Objective of the study:- What is behavior? Innate and Learned Behavior. Types of Innate and Learned Behavior with examples.

1. Innate & Learned
Behavior
(Sem-3,Paper-1, Unit-2)
Abhijeet Bhattacharya
KSD’s Model College
Dombivali

2. Introduction. Animal behavior includes all the ways
animals interact with other organisms and
the physical environment.
Behavior can also be defined as a change
in the activity of an organism in response
to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or
both.
Two Types:-
➢Innate
➢Learned.

3. Characteristics of Innate Behavior
➢Genetically based, it is inherited from parents
➢Fixed, experiences do not alter the behavior.
➢It is independent of the environment
➢Adapts the animal to its environment making survival more likely.
➢Innate behavior can only change by the mutation of genes.
➢The knee-jerk reflex tested by doctors and the sucking reflex of human infants,
are very simple innate behaviors.

4. Classification of
Innate behavior
kinesis
Taxis
Reflex
Instinct

5. Kinesis
• For some lower animals, reflex like movement is non directional and
random.
• Such undirected orientation is called kinesis.
• Orthokinesis: in which the speed of movement of the individual is
dependent upon the stimulus intensity. Ex- locomotion of woodlice in
relation to humidity.
• Klinokinesis: in which the frequency or rate of turning is proportional to
stimulus intensity. Ex- some flatworms turns more frequently in
response to light. Cockroach more active during darkness.

6. Kinesis

7. Taxis
➢Taxis is a behavioral response of a cell or an organism to an
external stimulus.
➢The movement may be positive or negative.
➢A positive taxis is one in which the organism or a cell moves towards
the source of stimulation(attraction).
➢ A negative taxis is when the organism or a cell moves away from the
source of stimulation (repulsion).

8. Types of
Taxis
➢aerotaxis
➢anemotaxis
➢barotaxis
➢chemotaxis
➢durotaxis
➢galvanotaxis
➢gravitaxis
➢hydrotaxis
➢magnetotaxis
➢phonotaxis
➢phototaxis
➢rheotaxis
➢thermotaxis
➢thigmotaxis

9. Taxis

10. Reflex Action
➢Reflex action is a sudden and involuntary response to stimuli.
➢ It helps organisms to quickly adapt to an adverse circumstance that
could have the potential to cause bodily harm or even death.
➢The anatomical pathway of a reflex is called the reflex arc.
➢ It consists of an afferent (sensory) nerve, usually one or more
interneurons within the central nervous system, and an efferent
(motor, secretory, or secreto-motor) nerve.

11. Reflex
Action

12. Instinct
➢Instinct is a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are unlearned and
set in motion as the result of some environmental stimuli.
➢The simplest example of an instinctive behavior is a fixed action
pattern (FAP).
➢It is different from reflex action as more complex behavior is observed in
instinct. Example- Mother bird feeding her babies, spawning by Salmon,
hibernation in certain animals.
➢Imprinting, a type of instinct is a complex response may involve visual,
auditory, and olfactory signals in the environment surrounding an organism.

13. IMPRINTING & FAP

14. Learned Behavior

15. Learned Behavior
➢Learned behavior is behavior that occurs
only with experience or practice.
➢It is more flexible than innate behavior.
Methods of learning:
1.Habituation
2.Observational learning
3.Conditioning
4.Insight learning
5. Play

16. Habituation
➢Habituation is the diminishing of an innate
response to a frequently repeated stimulus.
➢Learn not to respond to a stimulus that is
presented repeatedly without change,
punishment, or reward.
➢ During habituation, fewer neurotransmitters
are released at the synapse.
➢Example:- New ringtone will draw attention
initially but later it fails to draw attention!! or,
domesticated birds seldom run away from
people !!

17. Habituation

18. Observational Learning
➢Observational learning is learning that occurs
through observing the behavior of others.
➢Albert Bandura formulated the theory of
Observational learning.
➢ Bobo doll experiment.
➢The four stages of observational learning are:
✓Attention
✓Retention
✓Production
✓Motivation

19. Observational
Learning.
(Bobo doll
Experiment)

20. Conditioning
➢Conditioning, a behavioral process
whereby a response becomes more
frequent or more predictable in a given
environment as a result of reinforcement.
➢Reinforcement typically being a stimulus
or reward for a desired response.
➢Conditioning can be:
✓Classical Conditioning.
✓Operant Conditioning.
➢Both are part of Associative Learning.

21. Classical Conditioning
➢ Classical
conditioning refers to a
learning procedure in
which a biologically potent
stimulus (e.g. food) is
paired with a previously
neutral stimulus (e.g. a
bell).
➢ The famous Ivan Pavlov’s
Experiment with dog.

22. Operant Conditioning
Method of learning that employs
rewards and punishments for behavior.
Also called Instrumental Learning.
B.F. Skinner formulated the theory for
Operant Conditioning. He identified
three types of responses, or operant:-
✓Neutral
✓Reinforcers
✓Punishers

23. Insight learning
➢Insight learning is a type of learning or
problem solving that happens all-of-a-
sudden.
➢Able to understand the relationships of
various parts of a problem rather than
through trial and error.
➢In other words able to associate various
objects and actions.
➢Wolfgang Kohler formulated this theory on
Chimpanzees.

24. Play
➢Play is defined as a range of voluntary
and internally motivated
activities (spontaneous actions),
normally associated with enjoyment.
➢Not directly related to the immediate
increase of survival of the organism.
➢Animal to learn the limitation and its
abilities.
➢Helps in parental bonding and
develop social skills.
➢Helps to learn about the
environment.