2. Personality
Personality - the unique and
relatively stable ways in which
people think, feel, and behave
“Characteristic patterns of
behavior, thought, and emotion that
determine a person’s adjustment to
environment”
3. THREE FORCES IN THE
STUDY OF PERSONALITY
The Psychodynamic Perspective
Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the
development of personality
The Behaviorist Perspective
Focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior
The Humanist Perspective
Focuses on the role of each person’s real-life
experiences and choices in personality development
4. The Man and the Couch: Sigmund
Freud and the Psychodynamic
Perspective
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Approach
Jung’s* Analytic Psychology
Adler’s* Individual Psychology
Horney’s* Socio-Cultural Approach
* - called Neo-Freudians
6. Freud’s Psychoanalytic
Approach
Freud believed that the mind was
divided into three parts:
Preconscious
Conscious
Unconscious
7. 3 structures of Personality:
ID - consists of instincts and urges ,
operates on pleasure principle (If it
feels good, do it)
EGO- rational and logical, works on
the reality principle (If it feels good, do
it - but only if you can get away with it )
SUPEREGO - houses the conscience,
the moral compass of our personality
(why even bother, you’re gonna get
caught anyway)
8. Structures of Personality
http://www.pierce.ctc.edu/staff/tlink/general/personality/4%20id%20ego%20superego.jpg
10. Defense
Mechanisms
Methods employed
by the ego to reduce
the conflict and
anxiety brought on
by the Id and the
Superego
http://www.savagechickens.com/images/chickenhangover3.jpg
11. Repression
Most powerful and
most common
defense mechanism
Push unacceptable
impulses and
thoughts to the
unconscious mind
and out of
awareness
http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/shr0964l.jpg
12. Rationalization
When the ego
provides a good
reason for
behavior – a
reason which may
not be the actual
truth behind the
behavior
http://www.self-help-for-humans.com/images/WeightLossCartoon1.gif
13. Projection
When we fail to
accept our own
shortcomings,
we project them
onto others and
see these traits
in others.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_btVf1Fq8z8A/S8YvYb4NqBI/AAAAAAAAASw/giOunJ0Ole8/s1600/l_e8d219385ac777ba3ed03ac7ea1d90f7.jpg
15. Denial
Refusal to
acknowledge or
recognize a
threatening
situation
when we refuse to
accept that
something is
happening
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6jaAJ7vV4Ak/TjCD0SXbaJI/AAAAAAAAAjk/7URzm41gCX4/s1600/denial.gif
16. Displacement
When we shift unacceptable feelings
from one object to another, more
acceptable object http://blogasarea.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/displacement.png
17. Sublimation
A type of displacement
When the ego replaces
unacceptable impulse with a
socially approved course of action
18. Regression
Occurs when
we revert back
to the way we
used to behave
when we were
younger
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/mba/lowres/mban2082l.jpg
19. Compensation
The process of concealing or
offsetting a psychological difficulty
by developing in another direction.
21. The Development of Personality (Psychosexual)
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage
22. Carl
Gustave
Jung
Analytic Psychology
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T4X_e_gKYyU/SyjaLBJyhZI/AAAAAAAADzo/Fj4syIzG400/s400/Jung_portrait.png
23. Emphasized the greater role of the
unconscious
Personal Unconscious&
Part of the mind that is rarely accessible
to awareness
Collective Unconscious
The impersonal, deepest layer of the
unconscious mind that is shared by all
human beings
24. Archetypes
Emotionally laden ideas and
images in the Collective
Unconscious that have rich and
symbolic meaning
Emerge in Art, Religion,
Literature, and dreams
25. Anima (Woman - feminine side of a man)
Animus (Man - masculine side of a
woman)
Mandala (Self - individuality)
Persona (our alter-ego)
Shadow (Darker Self - the darker,
immoral self)
26. Alfred
Adler
Individual Psychology
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z2CHw1BAB7s/TarFbpUxKBI/AAAAAAAACqA/tPt1PpLqmEA/s1600/alfred+adler.jpg
27. Individual Psychology
The primary concept of Individual
Psychology is inferiority and the
crux of human condition is the
struggle against inferiority and the
attainment of superiority
28. Inferiority Complex
Exaggerated feelings of weakness
and inadequacy
Superiority Complex
Exaggerated feelings of self-
importance, assumed mainly to
mask very strong feelings of
inferiority
30. Disagreed with Freud’s Penis Envy
Countered it with her own concept of womb
envy
As children, we develop a sense of basic anxiety
People whose parents give them love,
affection, and security overcome this anxiety
Those with less secure upbringing develop
neurotic tendencies
31. moving towards people
seek love, support, safety – being
dependent on others
moving away from people
becoming more independent
moving against people
becoming competitive and domineering -
aggressive
32. BEHAVIORAL
APPROACH
The Associative Learning Approach
The Social Learning Approach
33. B. F.
Skinner
Associative Learning -
Operant Conditioning
http://www.leerbeleving.nl/wbts/1/skinner-portrait-40s.jpg
34. B.F. Skinner
Major influence and impact on
mainstream Psychology
Personality
A collection of observable and overt or
outward behaviors
Behaviors are learned through reward
and punishment experiences
36. People learn new behavior through
overt reinforcement or punishment,
via observational learning of the
social factors in their environment.
Learning can take place even if we
have not experienced (punished or
rewarded) it ourselves - vicarious
learning
38. Carl
Rogers
✤ Real and Ideal Self
✤ Conditional and
Unconditional Positive
Regard
http://www.modernblog.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Carl-Rogers.jpg
39. Real Self
Who we really are
The “us” as a result of our experiences
Ideal Self
The person we would like to be
The greater the discrepancy or difference
between the real and ideal self, the more
maladjusted the person is.
40. Mismatch =
Ideal Self Real Self
Anxiety
Ideal Self Real
Close Match =
Harmony
41. Unconditional Positive Regard
Blanket acceptance and support of
a person regardless of what the
person says or does.
Conditional Positive Regard
Acceptance and support of a
person but with conditions.
