The document discusses the concepts of transit-oriented development (TOD) and location efficiency. It notes that TOD aims to place homes in proximity to transit, provide a rich mix of activities within walking distance, capture value from transit investments, and create attractive pedestrian-friendly places. Higher density development near transit can significantly reduce vehicle miles traveled and carbon emissions compared to more dispersed development. The document also examines density levels for different housing types and their impacts on location efficiency and driving. It provides examples of TOD from London and analyses of transit accessibility and catchment areas.

1. Transport and
Neighbourhoods
Hank Dittmar, Chief Executive
The Prince’s Foundation for the Built
Environment

3. What is Transit Oriented Development?
• Location Efficiency‐ conscious placement
of homes in proximity to transit
• Rich Mix of Choices‐ activities within
walking distance
• Value Capture‐ transit’s ability to shift
transportation expenditures to wealth‐
building activities such as home ownership
• Placemaking‐ Attractive and pedestrian
friendly places
• Resolution of the tension between node
and place‐ appropriate local context of a
regional system
From Dittmar and Poticha, New Transit
Town, Best Practices in Transit Oriented
Development, Island Press, 2004

4. Network Coverage is Key

5. Healthy Growth

6. The Polycentric City

7. Location Efficiency

8. LOCATION EFFICIENCY
0
300
600
900
450
300
150
2
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Annual
VMT/Household
Zonal Transit Density
Hh/Res Acre
Impact of Density and Transit on Driving
San Francisco Bay Area

9. Detached houses:
3.7 units/acre
Terraced houses
with integrated
parking: 19.4 units/
acre
Mid-rise
mansion /
perimeter
block flats:
170 units/acre
Location Efficiency and Density
.

10. Density benefit

11. Center for Neighborhood Technology and Reconnecting America

12. Chicago Metropolitan Area
Center for Neighborhood Technology and Reconnecting

13. Exemplar: Walthamstow, London , England

14. Location Efficiency in London

15. Transport-based CO2 Calculator
• The PFBE has also developed a statistical model that allows users to change these variables (such as
would be the case for new developments) and then estimate the new amount of CO2 emissions that
would result.
Screen 3
Calculate CO2 emissions for a
Proposed New Development
A description explaining the
input options will be provided
within the interface

18. ‘Fitness’ model
Health care closer to home
A - Networked B – Co-located
vs.
Comparison between two distribution and arrangement
models in terms of accessibility:
- av. dist. to GP = ? m
- av. journey time = ?

19. Estimating catchment
G
Population density 65 / ha
Area / person 150 m
Patients / GP 2200
393,000 m
Catchment area / GP
2
2

20. Avg. walking time to GP
16.8 minutes
Avg. distance to a GP
1408 metres
Population within
10 minute walk
32% Tonnes of CO2
per annum
211.6 1025
(45%)
11.5
(37%)
58%
(-56%)
113
(90%)
Existin
Impact assessment –

21. Summary
90

25. http://www.transect.org/
TOD Module: Smart Code 9.2,

33. Questions?