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1. ERG 211 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND
GREEN TECHNOLOGY (1+1)
Dr. S. JOSHUA DAVIDSON
Professor
Agrl. College and Research Institute
Kumulur

2. Books
 S. Pugalendhi, R. Shalini, J. Gitanjali and P. Subramanian.
2017. Introduction to Renewable Sources of Energy.
TNAU, Coimbatore
 G.D. Rai. 2012. Non-conventional Energy Sources.
Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Energy & Units
 Ability to do work
 Joule (J) - unit of energy
 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second
 1 calorie (Cal) = 4.184 J
 1 watt hour = 3,600 J
 1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 1 unit = 3.6 MJ
 1 kg of oil equivalent = 11.6 kWh
 Kilo = thousand
 Mega = million

4. Major energy supply and demand trends
India’s per capita energy consumption
- 30% of the world’s average
- 0.44 tonnes of oil equivalent [toe] per capita versus
the global average of 1.29 toe
India’s energy system is largely based on the use of coal
for power generation, oil for transport and industry, and
biomass for residential heating and cooking.
In 2017, India’s total primary energy supply (TPES) was
882 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), with nearly
2/3rd being covered by domestic production (554 Mtoe).

5. Major energy supply and demand trends
Industry accounted for the largest share of India’s total
final consumption (TFC), followed by the residential
sector, transport and the service sector including
agriculture.
The sources of electricity production such as coal, oil,
and natural gas have contributed to one-third of global
greenhouse gas emissions.
India is responsible for nearly 6.65% of total global
carbon emissions, ranked fourth next to China (26.83%),
the USA (14.36%), and the EU (9.66%).

6. Global power consumption

7. Power installed capacity in India
Fuel MW % of Total
Total Thermal 2,30,701 62.8%
Coal 1,98,495 54.2%
Lignite 6,760 1.7%
Gas 24,937 6.9%
Diesel 510 0.1%
Hydro (Renewable) 45,699 12.4%
Nuclear 6,780 1.9%
RES* (MNRE) 86,759 23.5%
Total 369,428

9.  Energy one of the major inputs
 Economic development of any country
 Developing countries - ever increasing
energy - requiring huge investments to
meet demand
Requirements for Energy

10. CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY
1. Primary and secondary energy
2. Commercial and non-commercial
energy
3. Renewable and non-renewable
energy

11. Primary energy sources
 Primary energy sources are those that are either found or
stored in nature.
 Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas,
and biomass (such as wood).
 Other primary energy sources available include nuclear
energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy
stored in earth’s interior and potential energy due to
earth’s gravity.
 Sources which provide a net supply of energy
 The energy yield ratio is very high.

12. Secondary energy sources
 These resources supplied directly to consumer for
utilization after one or more steps of transformation
 Mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary
energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted
into steam (Thermal) and electricity.
 It can also be used directly. Some energy sources have
non-energy uses, for example coal or natural gas can be
used as a feedstock in fertilizer plants.
 Produce no net energy.

13. Examples

14. COMMERCIAL ENERGY
 Energy sources are available in the market for a definite
price - commercial energy
 Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial,
agricultural, transport and commercial development in
the world. Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil,
natural gas etc.
 In the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are
predominant source not only for economic production,
but also for many household tasks of general
population.

15. NON- COMMERCIAL ENERGY
 Energy sources are not available in the commercial
market for a price are classified as non-commercial
energy (traditional fuels)
 Example: Firewood, dried cow dung cake, agro waste,
wind energy, solar energy for water heating, electricity
generation and drying grain, fish and fruits, animal
power for transport, threshing, lifting water for irrigation
and crushing sugarcane and wind energy for lifting water
and electricity generation.
 These are also called traditional fuels is often ignored in
energy accounting.

16.  Resources can be renewed by nature again and again.
 Their supply is not adversely affected due to rate of their
consumption.
 Energy obtained from sources that are essentially
inexhaustible.
 The most important feature is that it can be harnessed
without release of harmful pollutants.
 Examples of renewable resources include solar, wind,
biomass, tidal and hydroelectric.
RENEWABLE ENERGY

17. RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

18. Resources are available in certain quantity and cannot be
replenished
Once exhausted can never be returned to their original
form.
Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels
such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with
time.
Non-Renewable energy sources

20. Classification of energy – Based on source
Direct source of energy
The direct sources of energy - release the energy directly
Indirect sources of energy
The indirect sources of energy do not release energy
directly but release it by conversion process.

21. India is aiming to attain 175 GW of renewable energy
by the year 2022.
 100 GW from solar energy
 60 GW from wind power
 10 GW from bio-power and
 5 GW from small hydropower plants
Significance of renewable energy

22. The GoI has launched a number of important energy
policy programmes along with four priority pillars:
 energy access at affordable prices,
 improved energy security and independence,
 greater sustainability, and
 energy efficiency.
Significance of renewable energy

23. Renewable energy achievements in India is 86760 MW
(MNRE, 2020), in which contribution through
Wind power 37,669 MW (43.4 %),
Solar power 34,406 MW (40 %),
Biomass power and Cogeneration 9861 MW (11%)
Waste to energy 140 MW (0.2%) and
Small hydro 4683 MW (5.4%)
Significance of renewable energy

24. Ministries responsibilities for energy
The Ministry of Power (MoP)
The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG)
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
The Ministry of Coal (MoC) and
The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)

25. Government Agencies for Renewable Energy
MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy – 1992)
IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency -
1987)
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)
to achieve 1,00,000 MW by 2022
TEDA (Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency – 1984)

26. Wind energy
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the earth
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth’s
surface and rotation of the earth.
The terms wind energy or wind power describes the
process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical
power or electricity.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for
specific tasks such as pumping water or a generator can
convert this mechanical power into electricity.

27. Biomass energy
Biomass is defined as renewable energy sources derived
from organic carbonaceous materials originating from
plants, animals and micro-organisms that contain energy
in a chemical form that can be converted into fuel.
Biomass energy is produced by green plants by
photosynthesis in the presence of sun light.
Biomass is the fourth largest source of energy and most
important fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural gas.

28. Biomass energy
Biomass has an estimated annual potential of about 500
million tonnes which meets 33% of the primary energy
needs.
Conversion of biomass into energy is undertaken using
two main process technologies namely thermo-chemical
and bio-chemical.
Thermo chemical conversion process includes
combustion, pyrolysis and gasification where as
biochemical conversion process includes anaerobic
digestion and fermentation.

29. Other new and renewable energy sources
The other new and renewable sources of energy
include hydro, geothermal, tidal, wave and Ocean
Thermo Electric Conversion (OTEC).

30. Overview of renewable energy sources

31. Cumulative Achievements in Renewable Energy Programme/Schemes
in India upto February, 2020 (MNRE, 2020)
Sector
FY- 2019-20
Cumulative
Achievements
Target
Achievements
(April-Feb 2020)
(as on
29.2.2020)
I. Grid interactive power (Capacities in MWp)
Wind Power 3000.00 2043.28 37669.25
Solar Power - Ground Mounted 7500.00 5596.40 31980.70
Solar Power - Roof Top 1000.00 628.59 2424.94
Small Hydro Power 50.00 90.00 4683.16
Biomass (Bagasse) Cogeneration) 150.00 83.00 9186.50
Biomass (non- bagasse) Cogeneration) /
Captive Power
100.00 0.00 674.81
Waste to Power 2.00 1.50 139.80
Total 11802.00 8442.77 86759.16
II. Off-grid/Captive Power (Capacities in MWeq)
Waste to Energy 10.00 12.41 191.13

32. Advantages & Limitations of renewable
sources of energy
 Inexhaustible, replenishable and abundant in nature
 Reliable
 Stabilized energy price
 Eco-friendly
 Free of pollution and costs
 Mitigates greenhouse emissions such as carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)
 Creating new jobs in renewable energy industries
Limitations
Higher capital costs
Energy is unpredictable and inconsistent since depends on
the season

33. Environmental benefits of renewable
energy sources

34. Energy management in agriculture
Importance of energy use in agriculture
Various energy sources available in farm are electricity,
human power, animal power, mechanical power through
tractors and power tillers
Proper selection of energy source for agriculture will
facilitate efficient farm operations and reduce cost of
production
Assessment of energy availability in the farm is very
important for make use of it effectively in the farm itself,
ex: biogas from dung
Utilization of renewable energy sources creates
environment friendly green energy system in agriculture

35. Sources of Energy in Agriculture
Sources Types Use in farm operations / agriculture
Direct sources Human labour Major driving source for all activities and
operations
Animal Bullocks for cultivation, animal dung for biogas
Biomass Cooking, water heating, drying and other
processing
Engines Prime mover for tractors/power tiller and also
for water pumping application through diesel
engines
Electricity Majorly water pumping for irrigation and
lighting loads in farms
Indirect sources Solar
Wind
Water
Drying of farm products, water heating,
electricity
Water pumping and electricity
Irrigation and water reuse

36. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL
AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS

37. Agricultural operations

41. Terminologies