This document discusses urban planning strategies for increasing density in Melbourne, Australia in a sustainable way. It notes that Melbourne's population is projected to grow significantly by 2050 and that the status quo approach of urban sprawl will be very costly. It then outlines an alternative "7.5% city" strategy that could double Melbourne's population within existing boundaries through increasing density in established neighborhoods. Case studies and conceptual illustrations show how targeted infill and mixed-use development could achieve densities of 200-400+ people per hectare without losing neighborhood character. The document argues this approach would be more affordable, sustainable and livable than continued urban sprawl.

2. 1900 1950 2000 2050
.7bn
.2bn
2.9bn
6.4bn
2010
3.5bn
70% of the
worlds
population
will live in
cities
Cities are
responsible
for 75-80% of
the worlds
green house
gases
and 70-80% of
National
GDP’s
Source Jeb Brugmann

4. DECENTRALISATION TO CONCENTRATION
Glasgow

5. QUALITY PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Bordeaux

6. SHIPYARDS TO SUSTAINABILITY
Malmo Bo01

7. PEOPLE, PLACES AND TRANSPORTATION
Bogota

11. MONOFUNCTIONAL TO MULTIFUNCTIONAL
Melbourne

12. The Age c. 1980

13. waterways

14. 1850s

15. continuity and change
1920s

16. 1970s

18. 1986

19. 1998
1985

20. June 2005 Feb 2007

22. waterways
built form

24. clear structure
1983

25. clear structure
1836
city block
plan
19th century subdivision
20th century consolidation
of land

28. distinct character

32. good fit with people’s intentions

35. public space in 1983
accessible all hours

36. public space in 2004
accessible all hours
accessible business hours
pedestrian zone - lunchtimes

42. 1983
l = 5 dwellings

43. 1997
3,763 dwellings
l = 5 dwellings
l convenience store

44. l = 5 dwellings
l convenience store
2002
9,895 dwellings

45. investing in public spaces
waterways
built form
street patterns

46. accessibility

48. 2005
mid 1990s

51. on-road bike paths
off-road bike paths

53. Growth in no. of cyclists commuting to work in municipality has increased.
In 2011 bicycles now represent close to 10% of total vehicles on roads, footpaths and parks, up from 4% in
2006 and 1% in 2002.

54. accessibility

56. total no. of pedestrians per day – middle of swanston street
~Recording sites at Swanston St North & South, recorded significantly higher activity in 2007, compared with 2006 (14 per cent and 83 percent respectively)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1993 2004
12,880
25,200
8,676
8,904
18,000
7,776
2,624
2,492
weekday
10-18 hr
weekday
18-00 hr
sat.
10-18 hr
sat.
18-00 hr

57. Staging Plan

61. extent of bluestone paving in 1985

62. extent of bluestone paving in 2004

63. variety versus consistency

65. LANEWAY COMMISSIONS 06

69. 1992 2005
pre 1992
2005
1992 2005
1992 2005

70. street trees
since 1993

71. WSUD

73. senses

74. kerbside cafes
1983

75. kerbside cafes
2004

76. investing in public spaces
waterways
built form
street patterns
public transport
parks

81. • 3311 per cent increase in apartments
between 1982 and 2002;
• 830 per cent more residents 1992-
2002;
• 71 percent more public space on
streets and in squares between 1994
and 2004;
• 62 per cent more students in the CDB
1993-2004;
• 275 per cent more cafes and
restaurants 1993-2004;
• pedestrian traffic has nearly doubled In
the Bourke Street Mall between 1993
and 2004 from 43,000 people per day
to 81,000;
• the Bourke Street Mall (81,000 daily) and Swanston St (60,500 daily) now both carry
more pedestrians than London’s Regent Street (55,000 daily); and
• night time pedestrian traffic has increased 98 per cent between 1993 and 2004
reflecting the growth of bars and café’s and a safer, more welcoming environment.

82. The Age Newspaper
16 June, 2005

83. rates history
’95/96 ’96/97 ’97/98 ’98/99 ’99/00 ’00/01 ’01/02 ’02/03 ’03/04 ’04/05 ’05/06 ’06/07
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
¢ in $
non-residentialrates
residentialrates

84. public melbourne urban design strategy
public melbourne urban design strategy
public melbourne
urban design strategy
public melbourne urban design strategy
public melbourne urban design strategy
public melbourne
sustainability. . .

85. Sustainability targets for 2020
zero net emissions
end the city’s contribution to global warming
watermark
reduce the city’s mains water consumption
levels by 12%

86. The zero emissions equation for Melbourne
4 500 000 t
1 850 000 t
925 000 t
925 000 t
800 000 t
zero
business asusual emissions in 2020
less: 50% reduction from building design & 15% from industry efficiency
less: growth of renewable purchases
less: double efficiency of
non-renewablesupply
less: sequestration
equals net emissions of:

87. Queen Victoria Market solar energy project
largest inner city grid-connected solar installation
in the southern hemisphere
each year, these solar
panels will . . .
generate 252 megawatts
of electricity – equivalent amount of energy of 63
homes
save council approximately$37,800 in energy bills;
and
save more than 369 tonnes
of greenhouse gas emissions

88. East Elevation West Elevation

89. Daily maximum / minimum
temperature
Melbourne 1 Jan - 8 Feb 2002
oC
40
35
30
25
20
15
10

90. Cooling – night
purge

91. Looking back to go forward
‘Our current approach to city design is increasingly
financially, socially and environmentally
unsustainable.

98. Trends
‘Life style fuels boom in high density housing.’
The Age Thursday 24th August.

99. Melbourne: Oil & Mortgage Vulnerability
2001 2006

100. ‘Australia has lost five times more farmland to urban sprawl
than to foreign buyers, with 89 million hectares vanishing
since 1984’ WEEKEND AUSTRALIAN Jan 22 2012.

103. Who will we be building for?

104. Smaller Households
2006 2031
………………………………………………………………….
Total households 7.8m 11.8m
………………………………………………………………….
Lone person 1.86m 3.6m
….………………………………………………………………
Couple with children 2.58m > 2.47m
……………………………………………………………….....
Couple without children 2.13m 3.79m
………………………………………………………………….
Population 20.7m 28.8m
SCOURCE: ABS,HOUSEHOLD PROJECTIONS, SERIES III

105. Source: The Age newspaper: 10 May 2011

106. Melbourne @ 5 million 2022

107. Existing responses have high hidden
costs.
1000 houses built on the fringe of Australian cities cost
$300 million more than 1000 houses built within existing
growth boundaries.
SOURCE. Trubka,R.,Newman,P. and Bilsborough,D. 2008, Assessing the costs of Alternative Development Paths of Australian Cities.
Curtain University and Parsons Brinckerhoff

108. Status Quo Melbourne @ 5 million
Will cost $110,080,000,000 extra over 50 years
assuming that half of all future housing is built on
the periphery of Melbourne
This is equivalent to the cost of 3 National Broadband
Networks. Imagine how many schools, hospitals and
community centres we could build with this?

109. 0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.5%
5.0%
5.5%
6.0%
6.5%
7.0%
7.5%
8.0%
F1960
F1962
F1964
F1966
F1968
F1970
F1972
F1974
F1976
F1978
F1980
F1982
F1984
F1986
F1988
F1990
F1992
F1994
F1996
F1998
F2000
F2002
F2004
F2006
F2008
F2010
F2012
F2014
F2016
F2018
Source: ABS, Construction Forecasting Council
FORECAST
Residential
Engineering
Non-Residential
Annual Building Activity Spending as a Percentage of GDP
8%
4%
Coal Production and sale is equal to 2% of GDP and 1% employment

110. Capacity
‘What if we could double the population of our
capital cities without having to subdivide any
further land beyond existing city boundaries.’
case studies

112. 1970: 5,000 students

113. 2010: 14,200 students

114. Melbourne @ 5 Million.
Status Quo is not an option! At the same time
destroying the Australian dream of a home and
land package is not an option.
So what are our options?
‘The 7.5% City’

116. 860,000 people @ 200 persons per Hectare

120. Land Capacity Analysis
Metro Cadastral Parcels 1,571,532
CADASTRAL PARCELS

121. Land Capacity Analysis
Less SPECIAL ZONES eg. CBD
Total = 121,608 sites
SELECT PARCELS

122. Land Capacity Analysis
Total 118,955 sites
Less PARKS Less PUBLIC USE and INDUSTRIAL
Total 114,554 sites

123. Land Capacity Analysis
Less REAR LANEWAY
Total 40,628 sites
RECENTLY DEVELOPED SITES
Total = 40,156

124. Land Capacity Analysis
HERITAGE REGISTER BUILDINGS Less 50% HERITAGE OVERLAY SITES
Total = 39,699 Total = 36,877

125. Less FRONTAGE < 6m TOTAL AVAILABLE SITES
Total = 34,753 Total 34,447 or 6,693 Hectares
Land Capacity Analysis

126. Results

127. 184People/ha
220People/ha
CREMORNE STREET CREMORNE
NICHOLSON STREET FITZROY

128. 276People/ha
358People/ha
GORE STREET FIZTROY
NICHOLSON STREET COBURG

129. · 179 dwellings / ha
· 449 residents / ha.
· GFA : 2009 m2
Mexico City, Mexico
Dellekamp Architectos 2003
Aerial view
449
RESIDENTS / ha :
( Source: J.MOZAS, J.ARPA,: D BOOK, Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, ’07 )
Calle Alfonso Reyes 58. Colonia Condesa

130. 464People/ha
400People/ha
RALEIGH STREET WINDSOR
BARRY STREET CARLTON

131. · 571 dwellings / ha
· 903 residents / ha
· GFA : 2815 m2.
Vienna, Austria
Gerner ۫ Gerner Plus 2005
Aerial view
903
RESIDENTS / ha :
( Source: J.MOZAS, J.ARPA,: D BOOK, Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, ’07 )
Kaiserstrasse 68

132. Melbourne overview showing 4 study areas

133. NOW
Johnston Street, Abbotsford – looking east

134. POSSIBLE FUTURE
Johnston Street, Abbotsford – artists impression

135. NOW
Nicholson Street, East Brunswick – looking south to the city

136. POSSIBLE FUTURE
Nicholson Street, East Brunswick – artists impression

137. NOW
Maribyrnong Road, – looking west to Union Road

138. POSSIBLE FUTURE
Maribyrnong Road – artists impression

139. NOW
Riversdale Road, – looking west to Riversdale Park

140. POSSIBLE FUTURE
Riversdale Road – artists impression

141. Known redevelopment sites 1.5% yield 500,000
persons @ 200 persons per hectare

142. SUBURBIA et al. 90% 0f METRO AREA

143. New Paradigm
‘We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we
used when we created them’
Albert Einstein
‘Transformation is the only approach to any viable
strategy for meeting the pressures of population
growth and climate change.

145. l = 5 dwellings
l convenience store
2002
9,895 dwellings

146. SOURCE: THE SUNDAY AGE, 27.09.09

147. City of Münster, Planning department
Advertising campaign 2001
Comparison of amount of space required to transport 72 people
72 bicycles = 90sqm
Based on 1 person per bike
60 cars = 1000sqm
Based on 1.2 people per car
1 bus = 30sqm
Based on 72 people per bus

150. Curitiba

151. An Access Economics report prepared for Diabetes
Australia estimates the total economic cost of obesity
in Australia in 2008 was a staggering $58 billion.
‘people who used public transport on a particular day, also spent an average 41 minutes walking and/or cycling
as part of their travel.’ Chris Loader The Age March 12 2010

152. Implementation
‘Transformation can best be achieved through a
rationalization of the existing approach to Planning
Schemes.’

156. SOURCE Department of Planning and Communities
Design Development Overlay

164. Established Areas

165. Ongoing Change

166. Key Development Areas

167. DRAFT IMAGE

169. Engaging the community
‘Success is a political as well as a design solution. We
need to visualise the future in order to take the fear out
of the debate’

170. THE CHARACTER OF
URBAN INTENSIFICATION
ARC Research Project
University of Melbourne
Ian Woodcock, Kim Dovey, Simon Wollan and Ammon Beyerle

171. STREETSCAPE A - EXISTING Victoria Street Richmond

172. STREETSCAPE A – Scenario A1 Victoria Street Richmond
4 Storeys 20% take -
up

173. STREETSCAPE A – Scenario A2 Victoria Street Richmond
4 Storeys 60% take-up

174. STREETSCAPE A – Scenario A3 Victoria Street Richmond
4 Storeys, 60% take-up, 7m setback

180. NOW + WHEN Australian Urbanism – Venice Biennale 2010

181. NOW + WHEN Australian Urbanism – Venice Biennale 2010

182. NOW + WHEN Australian Urbanism – Venice Biennale 2010

183. NOW
Curtain Street, looking west to Nicholson Street

184. THE FUTURE
Curtain Street – artists impression