2. Phrases Phrases are a group of words that lacks a subject, predicate, or both. Phrases can take many different forms: Prepositional phrases Verb phrases Adjective phrases Adverb phrases Noun phrases Verbial phrases
3. Phrases Prepositional Phrases Begin with a preposition (a word that shows position, location, or direction) Ends with an object of the preposition (noun or pronoun) Can be used as adjectives (words that describe a noun or pronoun). Adjectives answer what kind, how many, which one Can be used as Adverbs (words that describeverbs, adjectives, or other adverbs). Adverbs answer where, when, how, or to what extent
4. Phrases Verbial phrases Verbs that act as other parts of speech Types: Gerund phrase = Verb ending in ING and is used as a noun. Example: Swimming is a fun exercise. Participle phrase = Verb ending in ING or ED is used as an adjective. Example: 1. Rattlingin the cabinets, the dishes were about to crash to the floor. 2. Why didn’t the tired boy just stand still? Infinitive phrase = Verb that starts with to and is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Example: I am afraid to swim.
5. Clauses A clause is group of related words that has both a subject and a predicate. They DO NOT have to form a complete thought. Types: Independent Dependent
6. Clauses Independent Clauses: Have a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence. When standing alone, an independent clause is ALWAYS a simple sentence (ONE subject and ONE predicate only) Example: This ancient oak tree may eventually be cut down.
7. Clauses Dependent Clause: Have a subject and a predicate, but will NEVER express a complete thought. These clauses can not be a sentence by itself. A dependent clause depends on being connected to an independent clause to make sense. These clauses are also known as SUBODINATING CLAUSES because of the words that start them (subordinating conjunctions: AFTER, ALTHOUGH, BECAUSE, BEFORE, IF, SINCE, WHEN, etc.) The following words can also start a dependent clause: who, which, whose, that
8. Sentences A sentence has at least one subject, at least one predicate, and expresses a complete thought. A sentence ALWAYS begins with a capital letter A sentence ALWAYS ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation mark
9. Sentences Simple sentences: A simple sentence is one independent clause. Simple sentences may contain a simple or compound subject Simple sentences may contain a simple or compound predicate. John and his friend played basketball after school. Icebergs form glaciers and float in the ocean.
10. Sentences Compound sentences: Happen when two or more simple sentences (independent clauses) are combined with each other. When making a compound sentence, you must use the words For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So Use the acronym FANBOYS to help you remember. The FANBOYS cannot begin a sentence (They are COMBINING words)
11. Sentences Complex sentences: Combine a dependent clause and an independent clause together. When making a complex sentence, you must use a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun. See page 710 and page 744 for a complete list of these words
12. Sentences Complex sentences: If a dependent clause comes first, a comma is used after the clause. Example: When I left for home, my aunt stood teary-eyed in the doorway. If a dependent clause comes last, no comma is needed. Example: My uncle Louis died soon after I left for home.
13. Sentences The four types of sentences include: Imperative = giving a command Interrogative = asking a question Declarative = making a statement Exclamatory = showing emotion Each sentence ends with a different type of punctuation. The imperative sentence can have what is known as an understood “you”. This means the subject is not explicitly stated, but must be interpreted.
