲ אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮘﻨﮃي.
a man’s job; the people’s choice; men’s work; the crew’s quarters’ a woman’s intuition; the horse’s mouth, the
butcher’s shop; the bull’s horns, a child’s voice; women’s clothes; the children’s room; Russia’s exports.
2.۾ אڳ ۾ آﺧﺮ ﺟﻲ אﺳﻤﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺟﻦﺋﻲsאﻧ ﺗﻪ ﻫﺠﻲ ﻟﮙﻞﻬﻦאﻧ ،ﻻِء ﭠﺎﻫﮡ אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻲﻬﻦ۾ آﺧﺮ ﺟﻲ
אﭘﺎﺳﭩﺮאﻓﻲ ﺻﺮف‘ﮘﻨﮃﺑﻲ.
21. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
21
a girls’ school; the students’ hostel; the eagels’ nest, the Smiths’ car
3.۾ ﭘﭵﺎﮢﻲ ﺟﻲ ﻧﺎﻟﻦ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﻦsﮘﻨﮃﺑﻲ אﭘﺎﺳﭩﺮאﻓﻲ ﺻﺮف ۾ אﻧﻬﻦ ﺗﻪ ﻫﺠﻲ آﻳﻞ.
The Phythagoras’s Theorem; Archimedes’ Law’ Sophocles’ plays.
4.ﻧﺎﻻ ﭔﻴﺎﺗﻦ ،آﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪي אﻳﺲ ۾ آﺧﺮ ﺟﻲ ﺟﻦ ،ﻻِء ﭠﺎﻫﮡ אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻲ`sﺳﮕﮭﺠﻲ ﻫﮣﻲ אﭘﺎﺳﭩﺮאﻓﻲ رﮘﻮ ﻳﺎ
ﭤﻲ.
Mr. Jones’s (or Mr. Jones’ house); Yeats’s (or Yeats’) poems.
5.ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐCompounds۾ ﭘﮁﺎڙي ﺟﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ آﺧﺮي ۾`sﮘﻨﮃﺑﻲ.
My brother-in-law’s guitar
ﻛ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻮ ﻣﭥﻴﻮن ﺑﻪ ۾ ﻧﺎﻟﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺗﻲ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﺟﮭﺠﮭﻦﺒﻮ.
Henry the Eighth’s wives; the Prices Wales’s helicopter
6.ﭘﻮﻳﺎن ﻣﺨﻔﻔﻦ`sآﻫﻲ ﮘﻨﺪﺑﻲ.
The PM’s Secretary; the MPA’s brief case,; the VIP’s escort.
ﻧﻮٽ:ﺗﻪ ،آﻫﻲ ﻛﺒﻲ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل אﺻﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﮇﻫﻦPossessedآﻫﻲ وﻳﻨﺪو ﻫﭩﻲ آرﭨﻴﻜﻞ אﮘﻴﺎن ﺷﻲِء ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ.
The daughter of the politician = the politician’s daughter.
the intervention of America = America’s intervention;
the plays of Shakespeare = Shakespeare’s plays.
אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺟﻮ אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ
آﻫﻲ ﻛﺒﻮ ﺳﺎن ﻧﺎﻟﻦ ﺟﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﻦ ۽ ﺟﺎﻧﺪאرن אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﮑﻴﻪ ﺟﻮ אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ.ﻋﻼوه؛ ﮐﺎن אن
1.ﭔﻴﮍﻳﻦآﻫﻲ ﻛﺒﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎن ﺟﮭﺎزن ﻳﺎ:the ship’s bell; Yacht’s mast
2.ﻻِء אﻇﻬﺎر ﺟﻲ وﻗﺖ:
a week’s holiday; today’s paper; tomorrow’s weather; in two years’ time; ten minutes’ break; two hours’ delay.
a ten minute delay۽a two-hour delayآﻫﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ:
We have ten minutes’ break / a ten-minute break.
3.رﻗﻢ+moneyאﻇﻬﺎرن ﻳﺎن ﻓﻘﺮن ﺟﻬﮍنexpressions۾:
$1’s worth of stamps; ten dollars’ worth of ice cream.
4.For+noun+sakeﻻِء אﻇﻬﺎرن ﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﺮن ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺗﻲ:
for heaven’s sake; for goodness’ sake
22. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
22
5.۾ אﻇﻬﺎرن ﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﺮن ﭔﻴﻦ:
a stone’s throw; journey’s end; the water’s edge.
ﻧﻮٽ:آﻫﻦ ﻛﺒﺎ ﻧﻪ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ،آﻫﻦ ڏﺑﺎ ﮀﮇي אﺳﻢ ﭔﻴﺎ ﭤﻴﻨﺪڙ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﮐﺎﻧﭙﻮِء אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ
ﭘﺮomitآﻫﻦ ﻛﺒﺎ:
You can buy it at the Chemist’s.
He is going to the Dentist’s.
We had lunch at Bill’s.
We met at Ann’s.
۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻦ ﻣﭥﻴﻦﭤﻴﻨﺪڙ ﭘﻮِء ﮐﺎن אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖshop،surgery۽ ،house/homeﺟﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ ﺗﻪ ﮀﻮ ،آﻫﻦ وﻳﺎ ﮀﮇﻳﺎ
وﭸﻲ ﭤﻴﻮ وאﺿﺢ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮאِء ﮐﺎن אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل.
ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف ﺑﺠﺎِء אﻳﺲ وאري אﭘﺎﺳﺘﺮאﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺟﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ ﺗﻪ ﻫﺠﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﺳﺎﻫﻮאرא אﺳﻢ ﺟﮇﻫﻦ+אﺳﻢ(of+Noun)ﺳﺎن
ﻛﺒﻮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ.
The leg of the table (not the table’s leg)
The cover of the book (no the book’s cover)
ﺗﻪ رﻫﻨﺪو ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ۾ ﺻﻮرت אن ﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻬﻲ ﻧﻪ ﭘﻚ ﭘﻮري ۾ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻲ ﺟﻲ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺟﻲ אﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل
of+nounﻛﺠﻲ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﮐﻲ.
4.ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﺪא ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،אﭼﻦ ﻛﻢ ﻻِء ﺧﻄﺎب ﻳﺎ ﺳﮇ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ אﺳﻢ אﻫﮍאVocative CaseﻳﺎAddress of
Nominativeﭤﻮ وﭸﻲ ﺳﮇﻳﻮ.
The Vocative case (Nominative of Address) is the case of the person or thing addressed.
Listen to me, Ahmed.
O death, where is thy sting?
Where are you wandering, Sattar!
5.אﭼ ﻛﻢ ﭤﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺳﮅא אڻ ﺟﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ אﺳﻢ אﻫﮍאﮐﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻲ ﺗﻦ ﻦDative Caseﭤﻮ وﭸﻲ ﺳﮇﻳﻮ.
A noun or Pronoun is in the Dative Case when it forms the Indirect Object of a Verb.
Example:
1. Aziz gave Dani a ball.
2. I bought Ummama a doll.
3. Fetch the boy a book.
23. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
23
4. She made Aneesa a new dress.
2.ﺿﻤﻴﺮPronoun
ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻲﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،אﭼﻦ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺪرאن ﻳﺎ ﺗﻲ ﺟﺎِء ﺟﻲ אﺳﻢ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ.
“Pronoun is a word used in place of Noun.” Or
“A pronoun is a word used in place of noun to avoid its (noun’s) repetition.” Or
Pro means for. Therefore Pronoun means for noun.
Example:
Ahmed is a little boy. Ahmed is very clever. Everybody likes Ahmed.
آﻫﻲ آﻳﻮ ﺑﺎر ﺑﺎر אﺳﻢ وאرو אﺣﻤﺪ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻦ ﻣﭥﻴﻦ.ﺑﭽﮡ ﮐﺎن ورﺟﺎ ﺟﻲ אنﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺳﻲ אﻳﻨﺪא ﻛﻢ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﻻِء
آﻫﻦ.آﻫﻦ ﭤﻴﺎ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﺠﺎِء אﺣﻤﺪ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻦ ﻫﻴﭡﻴﻦ.ﻛﺮﻳﻮ ﻏﻮر ﺗﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ.
Ahmed is a little boy. He is very clever. Everybody likes him.
Some pronouns: he, him, she, her, his, they, you, I, me, we,
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺟﺎ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ
ﺟﺎ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ7آﻫﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ:
1.ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺿﻤﻴﺮPersonal pronoun:I, you, he, it, they, we, me, him, her, his, it, us, them
2.ﺿﻣﺸﺘﺮכ ﻤﻴﺮReflexive Pronoun:myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, herself, itself, themselves, oneself
3.אﺷﺎرو ﺿﻤﻴﺮDemonstrative Pronoun:This, those, these, that
4.ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺿﻤﻴﺮDistributive Pronoun:Each, either, neither
5.ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﻴﺮIndefinite Pronoun:All, one, many, some, any
6.ﻣﻮﺻ ﺿﻤﻴﺮﻮلRelative Pronoun:who, whose, whom, which, that
7.אﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم ﺿﻤﻴﺮInterrogative Pronoun:who, what, whose, which
ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺿﻤﻴﺮPersonal Pronoun
آﻫﻦ אﻳﻨﺪא ﻛﻢ ﺑﺪرאن ﻧﺎﻟﻦ ﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﻦ ۽ ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻦ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ،آﻫﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ.
“The pronouns, which stand for the names of person or thing, are called Personal Pronoun.”
ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،ﭼﺌﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺿﻤﻴﺮي ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺪرאن ﻧﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﻴﻨﺪي ﻣﺎﮢﻬﻮ ﺟﻴﻜﻮFirst Person
آﻫﻦ ﭼﻮﻧﺪא.
“A pronoun referring to the person speaking, is First Person.”
24. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
24
Example: I, me, we, us, mine, our, ours
ﻣﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،وﭸﻲ ﺳﭹﺎﺗﻮ ﺳﺎن ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﺿﻤﻴﺮي ﺟﻦ ﺑﺪرאن ﻧﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻨﺪس ﮐﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﭔﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﻲ ﻮﻗﻌﻲ
ﺣﺎﺿﺮSecond Personآﻫﻦ ﭼﻮﻧﺪא.
“A pronoun referring to the person spoken to is Second Person.”
Example: You, your, yours.
ﺟﻴ ﺑﺪرאن ﻧﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﻲ ﺷﻲِء ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻏﻴﺮ دؤرאن ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ ﺟﮇﻫﻦﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،وﭸﻦ ﮘﺎﻟﻬﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺿﻤﻴﺮي ﻜﻲ
ﻏﺎﺋﺐ ﺿﻤﻴﺮThird Person Singularﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ.
“A pronoun referring to the person or thing spoken of, is Third Person.”
Example: He, She, it, they, its, his, her, him, their, them.
Person Number Gender Nominative Case Possessive Case Objective Case
Singular Common I My Mine Me
First
Plural Common We Our Ours Us
Singular Common Thou Thy Thine Thee
Second
Plural Common You Your Yours You
Masculine He His His Him
Feminine She Her Hers HerSingular
Neuter It Its Its It
Third
Plural Common They Their Theirs Them
ﻧﻮٽ:ﭘﻬﺮﺋﻴﻦ ﺟﻮ ،ﭤﻴﻨﺪي אﺋﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ ﺗﻪ אﭼﻦ ﮔﮇ ۾ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﭨﻴﺌﻲ ﺟﮇﻫﻦSecond
Personﭘﻮِء ،Third Person۾ آﺧﺮ ۽First Personرﮐﺒﻮ.
You, he and I will go to Murree tomorrow.
ﭘﻬﺮﺋﻴﻦ ۾ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻪ ﻫﺠﻲ ﻛﺮﮢﻮ ﺟﻮ ڏوه ﻳﺎ ﻏﻠﻄﻲ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﺟﻴﻜﮇﻫﻦ ﭘﺮFirst Personאﻳﻨﺪو.
I and he called Salim names.
We and you stole eggs.
25. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
25
3.ﺻﻔﺖAdjective
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ڏﻳﻦ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﺑﺖ وزن ۽ ﻗﺴﻢ ،אوﮔﮣﻦ ،ﮔﮣﻦ ﺟﻲ אﺳﻢ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻲ.ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻮ ﻳﺎ
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ ﮐﻲ אن ﺗﻪ ڏﺋﻲ ﻣﺪد ۾ ﺳﻤﺠﮭﮡ ﮐﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺮي ﺑﻴﺎن وﺻﻒ ﻛﺎ ﺟﻲ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ.
“A word which adds something to the meaning of noun or pronoun is called Adjective.” Or
“A word used with a noun to describe or point out the person, animal, place or thing, which the noun names or to
tell the number, quantity is called an Adjective.” Or
“Adjectives are words which qualify or describe things, persons, or places.” Or
“Adjectives are describing words.”
Example:
1. Imran Khan is a fast bowler.
2. He is a clever boy
3. Your voice is sweet.
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺟﺎ ﺻﻔﺖKinds of Adjectives
1.אﺷﺎرو ﺻﻔﺖDemonstrative Adjective:this, that, those, these
2.ﺻﻔﺖﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢDistributive Adjective:each, every, either, neither
3.ﻣﻘﺪאر ﺻﻔﺖQuantitative Adjective:some, any, no, little, few, many, much, one twenty
4.ﺻﻔאﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم ﺖInterrogative Adjective:which, what, whose
5.ﺻﻔﺖPossessive Adjective:my, your, his, her, its, our, their
6.ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺘﻲ ﺻﻔﺖAdjective of Quality:clever, fat, golden, good, heavy
آﻫﻦ ﭘﮁﺒﺎ ﺳﻮאل ﻫﻴﭡﻴﺎن אﻛﺜﺮ ﻻِء ﻛﺮڻ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﮐﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ:
1. What kind? 2. Which one? 3. How many?
A white car went on this road three minutes ago.
۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ ﻫﻦwhite،this۽ ،threeآﻫﻦ ﺻﻔﺘﻮن ﻟﻔﻆ.ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻛﺎر אﮀﻲwhat kindﭤﻮ ڏﺋﻲ ﭴﺎڻ ﺳﻮאل ﺟﻮ.روڊ ﻫﻦ
ﺧﺒﺮ ﺟﻲﻻِء ﻟﻬﮡWhich oneﻻِء ﻣﻨﭩﻦ ۽How manyﻛﺒﻮ ﺳﻮאل وאرو.
ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺖ
אوﻫﺎﻧﮑאﻧﻬﻦ ﺋﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻨﻬﻦ ،ﭤﺎ ﻛﻦ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺗﻪ آﻫﻲ وﻳﻮ ﭔﮅאﻳﻮ ۾ אڳ ﻲﮐﻲﻗﺴﻤﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ
آﻫﻲ وﻳﻮ ورﻫﺎﻳﻮ.،ﭤﺎ ﻛﻦ ﻛﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ،آﻫﻦ אﻫﮍא ﻟﻔﻆ ﻛﻲ ﺗﻪ ڏﭠﻮ אوﻫﺎنﺗﻪﻃﻮر ﺻﻔﺖ وريﺑﻪ
26. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
26
ﭤﺎ ﭤﻴﻦ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل אﻫﻲ.אﻫﮍن ﺗﻪ رﻫﻨﺪو ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﻣﮑﻴﻪﻓﺮ ﺗﻲ אوﻫﺎن ﻛﺮي אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻦ ﺟﻮ ﻟﻔﻈﻦوאﺿﺢ ق
ﻛﺠﻲ.
אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻃﻮر ﺿﻤﻴﺮ
This is my book. These are your friends. 3. That is his car. 4. Those are our cows.
ﻃﻮر ﺻﻔﺖ
This book is very interesting. These pencils are mine. That boy is naughty. Those flowers are yours.
ﻃﻮر ﺿﻤﻴﺮ
Each of the boys won a prize. Neither of the charges is just. Either of you can stay.
ﻃﻮر ﺻﻔﺖ
Each boy won the prize. 2. Neither statement is true. 3. Either road leads to the station.
ﻃﻮر ﺿﻤﻴﺮ
Which of these books do you prefer? 2. Which is your brother? 4. What is she singing? Whose is this?
ﻃﻮر ﺻﻔﺖ
Which pen do you prefer? 2. Which way shall we take? 3. What song are you singing? 4. Whose pen is this?
ﻃﻮر ﺿﻤﻴﺮ
This book is mine. Those books are yours. That book is hers. This book is his. This book is ours. This book is
theirs.
ﺻﻃﻮر ﻔﺖ
This is my book. Those are your books. That is her book. This is his book. This is our book. This is their book.
درﺟﺎ ﺟﺎ ﺻﻔﺖDegrees of Adjectives
آﻫﻦ درﺟﺎ ﭨﻲ ﺟﺎ ﭜﻴﭧ ﺟﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ:
1. Positive Degree. 2. Comparative Degree. 3. Superlative Degree.
1.אﻫﻮאن ﺗﻪ ﻛﺮي ﻧﻪ ﭜﻴﭧ ﺟﻲ אن ﺳﺎن אﺳﻢ ﭔﺌﻲ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﺮي ﺻﻔﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺟﻲ אﺳﻢ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻔﻆ
ﺻﻔﺖ ﮐﻲﺧﺎﻟﺺPositive Degreeﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ.
“The simple form of Adjective is called the Positive Degree.”
Example: Rich, Tall, heavy, merry, fat, Tired, good etc.
2.ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻮﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺻﻔﺖ ﮐﻲ אن ﺗﻪ ﻛﺮي ﭜﻴﭧ ﺳﺎن אﺳﻢ ﭔﺌﻲ ﺟﻲ אﺳﻢComparative Degree
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ.
27. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
27
“When comparing two objects and saying that one possesses a certain quality in greater degree than the other, we
use the Comparative Degree.”
Example: Richer, taller, bolder, heavier, merrier, fatter, redder, more tired, better
3.ﺟﻨﻬﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻮﺳ ﻣﺪد ﺟﻲﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﻮ ﺻﻔﺖ ﮐﻲ אن ﺗﻪ ﻛﺠﻲ ﭜﻴﭧ ﺳﺎن אﺳﻤﻦ وڌﻳﻚ ﮐﺎن ﻫﻚ ﺟﻲ אﺳﻢ ﻫﻚ ﺎن
Superlative Degreeﭤﻮ ﺳﮇﺟﻲ.
“The superlative form of the adjective is used when comparing more than two objects.”
Example: Richest, Tallest, boldest, heaviest, merriest, fattest, reddest, most tired, best.
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﺟﺎ ﭠﺎﻫﮡ درﺟﻦFormation of Degree
1.ﺟﺰ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺪ ﻫﻜﮍيSyllable۾ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ وאرنer۽estﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻮאر ﻣﻼﺋﻲﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺻﻔﺖComparative Degreeﺻﻔﺖ ۽
ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﻮSuperlative Degreeآﻫﻦ ﭠﺎﻫﺒﻴﻮن.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Rich Richer Richest
Brave Braver Bravest
Big Bigger Biggest
Bright Brighter Brightest
2.ﭘﺪن وڌﻳﻚ ﮐﺎن ﭨﻦ ﻳﺎ ﭨﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺻﻔﺘﻲ ﺟﻴﻜﻲSyllablesآڏو ﺟﻲ ﺗﻦ ،ﻫﺠﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺗﻲmore۽mostﻟﮙﺎﺋﻲ
ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻮאرComparative۽Superlativeآﻫﻦ وﻳﻨﺪא ﺟﻮڙﻳﺎ درﺟﺎ.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Interested More interested Most Interested
Frightening More frightening Most frightening
3.ﭘﺪن ﭔﻦTwo syllablesﮐﻲ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ وאرنComparativeﻳﺎSuperlativeﻛ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﭔﺌﻲ ڏﻧﻞ ﻣﭥﻴﺎن ﻻِء ﭠﺎﻫﮡآﻧﺪא ﻢ
آﻫﻦ وﻳﻨﺪא.آﻫ وﻳﻨﺪو آﻧﺪو ﻛﻢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻮ ﭔﻴﻮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﻮن אﻛﺜﺮ ﭘﺮﻲ.
Doubtful More doubtful Most doubtful
obscure More obscure Most obscure
4.ﮐﻲ ﺻﻔﺘﻦ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻛﺠﮫComparativeﻳﺎSuperlativeﻛﻮﻧﻬﻲ אﺻﻮل ﻣﻘﺮر ﻛﻮ ﺟﻮ ﭠﺎﻫﮡ.
bad worse worst
good better best
little less least
28. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
28
many/much more most
old elder eldest
old older oldest
ﻧﻮٽ:۾ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰي ﺗﻪ رﻫﻲ ﻳﺎدComparativeﮐﺎﻧﭙﻮِءthan۽Superlativeאڳ ﮐﺎنtheآﻫﻲ ﻛﺒﻮ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل.
4.ﻓﻌﻞVerb
ﺟ ﺟﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﮍאﻲوﺳﻴﻠﻲﻛﺠﮫ ﺑﺎﺑﺖ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ ﻛﻨﻬﻦﭼﺳﮕﮭﺠ ﺌﻲﭤﻴﮡ ۽ ﺳﻬﮡ ،ﻛﺮڻ ،ﻫﺌﮡ ﻣﻨﺠﮭﺎﺋﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻲ
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،ﻧﻜﺮي ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻲٰ.
“A verb is a word, which states something about a person or thing.” Or
“A verb which describes and narrates something is called verb.” Or
“Verb is a doing word.” Or
“A verb is may tell us: (1) what a person or thing does. Example: Nasim laughs. (2) What is done to a
person or thing? Example: The window is broken. (3) What a person or thing is. Example: I feel sorry. He
is grieved.”
ﻫﺮ ﺗﻪ رﻫﻲ ﻳﺎدﻧ ﻓﻌﻞ ۾ אن ﺟﻴﺴﻴﺘﺎﺋﻦ ،آﻫﻲ אﮢﭙﻮرو אوﺳﻴﺘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻮאﭼﻲ ﻪ.ﻫﻜﮍو ﺻﺮف ﺗﻪ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ
ﻓﻌﻞﺋﻲﻣﻘﺼﺪﺟﻲآﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺪو ﻛﺎﻓﻲ وאﺳﻄﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن.ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﮐﻲ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﺟﻴﺌﻦ:و ،وڃ ،אچﻳﻬﻪوﻏﻴﺮه ﺑﻴﻬﻪ ،ڊوڙ ،.
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺟﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ
1.ﻻزﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﻞIntransitive Verb2.ﻣﺘﻌﺪي ﻓﻌﻞTransitive
ﮐﻲ אن ۽ ،ﻫﺠﻲ ﺳﺎن ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﺪڙ ﻛﻢ ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻮ ﺟﻮ ﺟﻦ ،ﻓﻌﻞ אﻫﻲدرﻛﺎر ﻛﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل
ﮔﮭﺮج ﻳﺎﻻزﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ אﻫﮍي ﺗﻪ ﻫﺠﻲ ﻧﻪIntransitive Verbﭤﻮ وﭸﻲ ﺳﮇﻳﻮ.
“A verb that does not take objects is called Intransitive.” Or
“A verb is an intransitive when it expresses a simple action without reference to an object.”
He talked nicely. The train arrived late. Shahid laughed.
2.ﻣﺘﻌﺪي ﻓﻌﻞTransitive Verb
ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻦ אﻫﮍن ﺗﻪ ﭘﻬﭽﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺗﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل אﺛﺮ ﺟﻮ ﻛﻢ ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ ﻟﮙﻲ ﺳﺎن ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ אﻫﮍא
ﻣﺘﻌﺪيآﻫﻲ وﻳﻨﺪو ﭼﻴﻮ.ﻣﻔ ﻻِء ﻛﺮڻ وאﺿﺢ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﭘﻨﻬﻨﺠﻲ ﮐﻲ ﺟﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ אﻫﻲ ﺗﻪ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ אﺋﻴﻦ ۾ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ ﭔﻴﻦﻌﻮل
ﭤﻮ وﭸﻲ ﭼﻴﻮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪي ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،رﻫﻲ ﮔﮭﺮج ﻳﺎ درﻛﺎر ﺟﻲ.
“Transitive is derived from a Latin word, which means going over or passing over. Verbs that take objects
are called transitive verbs.”
The rat bit the dog. The dog killed the cat.
30. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
30
ﭠﺎﻫﮡ ﺻﻮرﺗﻮن:
ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺟﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﺮي ﮔﮭﮣﻮ۾ آﺧﺮ ﺟﻲ אن ﺻﻮرت وאري ﻣﻔﻌﻮل אﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ وאريedآﻫﻲ ﭠﻬﻨﺪي ﺳﺎن ﻣﻼﺋﮡ.ﺟﻦ
ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺟﻲ ﻓﻌﻞd, ed, tﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،ﭠﻬﻲ ﺳﺎن ﻣﻼﺋﮡRegular VerbﻳﺎWeak Verbﭤﻮ ﺳﮇﺟﻲ.
ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺟﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻦ ﮐﻦ ﺳﻮ אڍאﺋﻲ ﭔﻪﺻﻮرت وאريﺗ ﺟﻲ وאوﻟﻦﺒﭤﻴﻨﺪ ﺳﺎن אﺻﻮﻟﻦ ﭔﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺪﻳﻠﻲيﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،آﻫﻲ
Irregular Verbﭤﻮ ﺳﮇﺟﻲ.ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺟﻲ אﻧﻬﻦﺿﻤﻴﻤﻲ2)ﻧﻤﺒﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻮ(ﮐﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﻦ ،آﻫﻲ وﻳﺌﻲ ڏﻧﻲ ۾ڏﺳﻮ.
5.ﻇﺮفAdverb
ﻓﻌﻠ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻲوﺿﺎﺣﺖ وڌﻳﻚ ﺟﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻲﻛﻦ،ﻛﻴﺌﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ אﻫﻮ ﭔﮅאﺋﻴﻦ אﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ،
ﭤﻴﻮ وﻏﻴﺮه ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻬﮍي ،ﻛﭥﻲ.آﻫﻴﻮن ﭼﻮﻧﺪא ﻇﺮف אﺳﺎن ﮐﻲ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ אﻧﻬﻦ.
ﻟﻔﻆ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰيAdverbﭼﻴﻮ ﻻِءﭔ אﻫﻮ ﺗﻪ آﻫﻲ وﻳﻮﻦﻟﻔﻈﻦAdd۽Verbآﻫﻲ ﺟﮍﻳﻮ ﻣﺎن.ﭼﺌﺠﻲ אﺋﻴﻦ ﺳﺎن ﺣﺴﺎب אن
ﻫﺌﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻣﺪدي ﺟﺎ אﺳﻢ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺻﻔﺘﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﮍي ،آﻫﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻣﺪدي ﺟﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻇﺮف ﺗﻪ.
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻦ ﺟﻲ ﮔﺮאﻣﺮ۾ﺗﻪ آﻫﻲ אﻫﺎ وﺻﻒ ﺟﻲ ﻫﻦ”ﺳﺎن ﻇﺮف ﭔﺌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺖ ،ﻓﻌﻞ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻲ
ﺟ ،وﻗﺖ ،ﻗﺪر ،رﻳﺖ ڏﻳﮑﺎرﻳﻦ؛ ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻮڏ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻲ אﻗﺮאر ﺗﻮڙي אﻧﻜﺎر ،ﺎِءٰﻳﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﻇﺮف ﮐﻲ ﺗﻦ ،ﮑﺎرﻳﻦ.“ﭔﻴﻦ
ﻇﺮف ﺗﻨﻬﻨﮑﻲ ،ﻛﺮي אﺿﺎﻓﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ۾ ﻟﻔﻆ ﭔﺌﻲ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﮐﺎﻧﺴﻮאِء ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻮ ۾ ﻟﻔﻈﻦ
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ.
An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Adverb is a modifying word.
An Adverb is a word that qualifies a verb, an adjective or another verb. It tells when, where, how, how
much or how often an action occurs.
Adverbs give us more information about verbs.
They describe verbs by telling us more about the action of the verb.
They may also describe adjectives or other adverbs.
Many adverbs end in –ly. Many do no not. Some words are sometimes adverbs, at other times they are
prepositions or adjectives. To identify an adverb you have to understand its function in the sentence.
Example: Razia arrived late.
ﻟﻔﻆLateﭤﻴﻮ ﮀﺎ ﺗﻪ ﭤﻮ ﺟﻴﻜﻮڏﻳﮑﺎري ،آﻫﻲ ﻇﺮفwhat happened
The Director visited the school yesterday.
ﻟﻔﻆyesterdayﭤﻴﻮ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻪ ﭤﻮ ڏﻳﮑﺎري ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ،آﻫﻲ ﻇﺮفwhen happened
We kept the furniture inside.
ﻟﻔﻆinsideﻇﺮفﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭤﻴﻮ ﻛﭥﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻪ ﭤﻮ ﭔﮅאﺋﻲ ﺟﻴﻜﻮ ،آﻫﻲWhere the action happened
31. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
31
He picked up glasses carefully.
ﻇﺮفcarefullyﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭤﻴﻮ ﻛﻴﺌﻦ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻪ ﭤﻮ ڏﻳﮑﺎريHow the action took place
How often does she practice daily?
ﻇﺮفdailyﭜﻴﺮא ﻛﻴﺘﺮא ﻳﺎ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ ﻛﮇﻫﻦ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻬﻲ ﭤﻮ ڏﻳﮑﺎريﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭤﻴﻮHow often an action happened
A word which is used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or anther adverb, is called
Adverb.
1. He worked the sum quickly.
2. This flower is very beautiful.
3. She pronounced the word quite correctly.
4. Nazir is running fast.
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺟﺎ ﻇﺮفKinds of Adverb
1.رﻳﺖ ﻳﺎ אﻧﺪאز ﻇﺮفAdverb of Manner:bravely, quickly, fast, well, happily, hard
2.ﻣﻜﺎن ﻇﺮفAdverb of Place:by, down, here, near, there, up
3.زﻣﺎن ﻇﺮفAdverb of Time:now. still, then, today, yet
4.ﻇﺮفﻣﻘﺪאرAdverb of Frequency:always, never, occasionally, often, twice
5.ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﻇﺮفAdverb of sentence:certainly, definitely, luckily, surely
6.ﻗﺪر ﻇﺮفAdverb of Degree:fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too, very
7.אﺳﺘﻬﻔﺎم ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮאل ﻇﺮفInterrogative:when? where? why?
8.ﻣﻮﺻﻮل ﻇﺮفRelative:when, where, why
ﻇﺮف؟ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺖ
ﻃﻮر ﻇﺮف وري ﺗﻪ ،آﻫﻦ ﭤﻴﻨﺪא אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﻔﺖ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ،آﻫﻦ אﻫﮍא ﻟﻔﻆ ﻛﺠﮫ.ﻏﻮر ﮐﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻦ ڏﻧﻞ ﻫﻴﭟ
رﮐﻮ ۾ ذﻫﻦ ﮐﻲ ﻓﺮق ۽ ،ڏﺳﻮ ﺳﺎن.
Used as Adverbs Used as Adjectives
Come back soon. the back door
You can dial Rome direct. The most direct route
The train went fast. a fast train
32. ن ر را ي ر ا اwww.voiceofsindh.net
32
They worked hard. (energetically) The work is hard
An ill made road You look ill/well.
Turn right here. the right answer
She went straight home a straight line
He led us wrong. This is the wrong way.
6.ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮفPreposition
ﺳﺎن ﻟﻔﻆ ﭔﺌﻲ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﺟﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ ﻻﮘﺎﭘﻮ ﺳﻨﺪس ،אﭼﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺎن ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ۾ ﺟﻤﻠﻲ ﺟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﮍא
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف ﮐﻲ אﻧﻬﻦ ﺗﻪ ،ڏﻳﮑﺎرﻳﻦ.ﻳﺎﺟﺎِء ﺟﻲ ﻛﻨﻬﻦ ﻣﺎن ﺟﻨﻬﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ אﻫﻮPositionﮐﻲ אن ،ﭤﺌﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم
ﭤﻮ ﭼﺌﺠﻲ ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف.
“A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the
sentence.”
“Prepositions most often help show relation of time, place, manner or kind.”
Time: After, Before, During, since, until.
Place: About, below, near, above, across, beside, on, down, at, between, over, against, beyond, through,
around, into, under, behind, inside, up.
Manner or kind: By, for, like, of, with.
ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف אﻛﺜﺮ ۾ אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰيאﮘﻴﺎ ﺟﻲ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ אﺳﻢنآﻫ ﻛﺒﺎ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎلﻦ.ﭔﺌﻲ ﮐﻲ אﺳﻢ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف
آﻫ ﮘﻨﮃﻳﻨﺪو ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎن ﻓﻌﻞ ﮐﻲ אﺳﻢ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺳﺎنﻲ.
There is a boy in the garden.
The cat jumped off a chair.
He is fond of coffee.
ﺧﺒﺮدאري ﻛﺎﻓﻲ אﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺟﻮ ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف ۾ زﺑﺎن אﻧﮕﺮﻳﺰيﭤﻮ ﭘﻮي ﻛﺮﮢﻮ ﺳﺎن.ﻟﻔﻈ ﻛﺎﻓﻲﻦ)אﺳﻢ،،ﺻﻔﺖ
ﻓﻌﻞ(ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﮐﻲ אن אﭼﻲ ﺟﺮ ﺣﺮف ﻣﻘﺮر ﭘﻮﻳﺎن ﺟﻲٰآﻫﻲ ڏﻳﻨﺪو.ﻃﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل
Abide by= You must abide by your promise.
Abound with: This house abounds with rats.
Abound in= Her conversation abounds in good things.
7.ﺟﻤﻠﻮ ﺣﺮفConjunction