This document outlines the aims, schedule, and content for a Building Technology and Construction module. The module aims to teach students about load-bearing systems, construction documentation, and choosing appropriate structural solutions. Over 11 weeks, topics will include foundations, roofs, walls, floors, stairs, and finishes. Students will learn about building elements, structural systems, loads on buildings, and achieving structural equilibrium. They will complete modeling, drawing, and documentation assignments related to residential construction.

1. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY &
CONSTRUCTION
MArch. Dipl.-Ing. Arch.
Interior Design Lecturer ID
Sandra DRASKOVIC
Raffles International Institute

2. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute MODULE AIMS:
1. To learn the basic knowledge of load-bearing systems, building
elements, finishes, standard and codes
2. To understand the content and purpose of construction
documentation and shop drawings
3. To learn how to prepare drawing documentation for tenders, bidding
and construction
4. To communicate accurately using construction graphic symbols and
standards
5. To learn how to chose correct load-bearing system for proposed
design solution and enable its‘ buildability
6. To acquaint knowledge about construction elements and building systems
possibilities as base for creative construction solutions
7. To acquire knowledge about technical documentation and levels of
detailing in various drawings (from less detailed to more accurate)
8. To get the basic understanding of dimensions of load-bearing systems
and elements.

3. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute WEEKLY SCHEDULE
WEEK 1: LOAD-BEARING SYSTEMS, TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONS,
LOADS, FOUNDATIONS, FACTORS & ASPECTS
WEEK 2: FOUNDATIONS
WEEK 3: ROOFS
A 1: MODEL MAKING, DRAWINGS
WEEK 4: OPENINGS: WINDOWS, OPENINGS: DOORS
WEEK 5: WALLS, FLOORS,
A 2: CROSS-SECTION HOUSE FRAMING
WEEK 6: STAIRCASE, ENTRANCE
A 3: HOUSE SECTIONS WITH WALLS, FLOORS, CEILINGS
WEEK 7: CEILINGS
A 4: DOORS AND WINDOWS SPECIFICATION
WEEK 8: FINISHES AND MATERIALS FLOORS AND WALLS
WEEK 9: DETAILS
A 5: STAIRCASE
WEEK 10: CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION
A 6: RESIDENTIAL PROJECT DOCUMENTATION
WEEK 11: CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION
EXAM

4. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute BUILDING ELEMENTS
1.FOUNDATIONS : foundation walls and foundation
foot, piles system ...
2.VERTICAL ELEMENTS: walls, columns
3.HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS: beams, joists, floor construction
4.SPECIAL ELEMENTS: staircase, chimney
5.OPENINGS: windows, doors
6.ROOF SYSTEMS roof construction

5. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute SYSTEM
roof system
walls
staircase
window
floor systems
foundation

6. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute SYSTEM
roof finishes
roof system
wall system
window & doors
floor systems
foundation
floor finishes

7. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute LOADS
1. STATIC LOADS:
A static load is the effect of gravity on
an object or structure and applied
slowly to structure.
vertical loads: snow loads
accumulated on the roof, dead loads
by construction elements by itself,
rain water accumulation, pool
equipment, underground Hydrostatic
and soil pressure etc
live loads: water tanks, furniture
weights and occupancy equipment,
weight of people
2. DYNAMIC LOADS:
A dynamic load is the forces that
move or change when acting on a
structure.
rapid kinetic changes: wind loads,
earthquake, movable tracks or
vibration equipment, sudden forces
and loads
3. IMPACT LOADS:

8. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute LOADS
STATIC LOADS: DYNAMIC LOADS:

9. Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM

10. Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM
DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS
• CONCENTRATED LOADS
acts on a small areaor particular poin os a supporting
structure element: beam, column and it is transfered to its
footing.
2. UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
is a load of uniformly distributed magnitude extended
over the length of area of suppoting structure element:
slab, beam, wall and transfered to it foundation.

11. Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM

12. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM
01
02
03
COLUMN
SLAB
EXTERIOR WALL PANEL
BOUTIQUE HOTEL NOBEL, BELGRADE
Design team: A.Zatezalo, C.Ristic, S.Draskovic…

13. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM
01
02
03

14. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute MODULE AIMS:

15. October 12© Draskovic 2012
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute MODULE AIMS:

16. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM
01
03
02
1. VERTICAL PANELS X-AXIS
2. VERTICAL WALLS Y-AXIS
3. DIAGONAL STEEL CABLES AND
CONCRETE PANELS

17. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL EQUILIBRIUM
1. Structural lateral stability – balance of
forces
2. Diagonal steel frames to adjust dynamic
loads
3. Dynamic forces on high-rise
buildings

18. ENCLOUSURE
AND
PROTECTION
• Wall, floor,
ceiling finishes
• Roof cladding
• Thermo
insulation
• Sound
insulation
• Hydro
insulation
• Fire insulation
• etc
RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
BUILDING
ELEMENTS
LOAD-BEARING
• Foundations
• Walls
• Columns
• Beams
• Joists
• Floor
construction
• Roofs
• Staircase
NON-BEARING
• Partition walls
• Windows
• Doors
• etc

19. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
WHEN WE SPEAK OF ARCHITECTURE AS ART OF
BUILDING, WE SHALL CONSIDER FOLLOWING
CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS OF ORDER:
1.The definition scale, proportion, organization of the
interior space of the building
2.Human activities in the space, ergonomic needs, their
size and dimension
3.Access to the horzontal and vertical paths of movement
through the interior of building
4.The aesthetic qualities of a building:shape, form, light,
space size, materials, textures, colors, patterns etc
5.The building as integral component within natural and
built environment
6.The building as coherent structure of its elements

20. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ELEMENTS OF BUILDINGS:
1.STRUCTURAL LOAD-BEARING SYSTEM:
substructure (foundations), superstructure (vertical
elements: walls, columns, pillars, diagonal earthquake
support), horizontal extensions (slabs, beams, rings),
roof structure
2.ENCLOSURE SYSTEM:
exterior walls, roof clading and covering,
doors,windows, interior walls and partitions to
subdivide interior space into spatial units
1.MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, HEATING, LIGHTING,
WATER SUPPLY, WATER SEWERAGE, VENTILATION,
COOLING, FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

21. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
WALLS AND SLABS SYSTEM:
A. Longitudinal: one way of
systems of joists or slabs,
walls or columns
B. Transversal: two-way systems
of beams and slabs – more
effective for square bays
C. Two-way slab: supported by
four columnts
D. Combined: load bearing
walls, slabs or joists.
CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS:
• FOUNDATIONS
• WALLS
• SLABS
• REINFORCED CONCRETE
RING
D
B
C
C
D
C
D
C
CC

22. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

23. Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
COLUMNS, JOISTS AND BEAMS
A.System of beams, joists
and slabs (solid, hollow core, slabs with tees)
that transfer trusses to columns
and foundations
B. Frame system

24. Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

25. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STABILITY OF SYSTEM
A horizontal concrete ring
• connection of horizontal and vertical elements
• at the level of flooring construction and slabs
• staircases platform and landing
• MIN 19x19 cm
B vertical concrete ring
• connection of two walls
• every corners
• beginning / end of wall
• distance 5-6 m
• MIN 19x19 cm

26. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
B
B
MAX span between concrete rings is 5-
6 m
A

27. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STATIC SCHEME
CONCRETE SOLID SLAB AND WALLS CONCRETE SLAB WITH TEES AND
WALLS

28. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute STATIC SCHEME - STAIRCASES
CONTINUAL CONCRETE SLAB CONCRETE SLAB AND BEAMS

29. RAFFLES October 2012
Raffles International Institute SPAN OF ELEMENTS
TIMBER:
Planks: 0-5 m
Beams (8x16 cm): 0-8 m
Joists: 30-60 cm
Laminated beams: up to 22 m
STEEL:
Decking: 0-5 m
Wide flange beams: 0-18 m
Open web joists 0-28 m
REINFORCED CONCRETE:
One-way slab: 0-5 (6) m
Joist slab: 0-12 m
Precast planks: 0-12 m
Precast tees: up to 25 (30) m
Flat plates: 0-8 m
Two way slabs and beams: 0-12 m
Waffle slabs: 0-16 m
Waffle slabs
Two way slabs