Types Animal Behavior

1. Animal Behavior types
Presented by: Abdul Qahar
Buneri
AWKUM (BUNER CAMPUS)

2. The first type is innate behavior.
● From Latin . innatus "inborn,“
● Innate behaviors are those you develop on your own,
whichdo not need to be taught or learned.
● Innate behavior is something the animal is born knowing
how to do.
● Examples include fish swimming and geese migrating.
● What other examplescan you think of?

3. Innate behavior
● Behavior determined bythe "hard-wiring" of the nervous
system is Innate behavior .
● It is usually inflexible, agiven stimulus triggering agiven
response.
● Example: Asalamander raised awayfrom water until long
after its siblings begin swimming successfully will swim
everybit aswell asthey the veryfirst time it isplacedin the
water.
● Clearly this rather elaborate response is "built in" in the
species and not something that must be acquired by practice.

4. Types of innate behavior
● 1:irratibity
● 2:tropisam
● 3:nasties
● 4:taxes
● 5:kinesisi
● 6:reflex action
● 7:instinct
● 8:motivation
● let study detail

5. Types if innate behavior
● 1: Irritability
def.: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli.
● Conditions
● Irritability can occur in people experiencing any of avariety
of conditions, including:
● Anxiety
● Alcoholism
● Fever

6. Examples of irritability
● Protozoans lack nervosasystem but protoplasm is capable of
receiving the stimuli.
● Theycan distinguished between edible and non edible
particles.

7. 2: tropism :
Cause ofname: (from Greek trope, "aturning")
Def: it isabiological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning
movement of abiological organism, usuallyaplant, in response
to an environmental stimulus.or
involuntary orientation byan organism or one of its parts that
involves turning or curving bymovement or bydifferential
growthand is apositive or negative response to asource of
stimulation
●In tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction ofthe
stimulus
● Tropisms are typically associated with plants.

9. 3:nasties
● Def:
theseAre non directional responsesto stimuli (e.g.
temperature, humidity, light irradiance), and are usually
associated with plants
● The movement can be due to changes in turgor or changesin
growth.
● Nastic movements differ from tropic movements in that the
direction of tropic responses depends on the direction of the
stimulus, whereas the direction of nastic movements is
independent of the stimulus' position.

10. Examples of nasties

11. 4:Taxis
● Cause of name: Ataxis from ancient Greek meaning
arrangement
● Def.:
it is an innate behavioral response byan organism to a
directional stimulus or gradient of stimulus intensity.
● Ataxis differsfrom atropism (turning response, often
growthtowards or awayfrom astimulus) in that the
organismhasmotility anddemonstrates guidedmovement
towards or awayfrom the stimulus source

12. Examples
● For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus Euglenamove
towards alight source. Here the directional stimulusislight,
and the orientation movement is towards the light. This
reaction or behaviour is apositive one to light and
specifically termed "positive phototaxis", since phototaxis is
aresponse to alight stimulus, and the organismismoving
towards the stimulus. Ifthe organism moves awayfrom the
stimulus, then the taxis isnegative.

13. 5:Kinesis
● Kinesis, like ataxis, is amovement or activity of acell or an
organismin response to astimulus. However, unliketaxis,
the response to the stimulusprovided (suchasgasexposure,
light intensity or ambient temperature) is non-directional.
● Kinesis isan animals non-directional response to astimulus,
for example humidity. The animal does not move toward or
awaythe stimulus but moves at either aslow or fast rate
dependingon its "comfort zone." In thiscase afast
movement(non random) means that the animal is searching
for its comfort zone but aslow movement indicates that it
has found it.

14. ● The two main typesof kinesesinclude:
● Orthokinesis: in which the speed of movement of the
individual is dependent upon the intensity of the stimulus.
Take, for example, the locomotion of awoodlice in relation
to temperature. With increased humidity there is an increase
in the percentage time that the woodlice will remain
stationary.

15. Klinokinesis:
in which the frequency or rate of turning is
proportional to stimulus intensity.
e.g planaira changes its direction of
movement according to the intensity of light.
in dim light it turns oaccsaionsliy but in
bright light the rate of turning increase.
Both orthokinesis and klinokineses result in
aggregations. However, the stimulus does
not act to attract or repel individuals

16. 7: Reflex actions
●Of the many kinds of neural activity, there is one simple kind
in which a stimulus leads to an immediate action. This is reflex
activity. The word reflex(from Latin reflexus, “reflection”) was
introduced into biology by a 19th-century English neurologist,
Marshall Hall, who fashioned the word because he thought of
the muscles as reflecting astimulus much asawall reflects a
ball thrown against it. Byreflex, Hall meant the automatic
response of a muscle or several muscles to a stimulus that
excites an afferent nerve. The term is now used to describe an
action that is an inborn central nervous system activity, not
involving consciousness, in which a particular stimulus, by
exciting an afferent nerve, produces astereotyped, immediate
response of muscle or gland

17. ● The anatomical pathway of a reflex is called the reflex arc.
It consists of an afferent (or sensory) nerve, usually one or
more interneurons within the central nervous system, and
an efferent (motor, secretory, or secreto-motor) nerve.
Probably the best-known reflex is the pupillary light
reflex.
● If a light is flashed near one eye, the pupils of both eyes
contract. Light is the stimulus; impulses reach the brain via
the optic nerve; and the response is conveyed to the
pupillary musculature by autonomic nerves that supply the
eye. Another reflex involving the eye is known as the
lacrimal reflex. When something irritates the conjunctiva
or cornea of the eye, the lacrimal reflex causes nerve
impulses to pass along the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal)
and reach the midbrain. The efferent limb of this reflex arc
is autonomic and mainly parasympathetic. These nerve
fibers stimulate the lacrimal glands of the orbit, causing the
outpouring of tears.

18. Example of reflex action:

20. 7:Instinct
● Instinct is the inherent inclination of a living
organism toward aparticular complex behavior.
● Any behavior is instinctive if it is performed without
being based upon prior experience
● An instinct should be distinguished from a reflex, which is
a simple response of an organismto a specific stimulus
● such as the contraction of the pupil in response to bright
light or the spasmodic movement of the lower legwhen the
knee is tapped
● The behavior in fixed way is called fixed action pattern.

21. Fixed Action Patterns
● Afixed action pattern (FAP) is asequence of unlearned,
innate behaviorsthat is unchangeable.
● Once initiated, it is usually carried to completion.

22. Fixed Action Patterns
● AFAPis triggered byan external sensorystimulus known as
asign stimulus.
● The egg, for example.

23. ● LorenzandTinbergen (1938) examined egg-rolling
behavior in the greylaggoose.
● Ifthe eggslipped away
, she continued the motion.
● Once started, the behavior must be completed in aspecific
way.

24. Fixed Action Patterns
● Inmalesticklebacks,thesignstimulusfor attackbehavior,is
theredundersideofanintruder.
(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.

25. Fixed Action Patterns
● Whenpresentedwithunrealisticmodels,aslongassome
redispresent,theattackbehavioroccurs.
● Noattackoccurswiththerealistic model that lacksred.

26. Fixed Action Patterns

27. An instinctive behavior of shaking
water from wet fur.

28. Fixed Action Patterns
● MaleEnglishrobinswill
attackabundleof red
feathersplacedintheir
territory, but will ignorea
stuffedjuvenile(nored).

29. Fixed Action Patterns
● Therearecostsinvolvedwithattackbehavior.
● Inappropriate attackresponsescanbecostly.
● Reditemsarenotcommonintheenvironment.

30. 8:Motivation
● Motivation isthepsychologicalfeaturethatarousesan
organismtoactiontoward adesired goal andelicits,
controls, andsustainscertaingoaldirectedbehaviors. For
instance:Anindividualhasnoteaten,heorshefeelshungry,
andasaresponseheorsheeatsanddiminishesfeelingsof
hunger. Therearemanyapproachestomotivation:
physiological, behavioural,cognitive,andsocial
● Motivationmayberootedinabasicneedtominimize
physicalpainandmaximizepleasure, orit mayinclude
specificneedssuchaseatingandresting,orforadesired
object. Conceptually,motivationisrelatedto, butdistinct
from,emotion.

31. Intrinsic motivation
● Intrinsicmotivationreferstomotivationthatisdrivenbyan
interestorenjoymentinthetaskitself,andexistswithinthe
individualratherthanrelyingonanyexternalpressure. Intrinsic
motivationisbasedontakingpleasureinanactivityratherthan
workingtowardsanexternalreward.Intrinsicmotivationhas
beenstudiedsincetheearly1970s.
● Studentswhoareintrinsicallymotivatedaremorelikely to engage
inthetaskwillinglyaswellasworktoimprovetheirskills,which
willincrease theircapabilities.Students are likelytobe
intrinsicallymotivatedifthey:
● attributetheireducationalresultstofactorsundertheirown
control, also knownasautonomy,
● learningtoachievegoodgrades.

32. Extrinsic motivation
● Extrinsicmotivationrefers to theperformanceofanactivity
inordertoattainanoutcome,which then contradicts
intrinsicmotivation.Itiswidelybelievedthatmotivation
performstwofunctions.Thefirstisoftenreferredtoasthe
energetic activationcomponentofthemotivationconstruct.
Thesecondisdirectedataspecificbehaviorandmakes
reference to theorientationdirectionalcomponent.
● Commonextrinsicmotivationsarerewardslike moneyand
grades, andthreat of punishment.

34. The other type is learned behavior.
EnshaAllhainnext
class.
THANX