The document discusses various topics related to energy and environmental pollution. It begins by defining energy and describing the different forms of energy. It then discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, and nuclear energy. The document also covers different types of pollution including air, water, land, and noise pollution. It provides examples of sources for each type of pollution and their impacts on the environment and human health. Control measures are suggested to mitigate pollution.

1. Energy and
Environmental Pollution

2.  Energy is all around you!
 You can hear energy as sound.
 You can see energy as light.
 And you can feel it as wind.

3.  You use
energy when
you:
 hit a softball.
 lift your book
bag.
 compress a
spring.

4. Living organisms need energy
for growth and movement.

5.  Energy is involved
when:
 a bird flies.
 a bomb explodes.
 rain falls from the sky.
 electricity flows in a wire.

6.  What is energy that it can be involved in
so many different activities?
 Energy can be defined as the ability to
do work.
 If an object or organism does work
(exerts a force over a distance to move
an object) the object or organism uses
energy.

7.  Because of the direct connection
between energy and work, energy
is measured in the same unit as
work: joules (J).
 In addition to using energy to do
work, objects gain energy because
work is being done on them.

8.  The five main forms of
energy are:
 Heat
 Chemical
 Electromagnetic
 Nuclear
 Mechanical

9.  Conventional /Non
Renewable energy Sources
 Non-conventional /
Renewable Energy Sources

11. 1) Solar Energy
 Solar energy is the main constituent of
all the available energy sources.
 It can be utilized in almost through out
the year.
 It produces almost negligible
environmental pollution.
 It can be used not only in lighting and
cooking only but in agriculture too.
 It is easily available almost all parts of
our country so the machineries based on
solar energy is easily accessible.
 Solar energy can be harnessed in
different levels around the world.
Depending on a geographical locations.
 Solar technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive or active
depending on the way they capture,
convert and distribute sunlight.
 The utilization of the solar energy bases
technologies can be seen for various
purposes : cooking, heating, electricity
etc.

12.  Advantages
 All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of
the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun,
while only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth.
 Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one
calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have
the energy equivalent of the total of all the planet’s
fossil fuels, both used and unused!
 Disadvantages
 Sun does not shine consistently.
 Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must
concentrate it into an amount and form that we can use,
such as heat and electricity.
 Addressed by approaching the problem through:
1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.

13. Wind energy is used in wind mills
which converts the kinetic energy of
the wind into mechanical or electrical
energy. The kinetic energy of wind
can be used to do mechanical work
like lifting water from wells or
grinding grains in flour mills. It can
also be used to rotate the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
A single wind mill produces only a
small amount of electricity. So a large
number of wind mills in a large area
are coupled together to produce more
electricity in wind energy farms.
Advantages :-
i) It is a renewable source of energy.
ii) It does not cause pollution.
iii) The recurring cost is less.
Disadvantages :-
i) Wind is not available at all times.
ii) It requires a large area of land.
iii) A minimum wind speed of 15 km/h is
required.

14. Energy from the sea is obtained in three different forms. They are Tidal
energy, Sea wave energy and Ocean thermal energy.
i) Tidal energy :-
The periodic rise and fall of sea level due to gravitational attraction of the
moon causes tides. A dam is constructed at a narrow opening between the
land and sea. The movement of water during high tide and low tide can be
used to rotate the turbines of generators to produce electricity.
ii) Sea wave energy :-
When strong wind blows over the sea it produces huge waves. The kinetic
energy of the moving waves can be used to rotate the turbines of generators
to produce electricity.
iii) Ocean thermal energy :-
There is a temperature difference between the warm surface water and the
cold water at the bottom of the oceans. This difference is about 20°C. The
warm surface water is used to boil liquid ammonia and the vapour is used to
rotate the turbines of generators to produce electricity. The cold water from
the bottom is then pumped up to cool the vapour back to liquid.

15. Tidal Energy
Sea Wave Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy

16. The waste materials and dead parts of living things are called
biomass. Eg :- wood, animal dung, vegetable waste,
agricultural waste, sewage etc. Biomass is decomposed by
anaerobic microorganisms to produce biogas.
Biogas is a mixture of gases containing methane, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide.
Biogas plant :-
The biogas plant has a large underground tank made of bricks and
cement. The lower part is the digester and the upper part has a dome
with a gas outlet. On one side of the tank above the ground is a mixing
tank and on the other side is an overflow tank.
Animal dung is mixed with water in the mixing tank and the slurry is
sent into the digester. In the digester the slurry is decomposed by
anaerobic microorganisms and after a few days biogas is produced.
The gas is taken out through the gas outlet and used for heating and
lighting purposes. The slurry left behind is rich in nitrogen and
phosphorus and is used as manure for crops.

18. The deeper regions of the earth’s crust is very hot. This heat melts rocks
and forms magma. The magma moves up and collects below at some places
called Hot spots. The underground water in contact with hot spot gets
heated into steam at high pressure. By drilling holes into hot spots the
steam coming out can be used to rotate turbines of generators to produce
electricity.

19. Nuclear energy is the energy is the energy released during nuclear reactions.
During nuclear reactions some mass is converted into energy and so a very large
amount of energy is produced during nuclear reactions.
Nuclear reactions are of two types. They are Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
i) Nuclear fission :- is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom
like uranium, plutonium, etc. splits into smaller nuclei with the release of a large
amount of energy. It is used to make atom bombs and to produce electricity.
In a nuclear power plant the heat energy produced by a controlled nuclear
fission chain reaction is used to produce steam which rotates the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
ii) Nuclear fusion :- is a nuclear reaction in which small nuclei fuse together to
form a heavier nucleus with the release of a very large amount of energy. The
energy of sun is produced by the fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium
nucleus. It is also used to make the hydrogen bomb.
Advantages of nuclear energy :-
i) It produces a very large amount of energy per unit mass than any other
source of energy.
ii) If safety measures are taken, it is more environment friendly than fossil fuels.
Disadvantages of nuclear energy :-
i) The cost of a nuclear reactor is very high.
ii) The availability of nuclear fuel is limited.
iii) Nuclear reactors produce harmful nuclear wastes which is difficult to
dispose.

20. Pollution is the introduction by
man of waste matter or surplus
energy into the environment which
directly or indirectly causes
damage to man and his
environment
1)Air Pollution
2)Water Pollution
3)Land Pollution
4)Noise Pollution

22.  Factors that contribute to water pollution can
be categorized into two different groups
 Point sources
 Non-point sources
 Point sources are the easiest to identify and
control
 Non point sources are ambiguously defined
and harder to control

23.  Some point sources of water pollution include
 Waste products from factories
 Waste from sewage system
 Waste from power plants
 Waste from underground coalmines
 Waste from oil wells
 They are called point sources because they are
direct sources of water pollution and can be
reduced and monitored

25.  The term non-point source encompasses a
large range of sources such as:
 when rain or snow moves through the ground
and picks up pollutants as it moves towards a
major body of water
 the runoff of fertilizers from farm animals and
crop land
 air pollutants getting washed or deposited to
earth
 storm water drainage from lawns, parking lots,
and streets

27. • Industrial pollutants like mercury, chromium, cadmium
and lead are poisnous. They are also capable of entering
the food chains and cause diseases in man, Mercury is
known to cause a disease called Minimata.
• Organochlorine pesticides like D.D.T. in the agricultural
wastes are non-degradable and move along the food
chains. It may lead to biomagnification.
• Some industrial effluents can cause changes in colour,
odour and taste of water in the natural water bodies.
Contamination of water also leads to spread of water
borne diseases such as cholera, amoebiasis and other
diseases.

28. 1) Control water pollution in your home by using non-toxic soaps,
detergents and cleaning products.
2) Refrain from the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on your lawn
and gardens.
3) Always dispose of paints, motor oil, gasoline, antifreeze and other
harmful chemicals in accordance with your local laws and safety
regulations.
4) Protect groundwater, which is critical for drinking water, irrigation
systems and natural ecosystems.
5) If you are using chemicals that may be harmful to the environment, store
them correctly. Improperly stored chemicals can slowly seep into the
groundwater system, so keep them in tightly sealed containers, inside of
structures with cement floors, to avoid groundwater contamination.

31.  One of the main causes of air pollution is the release of
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, this happens because
of Deforestation and fossil fuel burning
 Sulfur dioxide is another air polluter and is released into
the atmosphere by the burning of sulfur containing
compounds of fossil fuels. Sulfur oxides are very
dangerous to humans at a high concentration. Sulfur in
the atmosphere is responsible for acid rain
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) also contribute to air
pollution by reducing the amount of ozone the
stratosphere. CFCs come from a variety of places such as:
1) the burning of plastic foam items
2) leaking refrigerator equipment
3) spray cans
CAUSES

32.  CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but it
also partially restricts infrared radiation going
back from the earth into space, which produces
the so-called greenhouse effect that prevents a
drastic cooling of the Earth during the night
 Increasing the amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere reinforces this effect and is
expected to result in a warming of the Earth's
surface
 CO2 in atmosphereGLOBAL WARMING

34.  When emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitric oxide
from stationary sources are
transported long distances
by winds, they form
secondary pollutants such
as nitrogen dioxide, nitric
acid vapor, and droplets
containing solutions of
sulfuric acid, sulfate, and
nitrate salts
 These chemicals descend to
the earth's surface in wet
form as rain or snow and in
dry form as a gases fog,
dew, or solid particles, it is
known as acid rain or acid
deposition

35. On Tree
On Human
Beings
On Monuments

36.  With the introduction of
petroleum to replace coal
economies in countries,
photochemical smog has
become predominant in
many cities, which are
located in sunny, warm,
and dry climates with
many motor vehicles
 Worst episodes of
photochemical smog
tends to occur in summer

38.  Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and
peroxyacl nitrates (PANs), cause direct damage
to leaves of crop plants and trees when they
enter leaf pores (stomates)
 Chronic exposure of leaves and needles to air
pollutants can also break down the waxy
coating that helps prevent excessive water loss
and damage from diseases, pests, drought and
frost

39.  Air pollution can be controlled by a thorough
understanding of its causes.
• Establishment of industries away from the towns
and cities.
• Increasing the length of the chyeysmn in
industries.
• Growing more plants and trees.
• Use of efficient engines in automobiles.
• Use of smokeless choola.
• Use of petrol without lead (Unleaded petrol)
Vanamohotsava should be organized in the right
spirit

41.  Four Main causes of land pollution
 Construction
 Agriculture
 Domestic waste
 Industrial Waste

42.  Buildings take up
resources and land, the
trees are chopped
down and used to
make buildings
 Takes away from
places for animals
and other organisms
to live

43.  As there are more and more
people inhabiting the earth,
food is in higher demand
and so forests are chopped
down and turned into
farmland
 In addition, herbicides,
pesticides, artificial
fertilizers, animal manure
(poop) are washed into the
soil and pollute it

44.  Tons of domestic waste is
dumped every day. Some
waste from homes, offices
and industries can be
recycled or burnt in
incinerators
 There is still a lot of garbage,
such as refrigerators and
washing machines that are
dumped in landfills simply
because they cannot be
reused in anyway, nor
recycled

45.  Plastics factories,
chemical plants,
oil refineries,
nuclear waste
disposal activity,
large animal
farms, coal-fired
power plants,
metals production
factories and other
heavy industry all
contribute to land
pollution

46.  Land pollution exterminates wild life
 Acid rain kills trees and other plants
 The vegetation that provides food and shelter is
destroyed
 Land pollution can seriously disrupt the balance of
nature, and, in extreme cases, can cause human
fatalities
 Pesticides can damage crops; kill vegetation; and
poison birds, animals, and fish. Most pesticides kill
or damage life forms other than those intended. For
example, pesticides used in an effort to control or
destroy undesirable vegetation and insects often
destroy birds and small animals. Some life forms
develop immunity to pesticides used to destroy them

47. 1) Use of pesticides should be minimized.
2) Use of fertilisers should be judicious.
3) Cropping techniques should be improved to
prevent growth of weeds.
4) Special pits should be selected for dumping
wastes.
5) Controlled grazing and forest management.
6) Wind breaks and wind shield in areas exposed to
wind erosin
7) Planning of soil binding grasses along banks and
slopes prone to rapid erosin.
8) Afforestation and reforestation.

48. Noise Pollution

49.  Street traffic
 Rail roads
 Airplanes
 Constructions
 Consumer
products

50.  Normal level of tolerance is 80dbA.
 Sound level below and above this is considered
to be as noise pollution.

51.  There are about 25000 hair cells in our ear which create wave in
our ear, responding to different levels of frequencies.
 With increasing levels of sound the cells get destroyed decreasing
our ability to hear the high frequency sound.
 Irreversible hearing loss.
 Blood pressure rise of 5 to 10 mmHg on 8 hrs of exposure to even
70 db of sound level.
 Hearing loss begins at 80- 90 dbA. 140 dbA is painful and 180 dbA
can even kill a person.
 Amplified rock music is 120 dbA.
 Most of the electronic vehicles and motors are above 80 dbA level.
 High noise levels may interfere with the natural cycles of animals,
including feeding behavior, breeding rituals and migration paths.

52.  Feeling of fullness in the ear.
 Sounds may seem muffled.
 Cannot hear high frequency sounds.
 Ringing in the ears while listening to the high frequency sounds.
 Loud noise for a long period of time, or sudden burst of sound can
cause occupational hearing loss.
 Hearing that does not return after an acute noise injury
is called a permanent threshold shift.

53.  There are a variety of effective strategies for mitigating
adverse sound levels
 use of noise barriers.
 limitation of vehicle speeds
 alteration of roadway surface texture.
 limitation of heavy duty vehicles
 use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to
reduce braking and acceleration, innovative tire design
and other

54.  Noise Regulation Rules under the Environment
(Protection) Act of 1986.
 Features
 Industrial- 75db
 Commercial- 65 db
 Residential zones- 55 db
 Zones of silence
 No public address system after 10:00 pm and before
06:00 am.