Energy sources and its classification, forms of energy, origin of energy sources

1. ENERGY SOURCES
Dr. Ajay Singh Lodhi
Assistant Professor
College of Agriculture, Balaghat
Jawahar Lal Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.)

2. ENERGY
Capacity to do work is energy.
In development process of mankind, energy is playing as key role. Energy is the key input
for technological, industrial and socio-economical development of a nation.
Crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity and coal are the major globally recognised
commercial sources of energy.
Major energy sources can be grouped in two main classes;
Conventional (Petroleum, Natural gas, Coal and Electricity)
Non-conventional (Fire wood, Agricultural crop residues, Cattle dung and others. The
others include Solar energy, Wind energy and Micro hydro power generation which
is called Renewable Energy).
ENERGY SOURCES

3. ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA
 Commercial sources of energy (sources that cost i.e. coal, petroleum, electricity) are only
50% of total energy consumption in India. Means non-commercial sources like fuelwood,
agricultural waste & animal dung constitute 1/2 of the total energy consumption in India.
 More than 50% of Indian households depend on traditional sources of energy for cooking
and heating needs.
 At current rate of consumption and production, coal reserves in India would last for about
130 years.
 At current rate of consumption and production, oil in India would last only for about 20 to
25 years.

4.  In commercial energy consumption, coal constitutes 29%, oil and gas 54% and
electricity 17%.
 In energy consumption in industrial, domestic, agriculture, commercial and other
sectors is 45, 22, 18, 8 and 7 percent respectively in India.
 Energy consumption in agriculture is about 18% of their energy consumption of India.
Electric energy consumption in agriculture is 19.62% of the electric energy
consumption of India in 2009-10.
 Contribution of Agriculture workers, Draft animals, Tractor and power tiller, Diesel
engine and electric motor are 4.66%, 21.70%, 49.29%, 16.76% and 22.29% respectively
of the total farm power in 2013-14 in India.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
A. Based on Usability
(i) Primary resources of energy
(ii)Secondary resources of energy
(i) Primary Resources of Energy: Those energy resources which are used in the same
form as they occur in nature, are also called natural or raw resources. Common examples
are coal, crude oil, firewood etc.
(ii) Secondary Resources of energy: The form of energy which is, lastly (finally) supplied
to a consumer for use, is called secondary energy. Common examples are electricity,
kerosene, batteries, steam, etc.
Important types of secondary energy are electrical, mechanical, thermal energy (steam, not
water), chemical energy (in kerosene, batteries).

6. B. On the basis of their transaction
(i) Commercial energy
(ii) Non-commercial energy
(i) Commercial energy: The secondary usable forms like coal, electricity, petrol, diesel,
LPG, CNG, etc., constitute commercial energy because they are essential for
commercial activities.
 It influences the economy of country.
 The more the ability to convert natural raw energy into commercial energy is the better
is the economy of country.
(ii) Non-commercial energy: The energy derived from nature and used as such is known
as non-commercial energy. Wood, animal dung cake (upaley), biomass, etc., are common
examples of non-commercial energy.

7. C. On the basis of Energy storage or cycling time involved
(i) Non-renewable resources
(ii) Renewable resources
(i) Non-renewable resources: Non-renewable resources have a cycling time greater than
100 years. Fossil fuels, uranium, etc., are common examples of non-renewable energy.
 Storage of non-renewable energy is finite and does not get replenished, after their
consumption.
(ii) Renewable Resources: They have a cycling time less than hundred years. Solar energy,
wind energy, hydro energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, etc., are
common examples of renewable energy.
 Storage of renewable energy is unlimited and gets replenished after their consumption.

8. D. On the Basis of Traditional Use
(i) Conventional energy resources
(ii) Non-conventional energy resources
Conventional Energy Resources: Those energy resources which have been used for
many decades, are known as conventional energy resources.
Fossil fuels nuclear and hydro resources are common examples of conventional energy
resources.
Non-conventional Energy Resources: Those energy resources, which are considered
for large scale use after the oil crisis of 1973, are known as non-conventional energy
resources.
Solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy etc., are common examples of non
conventional energy resources.

9. The following are the sources of fuel :
(i) Fossil Fuels Energy
(ii) Nuclear Energy
(iii) Hydro Energy
(iv) Solar Energy
(v) Wind Energy
(vi) Biomass Energy
(vii) Geothermal Energy
(viii)Tidal Energy
(ix) Ocean Thermal Energy
(x) Ocean Wave Energy
(xi) Biofuel
ORIGIN OF SOURCES OF ENERGY

10. Fossil Fuels Energy: The literal meaning of fossil is part of pre-historic animal or plant, i.e.;
It is derived from old biological life, that once existed on the surface of the earth.
 It is formed in various parts of the earth at varying depth, during several million years by
slow decomposition and chemical action of buried organic matter under favourable
condition (pressure, heat and bacterial marine environment).
 Coal, crude oil and gas are common examples of fossil fuels. They are used to run the
vehicle, cooking, lighting, washing, to generate electricity, for making plastic and paints,
etc.
Hydro energy: It is derived from water and used.
 It is renewable energy.
 It is most advanced and flexible source of power. It is a well-developed and established
source of electric power.
Nuclear Energy: Nuclear energy is derived through either nuclear fission or fusion of U235,
U233 (isotopes of uranium) and Pu239 (plutonium) are used as nuclear fuels for nuclear fission
in nuclear reactor to generate electricity.

11. Solar Energy: Solar energy is energy derived from the sun in the form of solar radiation.
 It is harnessed by either direct sources (like solar cooker, solar steam system, solar
dryer, solar cells, etc.), or indirect sources (biomass production, wind, tidal, etc.)
Wind Energy: Wind energy derived from wind. It is used to propel sail boats, to lift water
and to grind wheat into flour (by using wind mill), for generating electricity using wind
turbine.
Biomass Energy: The material contained in the body of living organism (plants, animals)
is called biomass.
 It acts as a fuel.
 It includes wood, crop residue, bagasse, excreta of living organism and their bodies
after death, etc.
 It is used for cooking, heating, to run engine, to generate electricity, converting
biomass into biogas and producer gas.

12. Geothermal energy originates from the earth's interior in the form of heat i.e., energy
stored as heat in the earth.
Tidal energy is a form of hydro power, that converts energy of ocean tides into electricity
or other useful forms of power. Tides are generated primarily by the gravitational attraction
between the earth and the moon. They arise twice a day. In mid-ocean the tail range is less
than 1 m, but in coastal region, it is much greater than this.
Ocean thermal energy exists in the form of temperature difference between the warm
surface water and the colder deep water.
 In the tropical regions of the earth, the surface of the water heated by the sun, is at an
average temperature of around 25°C at depths, more than1000 m, it is about 5°C. The
average difference in temperature of around 20°C may be used in running a
thermodynamic cycle to yield mechanical power, which in turn, could be used to
generate mechanical power.

13. Liquid biofuel is usually either bio-alcohol such as bioethanol or an oil such as biodiesel.
 Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant material
and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops.
 With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and
grasses are also used as feed stocks for ethanol production.
 Biodiesel is made from vegetables oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can
be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive,
to reduce levels of particulars, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from diesel-
powered vehicles.

14. The following are forms of energy:
(i) Mechanical energy
(ii) Thermal energy
(iii) Electrical energy
(iv) Chemical Energy
FORMS OF ENERGY
Mechanical energy:
It is obtained due to motion or configuration.
 The ability to do work by virtue of motion is called kinetic energy.
 Whereas energy due to position or configuration of the body is called potential energy.
 It is used in transportation, agriculture, handling, processing and other industrial
processes.
 It can be converted in electrical energy with the help of turbine.

15. Thermal energy: It is used to raise the temperature of an object during industrial process.
It can also be converted to mechanical energy and electrical energy through heat engines
and by use of boiler and turbine respectively.
Electrical Energy: Flow of electron causes electric energy. Electrical energy is
considered to be high-grade form energy and flow of current causes electrical energy. It
is used in transformation, agriculture, processing, and other industrial processes.
Chemical Energy: The energy stored in a substance is called chemical energy such as
fuels, organic matter. Dry cell chemical energy (produced by chemical reactions) is
converted into electrical energy. It can also be converted into thermal energy by
combustion.

16. COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

17. Thank You