The document discusses several key events of the Cold War period from 1963-1975. It describes how a period of peaceful coexistence emerged between the US and Soviet Union under Kennedy and Khrushchev, with increased dialogue and arms control negotiations. However, tensions still flared over conflicts like the Vietnam War, in which the US increasingly intervened to prevent the spread of communism. The Arab-Israeli conflict also caused ongoing tensions in the Middle East during this time period. Decolonization led many former colonies in Asia and Africa to gain independence, and the Non-Aligned Movement emerged among newly independent states that did not want to align with either Cold War bloc.

1. THE COLD WAR

2. 1963-1975
PEACEFUL
COEXISTENCE

3. PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE
In the 1960s, a new era or peaceful coexistence began,
characterised by greater dialogue between the two superpowers.
Kennedy and Krushchev
were more flexible in
their negotiations with
one another than previous
leaders had been.
A number of international
disarmament
conferences took place,
with the aim of preventing
nuclear war.
Video Cuban
Missiles crisis

4. THE BEGINNING OF THE
PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE

5. PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE
HOT SPOTS

6. THE VIETNAM WAR
(1961-1975)
 LA GUERRA DE VIETNAM
It was the bloodiest conflict of this
period.
Vietnam became independent of
France in 1954 and was divided in
two parts by the 17th parallel:
North Vietnam: Communist
South Vietnam: Anti-communist.

7. PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE
HOT SPOTS

8. THE VIETNAM WAR
(1961-1975)
In South Vietnam the procommunist
Vietcong guerrillas had appeared to try to
join the country to North Vietnam.

9. THE VIETNAM WAR
(1961-1975)
When did USA intervene?
1962: USA intervened when Kennedy sent military
advisers to South Vietnam to prevent the fall of
the anti-communist regime.
Why did USA intervene?
Because they were afraid of
the fact that if Vietnam unified
under a Communist regime,
other countries would be
absorbed by the Sovietic bloc.

10. THE VIETNAM WAR
(1961-1975)
 In the following years, president Johnson
sent American troops to help the
government of South Vietnam.
 In 1968 there were half a million
American soldiers.

11. THE VIETNAM
WAR (1961-1975)
The conflict spread
to Laos and
Cambodia.

12. THE VIETNAM WAR
(1961-1975)
 This war was very unpopular in the USA, because of:
It long duration.
A lot of casualties.
The Vietcong was not defeated in spite of the
superiority of the American troops.
http://www.historiasiglo20.org/GLOS/vietnam.htm

13. THE VIETNAM WAR
(1961-1975)
President Nixon started a gradual withdrawal
of the USA, which finished in 1974.
In 1975, South Vietnam was defeated and
Vietnam became unified.

14.  In 1948, the territory of Palestine was divided into two
separate states.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
One of these was Israel, which
was created as a homeland for
the Jewish people in the British
mandate in Palentine.
However, the Arabs the creation
of the state of Israel. who lived in
Palestine strongly opposed

15.  In 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was
established.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
Yasser Arafat

16.  Since 1960s, disputes between the Israelis and the
Palestinians have been a source of constant tension and
conflict in the Middle East.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
Israelis
Supported by
USA and Western
European
countries.
Palestinians
Supported by
various Arab
states.

17. THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

18. DECOLONISATION
AND
NON-ALIGNMENT

19.  What is decolonisation?
It´s the process through which colonies become
independent states after 1945.
DECOLONISATION

20. CAUSES
 During WW2, people from Allied colonies had fought against the
Axis Powers in defence of freedom and democracy.
DECOLONISATION
This encouraged the
colonies to demand
their own freedom
after the war.

21.  CAUSES
 The United Nations supported the right of all peoples
to national self-determination.
DECOLONISATION

22.  CAUSES
 Members of the colonial elites, who had often been
educated in Europe, demanded independence for their
respective homelands.
DECOLONISATION

23. DECOLONISATION

24. DECOLONISATION
Algeria
India
Indonesia

25. INDIA
 India became independent from Great Britain in 1947 thanks to a
nationalist movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.
DECOLONISATION
India was
partitioned into
two countries:
India, with
majority Hindu
population,
and Pakistan,
with majority
Muslim
population.

26. INDONESIA
 Indonesia gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1949.
 The new country´s first president was Sukarno, but he was
replaced by one of his generals in 1967.
DECOLONISATION

27. ALGERIA
 Algeria became independent in 1962 after a war between factions
that either favoured or opposed independence from France.
DECOLONISATION

28.  This movement emerged during the 1950s.
 It consisted of countries that wanted to remain neutral in
the Cold War and did not want to align themselves with
either bloc.
 This movement was a product of decolonisation, since it
originated among African and Asian countries, which had
recently gained independence.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

29.  THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE
 In 1955, the African and Asian
countries which had gained the
independence met at the
Bandung Conference in
Indonesia, where they
established the principles of
non-alignment.
 After that meeting, this THIRD
BLOC of countries gained new
members, including Yugoslavia,
Colombia and Ecuador.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

30. THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

31. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
 POLITICS
 Different forms of government: democracies and
dictatorships.
 Supported the right to national self-determination.
 Supported the right for every country to take decisions
without external interference.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

32. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:
 Non-aligned countries did not establish or join military
alliances.
 They declared themselves neutral in the Cold War.
 They advocated the non-violent resolution of conflict
through negotiation.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

33. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
 THE ECONOMY
 The majority of these countries had developing
economies:
 They aimed to achieve economic growth and development
through cooperation.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

34. THIRD WORLD PROBLEMS
 Non-aligned countries = Third World = develping nations
 Some political, economic and social problems that these countries
suffer today are product of:
 Imperialism
 Decolonisation process
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

35. THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
THIRD WORLD PROBLEMS
Wars between ethnic or
religious groups which were
separated or displaced when
the borders of new
independent nations were
established.
Poverty cuased by these
countries´ dependence on
selling raw materials such as
oil, rubber and diamonds to
developed countries.
As a result, they have not
invested in the new industries,
infrastructure and technical
education necessary for
sustainable economic
development.

36. THE END OF THE
COLD WAR

37. In the final decades of the 20th, the Eastern
bloc collapsed.
THE END OF THE COLD WAR

38. The end
of the
cold war
Reform in
the Soviet
Union
The
collapse of
the Eastern
Bloc The
dissolution
of the
USSR
THE END OF THE COLD WAR

39. THE END OF THE COLD WAR
The collapse
of
Communism
The Russian
Federation
The survival
of
Communism
China

40. REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION
After 1975, important
developments occured
in the Eastern Bloc.
Repressive policies in
Eastern Europe
USSR economic
stagnation
Perestroika

41. Repressive policies in Eastern Europe
There was increasing
popular discontent in Eastern
Europe.
This was caused by the
Soviet Union´s repressive
policies, which prevented
democratic reform.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

42. USSR economic stagnation
Causes:
The Soviet´s high military expenditure.
Consequences:
This reduced investment in other areas and led to
a fall in agricultural and industrial productivity.
There were shortages of food and consumer
goods.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

43. The Perestroika
 In 1985, Gorvachev was
named Secretary General of
the Soviet Communist Party
and leader of the USSR.
 He implemented a series of
political and economic
reforms known as
perestroika.
 The goal of the perestroika
was to end Soviet economic
stagnation.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

44. Political Reform Economic Reform
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

45. PERESTROIKA: POLITICAL REFORM
 The USSR evolved from a single-party system to one in
which other political parties were permitted.
 The State also adopted a policy known as glasnost, which
aimed to make government more open and transparent.
 As a part of glasnost,
limitations on freedom of
speech were also relaxed.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

46. PERESTROIKA: ECONOMIC REFORM
 In order to increase agricultural productivity, PRIVATE
OWNERSHIP OF LAND was allowed.
 SPENDING CUTS were also introduced in an attempt to reduce
state expenditure.
 However, these measures failed to improve the economic situation.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

47. In 1987, United States President Reagan
and Gorvachev had commited to withdraw
Soviet troops from Eastern Europe.
THE COLLAPSE OF THE
EASTERN BLOC
As a result, popular
protest movements
emerged in these
countries.
They wanted to
remove the
Communist regimes
from power.

48. In 1989, the Eastern European Communist
regimes were in a very weak position.
The most important revolutions occured in:
POLAND
In 1989 elections were
won by Solidarity. This
led to the formation of a
non-Communist
government.
THE COLLAPSE OF THE
EASTERN BLOC

49. In 1989, the Eastern European Communist
regimes were in a very weak position.
The most important revolutions occured in:
BERLIN
In 1989 the people of
Berlin pulled down the
Berlin Wall.
In 1990, the GDR
(East Germany)
 was dissolved and
 Germany was reunified.
THE COLLAPSE OF THE
EASTERN BLOC
The fall of the Berlin Wall.
1989, 11th November.

50.  Independent movements had
emerged in the Soviet republics
after the introduction of perestroika.
 In 1991, a number of these
republics gained independence.
 Gorvachev resigned and the
Soviet Union was dissolved.
 As a result, the Cold War
ended.
THE DISSOLUTION OF THE USSR

51. REMEMBER: THE USSR MAP

52. THE CIS
The USSR was
replaced by the
Commonwealth
of Independent
States (CIS),
which included
the Russian
Federation and a
majority of the
old Soviet
republics.

53. THE COMMONWEALTH OF
INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS)

55.  In 1990, the
Socialist republics
that made up
Yugoslavia
demanded their
independence.
 The largest republic
was Serbia, which
wanted to maintain
the unity of
Yugoslavia and
opposed to the
independent
movements.
THE DISSOLUTION OF
YUGOSLAVIA

56.  The independence
movements were based
in religious differences
among the different
republics of Yugoslavia.
THE DISSOLUTION OF
YUGOSLAVIA

57.  As a consequence of political and religious conflicts there
was a Civil war (1991-1995).
 As a result, Yugoslavia was divided into various states:
Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and
Serbia and Montenegro.
 In 2006, Montenegro
became independent.
 In 2008, the region of
Kosovo declared its
independencde from Serbia.
THE DISSOLUTION OF
YUGOSLAVIA
However, Serbia and Russia, and
some European countries didn´t
recognise Kosovo as an
independent state.