Henry M. Murray was an American psychologist known for developing a theory of personality organized around motives, needs, and presses. He identified 27 psychogenic needs that he believed largely functioned at the unconscious level to shape personality. Murray is also known for developing the Thematic Apperception Test, a projective test designed to assess personality themes and unconscious motivation. He taught psychology and psychoanalytic theory at Harvard University for his entire career.

1. Henry M. Murray May 13, 1893 - June 23, 1988

2. He earned his bachelor's degree in history in 1915, a medical degree from Columbia in 1919 then completed a doctorate in biochemistry from Cambridge nine years later.

3. His start in psychology occurred after reading Jung and eventually arranging a meeting with him. During this meeting, Jung convinced Murray to study psychoanalysis, which he did at Harvard University.

4. After competing his training, Murray actually began teaching psychology and psychoanalytic theory at Harvard, and he remained there for the rest of his professional career.

5. Although considered a trait theorist, Murray's medical background, combined with his analytical training give a unique flair to his research and writing. This is probably most evident in his development of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a personality test designed to determine personality themes as well as unconscious motivation.

6. He was focused on basic needs in personality which he called psychogenic needs. He believed these needs were largely at the unconscious level. After researching this area, he narrowed these needs down to 27, although the list and names vary

7. Topic Outline 1. The Structure of Personality Definition of Personality Proceedings and Serials Establishment of Personality 2. The Dynamics of Personality Need Press Tension Reduction Thema Need Integrate Unity –Thema Regnant Process Vector-Value Scheme 3. The Development of Personality Infantile complexes Genetic-Maturational Determinants Learning Socio Cultural Determinants Uniqueness Unconscious Process The Socialization Process

8. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

9. Personality An individuals personality is an abstraction formulated by the theorist and not merely a description of the individual’s behavior.

10. Personality 2. An individuals personality refers to a series of events that ideally span the person’s lifetime:” The history of the personality is the personality”

11. Personality 3. A definition of personality should reflect the enduring and recurring elements of behavior as well as the novel and unique.

12. Personality 4. Personality is the organized or governing agent of the individual. Its functions are to integrate the conflicts and constraints to which the individual is exposed, to satisfy the individual’s needs, and to make plans for attainment of future goals.

13. Personality 5. Personality is located in the brain “No brain, No personality”

14. Proceedings are the things which we observe and try to represent with models, and to explain , the things which we attempt to predict, the facts against which we test the adequacy of our formulations (Murray, 1951) A directional organized intermittent succession of proceedings may be called a Serial.

15. Establishments of Personality Murray agreed with Freud in conceiving of the id as the repository of primitive and unacceptable impulses The super Ego in Murray’s theory, as in Freud, is considered to be a cultural implant It is important to note that Murray’s conception of the super ego and ego ideal provided more latitude for alteration and development in the years subsequent to childhood than does the orthodox psychoanalytic view.

16. Dynamics of Personality

17. Need A need is a construct (a convenient or hypothetical concept) which stands free for a force…. In the brain region, a force which organizes perception, apperception, intellection, conation and action in such a way as to transform in a certain direction existing, unsatisfying situation.

18. Basis for Distinguishing between types of needs. Primary and Secondary Need Overt and Covert Needs Focal and Diffuse Needs Proactive and Reactive Needs Process activity, modal needs and effect needs

19. To surrender and accept punishment 1. Abasement Murray's Psychogenic Needs

20. To overcome obstacles and succeed 2. Achievement Murray's Psychogenic Needs

21. To obtain possessions 3. Acquisition Murray's Psychogenic Needs

22. To make associations and friendships 4. Affiliation Murray's Psychogenic Needs

23. To injure others 5. Aggression Murray's Psychogenic Needs

24. To resist others and stand strong 6. Autonomy Murray's Psychogenic Needs

25. To avoid blame and obey the rules 7. Blameavoidance Murray's Psychogenic Needs

26. To build or create 8. Construction Murray's Psychogenic Needs

27. To be unique 9. Contrariance Murray's Psychogenic Needs

28. To defend honor 10. Counteraction Murray's Psychogenic Needs

29. To justify actions 11. Defendance Murray's Psychogenic Needs

30. To follow a superior, to serve 12. Deference Murray's Psychogenic Needs

31. To control and lead others 13. Dominance Murray's Psychogenic Needs

32. To attract attention 14. Exhibition Murray's Psychogenic Needs

33. To provide information, educate 15. Exposition Murray's Psychogenic Needs

34. To avoid pain 16. Harmavoidance Murray's Psychogenic Needs

35. To avoid failure, shame, or to conceal a weakness 17. Infavoidance Murray's Psychogenic Needs

36. To protect the helpless 18. Nurturance Murray's Psychogenic Needs

37. To arrange, organize, and be precise 19. Order Murray's Psychogenic Needs

38. To relieve tension, have fun, or relax 20. Play Murray's Psychogenic Needs

39. To gain approval and social status 20. Recognition Murray's Psychogenic Needs

40. To exclude another 22. Rejection Murray's Psychogenic Needs

41. To enjoy sensuous impressions 23. Sentience Murray's Psychogenic Needs

42. To form and enjoy an erotic relationship 24. Sex Murray's Psychogenic Needs

43. To empathize 25. Similance Murray's Psychogenic Needs

44. To seek protection or sympathy 26. Succorance Murray's Psychogenic Needs

45. To analyze and experience , to seek knowledge 27. Understanding Murray's Psychogenic Needs

46. Theories of personality based upon needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs.

47. While some needs are temporary and changing, other needs are more deeply seated in our nature. According to Murray, these psychogenic needs function mostly on the unconscious level, but play a major role in our personality.

48. Interrelation of Needs Prepotency Conflict Fusion of needs Concept of Subsidation

49. Henry Murray and Psychological Needs Murray from a Psychoanalytic Perspective Murray used the term personology to describe his study of human lives and individual differences in personality Murray described a habit system as automatic, unconscious behaviors shaped by the id, ego, and superego Murray emphasized positive instincts related to motivation and needs

50. American psychologist developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, presses, and needs. Murray described a needs as a, "potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances" (1938).