This document provides an overview of the Cold War and changes in Europe since World War II. It discusses how the Cold War began due to agreements at Yalta and Potsdam that divided Europe into Western and Eastern spheres of influence led by the US and USSR respectively. This led to the formation of opposing military alliances, NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Decolonization in the post-war period changed European demographics. The Cold War tensions eased in later decades due to détente policies and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Europe experienced economic growth and integration, culminating in the establishment of the European Union.

1. Unit XIII
Cold War & Changing Europe

2. • Three objectives:
– Why did the Cold
War begin and
how did Europe
take sides?
– How did the Cold
War turn hot and
end?
– How was Europe
changed since
WWII?

3. I. Why did the Cold War Begin?
• What agreements setup the Cold War and
how?
• What role did NATO and the Warsaw Pact
play?
• How did Khrushchev continue the image
of a “Cold” War?

4. A. What agreements setup the
Cold War and how?

5. 1. Atlantic Charter and Tehran

6. a. Charter
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Roosevelt and Churchill met on ship off
coast of Newfoundland (8/41)
Self-Determination.
Freedom from want & fear.
Decline of imperialism.
Less trade barriers.
b. Tehran
i. The Big Three – Stalin, FDR, Churchill
ii. Second front in West promised.
iii. Stalin will control East, poor foresight by
West.

7. 2. Yalta

8. a. FDR suspected Churchill wanted to
continue colonialism.
b. Feared Britain and USSR would grab
territory.
c. Allowed USSR to control islands to east
for cooperation against Japan.
d. United Nations.

9. 3. Potsdam

10. a. Clement Atlee, Truman, & Stalin.
b. Poland territory shifted West to punish
Germany.
c. Germany divided into occupied zones.
d. Growing sense USSR would not leave
EE.

11. B. What role did NATO and the
Warsaw Pact play?

12. 1. American Containment

13. a. Truman Doctrine wanted to stop spread
of communism.
b. George C. Marshall Plan economic aid to
all of Europe, rebuffed by USSR.
c. Western side of Germany unified by
industry & currency.
d. USSR feared this, sealed off Berlin.
e. USA airlifted supplies till USSR gave up.

14. 2. NATO

15. a. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
b. Military alliance to “protect the West.”
c. First nations to join: Belgium,
Luxembourg, France, United Kingdom,
Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway,
Denmark, Iceland, USA.
d. Attack on one is an attack on all.
e. Despite a continued alliance, France
created a separate defense & asked all
NATO forces to withdraw from France
from 1959-67.

16. 3. Warsaw Pact

17. a. Formed in 1950, year after NATO.
b. Same premise, but from communist
perspective.
c. USSR, Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, East
Germany.
d. USSR domination, no dominate partners
like in NATO (Anglo-American).

18. II. End of Colonization and
Tension
• How did France and Britain treat
decolonization differently?
• How did the rest of Europe react to
decolonization?
• How did the tensions between NATO and
the Warsaw Pact decrease?

19. A. How did France and Britain treat
decolonization differently?

20. 1. British Colonialism

21. a. British & Cecil Rhodes had cut piece of
African cake from the south to north central
for diamonds & other resources.
b. Cocoa & sugar plantations in the west.
c. Farms also dotted central to north Africa,
along with small amounts of settlers.
d. India provides tropical crops & manual labor.
e. “Western” parts of the empire = Canada,
Australia.
f. Britain hoped to provide civilization to
indigenous people they had brutally
conquered.

22. 2. French Colonialism

23. a. France looks for resources as well, such
as oil.
b. Larger settlement colonies.
c. Algeria has over 1 million Frenchmen by
1950.
d. Indochina provides tropical crops,
plantations.
e. France is more determined to hold onto
colonies, greatness,
f. Redeeming itself from WWI, WWII.

24. 3. Great Powers Give Way

25. a. France loses Indochina, but drags USA in for aid
then a follow-up war to fight communism.
b. French learned from guerilla warfare, fatal flaws =
outgunned/determined at Diem Bien Phu.
c. Algeria is part of metropolitan France, they elect
members to National Assembly.
d. Brutal War of Algiers is fought to bitter end.
e. France gives up other colonies while in pursuit.
f. French Army is sent in after Arabs & colonials use
civilian terrorism.
g. 4th Republic collapses, De Gaulle comes to rescue
as President of 5th Republic.
h. Lets Algerians vote for freedom, French move out,
despite last minute mutiny of Army.

26. B. How did the rest of Europe react
to decolonization?

27. 1. Portugal
a. Angola and Mozambique.
b. Brutal war of suppression.
c. Determined to keep colonies, more than
any other power.
d. Eventually was worn down by war of
attrition.

28. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Belgium
Congo, Rwanda, Burundi
Had been personal property of King Leopold II.
Amputations used as work motivation.
Turned over to Belgium.
Natural resources still pillaged.
In Rwanda & Burundi, indigenous people were
turned against each other.
7. Tutsi were treated as land owning elite, Hutu
as working class.
8. Eventually, independence is given despite no
preparedness.

29. C. How did the tensions between
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
decrease?

30. 1. Eisenhower
a. Dwight Eisenhower wants to contain
USSR peacefully.
b. U2 spy plane is caught over USSR,
cools relations.
c. Nixon engages Khrushchev in Kitchens
debate.
d. Relies on nuclear weapon buildup.

31. 2. JFK
a. Antagonizes USSR with Bay of Pigs.
b. USSR agrees to supply nuclear missiles
and Castro will keep them in Cuba.
c. Standoff over USA embargo of island.
Khrushchev prevails over war mongers
in Kremlin.
d. Makes deal with JFK to withdraw
missiles if Cuba is left alone.
e. Khrushchev looks weak, is forced out.

32. 3. Détente
a. Richard Nixon is a conservative anticommunist.
b. He & Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
create triangular diplomacy.
c. Pit USSR and China against each other.
d. Creates peaceful relations with each,
makes old enemies suspicious of each
other.
e. SALT I and II treaties agree to decrease
the amount of nuclear weapons.

33. D. Hot War Toll
1. Korea – UN cooperation against communists.
USSR abstained from vote to support South
Korea (50’s). Caused suspicion, “limited war.”
2. Vietnam – began breaking down French
imperialism, decreased cooperation among
allies, caused social unrest. (50’s-70’s)
3. Afghanistan – USSR occupation as border
stabilizations or grab at Middle East. Failed
after years of guerilla tactics.

34. III. Europe Changing and
Uniting
• How did the European population and
culture change?
• How did technology impact Europe?
• How and why did Europe unify?

35. A. How did the European
population and culture change?

36. 1. Culture & Lifestyle.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Consumerism increased due to mass production.
American Century exports culture.
Feminism on the rise.
Marriage declines.
Decline of church attendance.
Increase in university attendance.
Uses of contraception increases, abortion.
Social unrest
i. Prague Spring – ’68 uprising
a) Socialist want debate
b) New leader, Leonid Brezhnev, sends tanks to
crush supposed opposition.
ii. French youth challenge De Gaulle.

37. 2. Immigration
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Return of settlers.
Former colonists join people in Europe.
Pakistanis to Britain
Algerians to France
Africans to Italy
Eastern Europeans shift to Western Europe
Population growth of “indigenous” Europeans
declines.

38. 3. Economics
a.
b.
c.
d.
Eastern Europe faces stagnation.
American domination subsides as European factories
are rebuilt.
Increasing liberal trends toward free trade.
USSR
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Mikhail Gorbachev introduces perestroika – open elections
Glasnost – introduces more open market
Citizens get a taste of commodities, want more.
USSR is outspent by Reagan and military growth.
Communists attempts coup to force Gorbachev out.
Boris Yeltsin leads revolt against coup, army backs him
(1991)
USSR breaks up and gives way to capitalist republics.

39. B. How did technology impact
Europe?

40. 1. Devices, Concepts
a. Widespread flow of information
b. New commercial, cultural importance of
information itself
c. Intensification of devices to create, store, share
information
d. The personal computer
e. The Internet
f. Entertainment spreads through cable, satellite
g. Corporate headquarters remain in the West

41. 2. Medicine
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Population 1960–2000: population doubled - 6 billion
Improvements standards of health
Improving urban-industrial environment in postcolonial
regions
Longer life spans, welfare programs, rising healthcare
costs, easily obtainable divorces
Population decline: Italy, Scandinavia, Russia
Exposure to epidemic diseases - globalization
Exposure of new ecosystems to human development,
speed of intercontinental transportation
(AIDS) first appeared at end of 1970s
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) appeared
2003
Discovery DNA (1953), Mapping human genome
Genetic engineering , Dolly (1997)
Legal & moral issues of cloning

42. C. How and why did Europe unify?

43. 1. End of Cold War
a. USSR break up, leaves former bloc in
capitalist free fall.
b. Velvet Revolution in Romania leads to
independence of other states.
c. Economic transition is successful in
many, states, especially Poland.
d. Eastern states provide cheap labor for
West.

44. 2. Political Change
a. After WWII, welfare states are created to
provide cradle to grave services.
b. Christian-Democrats and Conservatives
opposes too much government.
c. Socialists, Social-Democrats, & Labour
support modern liberal ideals.
d. Burdensome debt protectionism are not
favored.

45. 3. European Union
a. 1957 – Treaty of Rome makes European
Economic Community
b. 11/1993 EEC renamed European Union
eliminating barriers of trade., established Euro.
c. 2004 expansion to include Eastern states.
d. European Constitution was recently approved
(2009) & established a European Presidency.