Literature

1. SUBJECT : Literature
LECTURE : Miss Rani
Leader : Ani Istiana
Members : 1. Pipih Yanti
2. Romy Mardian
3. Warsono
THE HISTORY OF THE
NOVEL

2. INTRODUCTORY
The definition of a
novel
NOVEL
The main element
in the novel
The history of the
novel
The development
of the novel
The emergence of
the novel

3. A novel is a long prose narrative that describes fictional
characters and events, usually in the form of a sequential story,
written by a novelist. The genre has historical roots in antiquity
and the fields of medieval and early modern romance and in
the tradition of the novella. The latter, an Italian word used to
describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term
in the 18th century.
THE DEFINITION OF A NOVEL

4. The present English (and Spanish) word derives from the Italian
novella for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the
Latin novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of novellus, diminutive
of novus, meaning "new". Most European languages have preserved the term
"romance" (as in French, Russian, Croatian, Romanian, Danish, Swedish and
Norwegian "roman"; German "Roman"; Portuguese "romance" and Italian
"romanzo") for extended narratives.
Then, prose itself means a form of language which applies
ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech rather than rhythmic
stucture (as in traditional poetry). While there are critical debates on the
construction of prose, its simplicity and loosely defined structure has led to its
adoption for the majority of spoken dialogue, factual discourse as well as topical
and fictional writing. It is commonly used, for example, in literature, newspapers,
magazines, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film , history, philosophy ,law and many
other forms of communication.

5. There are six kinds of novel. They are: adventure, psychological,
detective, sociological, political, and collective novels.
1. Adventure novel
An adventure novel tells about an exiting and dangerous
journey. And also, it talks about experiences and is full with many
events. In adventure novel, the most dominant role is man because
the content of this story involves man’s problem. If women are
mentioned in this novel, they are only minor characters in the story.
2. Psychological novel
This novel emphasizes on the description of the character’s
psychological development. In this novel, the author gives attention
to the psychological changes of the characters.

6. 3. Romance
The romance novel is a literary genre developed in Western culture,
mainly in English-speaking countries. Novels in this genre place their primary
focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people, and must have
an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending." Through the late 20th and
early 21st centuries, these novels are commercially in two main varieties:
category romances, which are shorter books with a one-month shelf-life, and
single-title romances, which are generally longer with a longer shelf-life. For
example: Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare.
4. Detective novel
This novel tells about mysteries, secrets, and crimes. The author always
tries to create a good technique by raising suspense to guess the follow up of the
story in order that the readers are more interested to read it.

7. 5. Sociological novel
Sociological novel emphasizes on the influence of social and
economic condition on the characters and events.
6. Political novel
In this novel, the problems are not observed from people’s problem
point of view as individual but it is observed from the group’s problem point
of view in the society, and from the reaction of each group to the problem that
arises and the character is just used as the proponent of plot.
7. Collective novel
This novel focuses on social problems. In this novel, there is a mix
between anthropology and sociology.
The novel investigated in this study belongs to the adventure novel because
it tells about exciting and dangerous journeys which are full with conflicts.
Besides, the most dominant role is a man and women are only minor characters
in the story.

8. Historic of Novel English literature ?
The English novel is an important part of English literature. This article
focuses on novels, written in English, by novelists who were born or have spent a
significant part of their lives in England, or Scotland, or Wales, or Northern Ireland
(or Ireland before 1922)]. However, given the nature of the subject, this guideline
has been applied with common sense, and reference is made to novels in other
languages or novelists who are not primarily British where appropriate.
The historical novel rose to prominence in Europe in the early 19th
century as part of the Romantic reaction to the Englightenment. Despite the fact
that Jane Porter’s 1803 novel Thaddeus of Warsaw is one of the earliest
examples of the historical novel and went through at least 84 editions, including
translation into French and German, critics in the later Victorian period saw Sir
Walter Scott, whose works were immensely popular throughout Europe, as the
creator of the genre in English.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE NOVEL

9. In the 20th-century Gyorgy Lukacs argued that Scott was the first fiction
writer who saw history not just as a convenient frame in which to stage a
contemporary narrative, but rather as a distinct social and cultural setting. Scott's
Scottish novels such as Waverley (1814) and Rob Roy (1817) focused upon a
middling character who sits at the intersection of various social groups in order to
explore the development of society through conflict. Ivanhoe (1820) gained credit
for renewing interest in the Middle Ages. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre
Dame (1831) furnished another 19th-century example of the romantic-historical
novel as does Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. In the United States, James Fenimore
Cooper was a prominent author of historical novels. In French literature, the
most prominent inheritor of Scott's style of the historical novel was Balzac.

10. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL
English novel came into existence in the beginning of 18th century with
the emergence of new middle class. During this time, public interest in human
characters grew and this led to the popularity of autobiographies, biographies,
journals, diaries and memoirs. Novelists showed interest in the newly emerged
complex middle-class characters who were struggling with their morality and
social issues. Tom Jones, a foundling was written by Henry Fielding during this
time and focused on the social structure that prevailed in England during that
time.
The first half of the 19th century was influenced by romanticism and the
focus was on nature and imagination. Gothic (horror) and romantic novels were
written during this time. Jane Austen wrote highly polished novels about the life of
the landed gentry and social issues like marriage and property from women’s
perspective.
By looking at the history or genesis of novel in England above, we realise
that author’s of different eras have provided the readers with a glimpse, if not a
complete picture of a society, economic trends, cultural and religious beliefs of the
time they wrote in.

11. With change in time and situation of the world, the focus area of the
novelist kept on moving. They covered varied subjects in their work starting from
romances to naturalism, marriage and property, middle-class and landed gentry
and so on.
In the period between 1837 to 1901, the Victorian novelists became
popular. They portrayed middle-class, virtuous heroes responding to harsh
society. Stories of working class poor people were directed to incite sympathy.
The development of the middle-class and the manners and expectations of this
class, as opposed to the aristocrat forms were the focus of the novelists of this
period. Charles Dickens emerged as a literary figure and wrote about London life
and struggles of the poor in Oliver Twist.
In the early twentieth century, Rudyard Kipling wrote highly versatile
novels, short stories and poems, often based on his experience in British India.
E.M.Forster also wrote A Passage to India which reflected challenges to
imperialism. Novels from this era reflected great world events such as The Great
Depression, World War II, Hiroshima, The Cold War and Communism. Crime,
political and military confrontations were the areas of novelists and readers
interest.