Subsurface technology of construction

1. ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY CEDLO7015

2. Course details
 Credits: 3
 No. of hours: 3
 IAAverage: 20
 End sem: 80

3. Course Objective
 To study and understand the latest construction techniques applied to engineering construction for
sub structure.
 2. To summarize the students about various techniques of super structure construction.
 3. To give an experience in the implementation of new technology concepts which are applied in
field of advanced construction in special structures.
 4. To know the different methods of some advanced construction techniques and ground
improvement techniques.
 5. To present the new technology related to dredging system and its concepts related advanced
construction technology.
 6. To study different methods of rehabilitation and strengthening in construction to successfully
achieve the structural design.


4. Module 1
 1.1 Box jacking, Pipe jacking, Underwater drilling, blasting, and concreting.
Underwater construction of diaphragm walls and basement
 1.2 Driving well and caisson, sinking cofferdam, cable anchoring, and grouting.
Driving diaphragm walls, sheet piles
 1.3 Laying operations for built-up offshore system, Shoring for deep cutting, large
reservoir construction, and well points. Dewatering for underground open excavation.

5. Module 2
 2.1 Vacuum dewatering of concrete flooring, Concrete paving technology
 2.2 Techniques of construction for continuous concreting operation in tall buildings
of various shapes and varying sections, Erection techniques of tall structures, large span
structures, launching techniques for heavy decks, in-situ prestressing in high rise
structures, post-tensioning of the slab, aerial transporting, Handling, and erecting
lightweight components on tall structures

6. Module 3
 3.1 Erection of lattice towers - Rigging of transmission line structures, Construction sequence
in cooling towers, Silos, chimneys, skyscrapers. Construction sequence and methods in domes,
Support structure for heavy equipment and machinery in heavy industries, Erection of articulated
structures and space decks.
 3.2 Roof truss: erection problems Building / Industrial component, Equipment and tackles used
for erecting these. Plate girder Launching a portion of bridge girder, large span lattice girder.
Erection of chimney, Erection of overhead tank.

7. Module 4
 4.1 Building construction techniques: Zero energy building, green building, pre-engineering
building, Solar Paints, Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV), Earthquake Resisting Controls-
Isolation and Dissipation.
 4.2 Coastal construction techniques: Sound Proofing walls, water-resistant roofs, high-
performance doors and windows, air and moisture barriers.
 4.3 Road construction techniques: 3D Printing, Road Printer, smart roads
 4.4 Ground improvement techniques: Advanced piling techniques - Stone Column, Vibro
Floatation, Grouting, Geotextile application, Micro Piles, and Soil Nailing. Vertical drains-Sand
Drains, Pre-Fabricated Vertical Drains. Thermal Methods- soil heating and soil freezing.

8. Module 5
 5.1 Dredging System, Mechanism, Hydraulic dredger in waves, dredging equipment,
Water & Booster System, dredging in the navigation system, Agitation dredging system, silt
dredging system, water injection system, Pneumatic dredging system, Amphibious &
scrapper dredging system.
 5.2 Advantages & Disadvantages of Various Dredging Systems, Production Cycle for
Dredgers, Application, Capacity of dredgers, & its economical use, dredging economics

9. Module 6
 6.1 Seismic retrofitting, strengthening of beams, strengthening of columns, strengthening of
the slab, strengthening of a masonry wall, Protection methods of structures, Mud jacking and
grouting for foundation, Micro piling and underpinning for strengthening floor and shallow
profile, Subgrade waterproofing, Soil Stabilization techniques
 6.2 Repair of steel structures, bridge, building, towers etc., monuments and historical
structures. Prevention of water leakage in structures; Underwater repair; Durability of repairing
material. Maintenance of underground railways.

10. Outcome
 On completion of this course, the students will be able to:
 1. Evaluate the procedure of construction techniques for sub structure of major civil
engineering projects.
 2. Get a thorough knowledge of various stages of construction of super structure of major
civil engineering projects.
 3. Gain an experience in the implementation of new construction technology on engineering
concepts which are applied in field Advanced construction technology in special structures.
 4. Get a diverse knowledge of the different methods of advancement in construction
techniques and ground improvement techniques.
 5. Learn various dredging systems for major civil engineering projects.
 6. Explain the theoretical and practical aspects of rehabilitation and strengthening techniques
in civil engineering along with the design and management applications.


11. Recommended Books:

 1 Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno , Construction Technology , Prentice Hall, 2005.
 2 Dr. B.C. Punamia (2008); “Building Construction” Laxmi Publications (P)
Ltd.ISBN13: 978-8131804285. 666p.
 3 S. S. Bhavekatti (2012); “Building Construction” Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.
ISBN-13: 978-9325960794. 356p.
 4 Peter. H. Emmons, “Concrete repair and maintenance illustrated”, Galgotia
Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2001.
 5 S. P. Arora and S. P. Bindra (2010); “Textbook of Building Construction”, Dhanpat
Rai & Sons publication, ISBN-13: 978-8189928803. 688p
 6 Sushil Kumar (2010); “Building Construction” Standard Publishes-Distributors.
ISBN-13: 978-8180141683. 796p.
 7 S.C. Rangwala, Building Construction, Charotar Publication Pvt Ltd. Anand

12. Sub Structure Construction
MODULE I

13. Substructure
 The substructure of a building transfers the load of
the building to the ground and isolates it horizontally
from the ground. This includes foundations and
basement retaining walls.[1]
 It is differentiated from the superstructure. It
safeguards the building against the forces of wind,
uplift, soil pressure etc.
 It provides a level and firm surface for the construction
of superstructure. It also prevents unequal or
differential settlement and ensures stability of the
building against sliding, overturning, undermine due to
floodwater or burrowing animals.

14. Superstructure
 The superstructure describes the entire portion of a building that sits above
ground or the foundation. The superstructure is typically more extensive than the
substructure depending on the type and size of the building.
 Some parts of the superstructure may include;
• Floors: Floors separate the levels within the superstructure.
• Beams: These are the horizontal elements within the superstructure that support
all the vertical loads.
• Lintel: This refers to the area over the doors and windows. It provides support to
the wall area over larger openings. The lintel is made from reinforced cement
concrete or concrete and brick.
• Walls: Walls help to provide enclosure and privacy. Walls also carry some of the
weight from the beams and slabs.
• Roof: The roof protects the inside of the building from the elements such as rain
and wind. There are countless roofing options available. However, sloped roofs are
recommended in highland areas, while flat roofs work well within the plains.
• Parapet: Parapets are external walls that extend past the roof slab and are
chiefly used to prevent water from pouring over onto the entrance of the building.
• Columns: These are the vertical structures that hold most of the loads from the
superstructure and transfer this weight to the foundation. Columns are essential
in tall buildings.
• Doors, windows, and other openings: Doors, Windows, and other openings above the
ground level are considered part of the superstructure.
• Stairs, ramps, and lifts: Stairs, ramps, and lifts are also part of the
superstructure, allowing movement around the building.

17. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUPERSTRUCTURE AND
SUBSTRUCTURE
Superstructure Substructure
The portion of a building built
above ground level
The part of a building built
below ground level
May include walls, floors,
beams, windows, doors, and
columns
It consists of the foundation,
abutment, and pier
Transfers loads from the
upper part of the building to
the substructure
Transfers loads from the
superstructure to the soil
underneath the building
It covers the portion of the
building that is below the
plinth
It covers the part of the
building from the top of the
plinth to the top of the
building
Provides living space and
protects the building from
the elements
It supports the structure and
prevents it from collapsing

18. Box Jacketing
 Box jacking is a tunneling method that involves the jacking of rectangular reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) sections into the ground.
 The practice is used in highway construction as well as in trenchless operations such as
constructing culverts under road and rail embankments.
 Precast reinforced concrete box sections are jacked horizontally through the ground using high
capacity hydraulic jacks.
 Only that portion of the earth that the jacked box will occupy is excavated. This method does not
require any intermediate ground support, and since it is built away from the roadway, shoring or
traffic control is also not necessary.
 Box jacking is also called tunnel jacking or jack box tunneling.

20.  Every situation and solution is unique. Jacked Structures provide an
engineering approach to the problem not just a system. Integrating design and
construction are the key to success. Even where the structure has to be
installed with minimal cover it is possible to engineer solutions.
 Structures can be circular, rectangular, arches, or combinations and can range
from rectangular and arch installations with single spans of 20m and greater.
Still larger structures can be created using multiple spans. Installation lengths of
even the largest structures can exceed 100m.Tubes of up to 5m in diameter
can be installed in lengths of more than 1000m for utilities and underground
passages.

21. Applications
 Typical locations are under:
• Rail tracks
• Highways
• Airports
• Buildings
• Environmentally sensitive locations
 Typical installations include:
• Road underpasses
• Pedestrian subways
• Metro stations
• Culverts
• Utility installations
• Underground car parks and
basements
• Storage caverns
• Advance foundations

22. The Box Jacking Method
 The precast concrete boxes are either constructed at the site or transported to the site
before the operation can begin.
 First, a shaft is sunk up to the level of jacking, and supports are provided to facilitate the
jacking process.
 The box is lined up and placed exactly in line with its final position, and the soil at the
face is excavated using an excavator or a tunneling shield provided at the face.
 The spoil is removed for safe disposal.
 As excavation proceeds, the hydraulic rams push the concrete box into the ground.
 During jacking, a lubricant is pumped around the box to facilitate easy passage.
 The process is continued till all the concrete box sections are inserted into the ground
safely. Once the installation is completed, grout is injected to displace the lubricant.

23. Pipe jacking
 Pipe jacking is a trenchless method of installing pipes, conduits, and utility corridors
by applying a force which pushes the pipe through the ground while controlled
excavation takes place at the face.
 The pipe jacking process begins with excavating relatively small entry and
exit pits at the beginning and end of the pipe installation (usually at manhole
locations). These pits are just large enough to accommodate the tunneling
equipment and construction personnel. Once the pits are excavated, the hydraulic
jacking rig and microtunneling machine are put into position.
 The hydraulic jacking rig then applies a force that "pushes’" the tunneling machine
through the wall of the entrance pit and into the ground. Once the machine reaches
a predetermined position in the soil, a segment of pipe is lowered into the entrance
pit behind the jacking rig and the microtunneling machine. An adaptor ring is
typically used to link the pipe segment and the tunneling machine.
 Next, the jacking rig, once again, applies a force that forces both the pipe and
machine forward on their way to the exit pit. This process continues, with several
pipe segments being jacked in sequence until the cutter head reaches the exit pit.
 Pipe jacking can also be referred to as pipe ramming.

24. Soil Conditions Suitable for Pipe Jacking
 While pipe jacking can be used in various soil conditions, ranging from soft
round to rock, it is recommended to carry out a detailed site investigation to
determine the soil characteristics in the vicinity of the excavation. In general,
pipe jacking is ideal for locations where it is not feasible to have operators
situated inside the machine.
 Engineers and contractors should, however, be wary when jacking in extremely
weak soils, since there may not be enough soil strength to support the intended
alignment. In such cases, strengthening or stabilization methods, such as
ground freezing or grouting may be required.
 Poor ground conditions may also possess inadequate strength to provide the
necessary reaction against which to jack. In this case, piles or other
strengthening arrangements may be needed to increase the reaction capability
of the thrust wall.
 These additional measures, do, however, increase the overall cost of the drive.

25. Achievable Tunnel Lengths and Pipe Diameters
 Jacking lengths of over 1km can be achieved using this trenchless technique.
 The maximum drive length depends mainly on the engineering properties of the
surrounding soil as well as the installed pipe diameter.
 For example, longer drive lengths may be difficult to achieve when jacking with
smaller diameter cutting heads (less than 30 inches) since booster pumps and
intermediate jacking stations may not be possible due to size limitations.

26. Underwater drilling, blasting, and concreting.
 Rock is often encountered in rivers, estuaries, coastal and open waters and can pose an
obstruction to various works. Dredging can be done to remove the rock but sometimes the
rocks that are too hard to be dredged directly have to be removed with explosives.
Underwater drilling and blasting can sufficiently fragment the rock to allow for it to be
dredged.
 Rock is often encountered in rivers, estuaries, coastal and open waters and can pose an
obstruction to various works. Dredging can be done to remove the rock but sometimes the
rocks that are too hard to be dredged directly have to be removed with explosives.
Underwater drilling and blasting can sufficiently fragment the rock to allow for it to be
dredged.

28. https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN860IN860&q=underwater+drilling&tbm=vid&sa
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29.  Various drilling systems
 There are several drilling systems used for underwater drilling. The first is the top
hammer drilling system, the second is the down-the-hole (DTH) hammer system and the
third is rotary drilling system.
 In the top hammer drilling system, the stroke is applied on top of the drill rods. The
impact energy is transported through the drill rods to the drill bit. In DTH hammer systems,
the hammer is behind the drill bit. The impact of the hammer is applied directly to the drill
bit. This results in significantly less energy loss. In addition, DTH drilling makes less
noise and is a more accurate drilling method.

31. DRILLING PROCEDURE
1. The drilling of blast holes for underwater blasting is carried out with drilling rigs
mounted on pontoon or barge.
2. Initially, the required position of drilling is finalized using various positioning
systems operated from the barge.
3. The drilling barge is brought into the predetermined location to drill a line of holes and is
held in position by anchoring. The drilling towers are positioned over the specified drill
hole location and drilling commences.
4. The most commonly used drilling method for underwater blasting is called Over Burden
Drilling (OD). In this method of drilling, a casing
 pipe is driven separately into the rock through the overburden for a distance sufficient to
provide a seal to prevent small stones, sand, or
 silt from filling the drill hole.
5. After the casing pipe is fixed, the inner drill rods are inserted through the casing pipe and
the shot hole is drilled to the required depth. Upon reaching the required depth, drill rod
is retrieved and the hole is ready for charging with explosives.

32. Underwater Concreting
 1. Tremie Method of Underwater Concreting
 Underwater concreting using tremie method is convenient for pouring large amount of
high flowable concrete. The concrete is moved to the hopper by either pumping, belt
conveyer or skips. Tremie pipe, which upper end connected to a hopper and lower end
continuously submerged in fresh concrete, is used to place concrete at the exact location
from a hopper at the surface. The reason to immerse the tremie pipe lower end is to prevent
intermixing of both concrete and water.
 As soon as concreting began the pipe mouth should be submerged up to 1- 1.5 m into
fresh concrete to prevent water entering the pipe. The concrete flow rate is controlled by
lowering and raising the pipe and either decrease or increase in concrete discharge indicates
the loss of the seal, therefore flow of concrete should be continuous and carefully
monitored.

34. 2. Underwater Concreting using Pumping
Technique
 Underwater concreting using pumping technique is a developed version of Tremie pipe
and it is quicker method for concreting in areas that is difficult to access such as under
piers. Pumping provide several advantages that Tremie pipe is lacking for example,
pouring concrete from mixer to formworks directly, solve blockages in the pipe because
concreting is through pumping instead of using gravitational force, and risk of
segregation is decreased.

36. 3. Hydro Valve Method of Underwater Concreting
 A flexible hose which hydrostatically compressed is employed to pour concrete. As
soon as concrete placed in the upper of the pipe, both friction inside the pipe and
hydrostatic pressure is overcame by concrete weight. This leads to move concrete slowly in
the pipe and avoid segregation.

37. Toggle Bags Method
 Toggle Bags method is useful when small amount of concrete is required. A reusable
canvas bag is sealed at the top with chain and secured with toggles is filled with concrete
and dropped carefully into the determined location then through opening at the bottom of
the bag the concrete is discharged.

38. Bagged Concrete Method
 Bagged concrete method used for renew ballast or to seal holes temporarily. The bags
are produced from considerably strong fabric with capacity of 10 - 20 liters and it
carried by divers to the selected position. The concrete slump is between 19- 50 mm
and 40 mm is the maximum aggregate size that can be used.

39. Underwater construction of diaphragm
walls and basement

40. Driving well and caisson
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41. Sinking Cofferdam
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