Biology 2.4
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Chemical reactions involve reactants being converted into products through breaking and forming chemical bonds, requiring a minimum amount of energy called the activation energy. Catalysts like enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this activation energy, with enzymes being protein catalysts that facilitate substrate reactions within cells.
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The reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid is exothermic, meaning it releases heat. The heat is produced from the chemical energy stored in the reactants, which converts to thermal energy during the reaction, causing the temperature of the mixture to rise. This thermal energy is then lost to the surroundings, returning the temperature to normal.
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Energy Changes and Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions require energy to break and form bonds. Exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb, causing an increase in temperature. Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release, causing a decrease in temperature. All reactions require a minimum amount of activation energy to start. The rate of reaction depends on factors like concentration, temperature, surface area, catalysts and inhibitors. Catalysts lower the activation energy and speed up reactions without being used up.
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Kinetics is the study of how reaction rates change. Reactions require energy to break bonds of reactants but release energy when forming new bonds of products. Endothermic reactions absorb energy for bond breaking while little is released in bond formation. Exothermic reactions absorb little energy for bond breaking and release much during product formation. Collision theory states reaction rates depend on effective collisions affected by various factors like concentration, temperature, and presence of a catalyst, which lowers activation energy without being used up in the reaction.
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Chemical reactions require energy to break and form bonds. Exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb, causing an increase in temperature. Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release, causing a decrease in temperature. All reactions require a minimum amount of activation energy to start. The rate of reaction depends on factors like concentration, temperature, surface area, catalysts and inhibitors. Catalysts lower the activation energy and speed up reactions without being used up.
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Kinetics is the study of how reaction rates change. Reactions require energy to break bonds of reactants but release energy when forming new bonds of products. Endothermic reactions absorb energy for bond breaking while little is released in bond formation. Exothermic reactions absorb little energy for bond breaking and release much during product formation. Collision theory states reaction rates depend on effective collisions affected by various factors like concentration, temperature, and presence of a catalyst, which lowers activation energy without being used up in the reaction.
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Enzymes are biological catalysts that are usually proteins. They increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required. Enzymes have a specific 3D shape that substrates fit into, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions depends on factors like temperature, pH, substrate and product concentrations, and the presence of cofactors. Energy from exergonic reactions is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells by coupling them to ATP synthesis and hydrolysis.
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Biology 2.4
- 1. 2.4 Chemical Reactions & Enzymes
- 2. Chemical Reaction Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
- 3. Reactant • Element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
- 4. Product • Element or compound produced by a chemical reaction
- 5. Activation Energy • Energy needed to get a reaction started
- 6. Catalyst • Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
- 7. Enzyme • Protein that acts as a biological catalyst
- 8. Substrate • Reactant of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
- 9. Key concept • Chemical reactions always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.
- 10. Key Concept • Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
- 11. Key Concept • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.