The document discusses various formats for representing numeric and character data in computers, including binary-coded decimal (BCD), unpacked decimal format, packed decimal format, signed number representation methods like 1's complement and 2's complement, floating point number representation, and character encoding standards like ASCII, ISO, JIS, EBCDIC, and Unicode. It also covers bit shifting operations and methods for representing audio and image data digitally.

1. Компьютерт өгөгдөл дүрслэх
Лекц 2

2. Өгөгдөл дүрслэх формат

3. BCD (Binary-coded decimal
code)
 As a format of character data and decimal numbers, there is a
representation method called binary-coded decimal code (BCD
code) that, using 4-bit binary digits that correspond to the numbers 0
to 9 of the decimal system, represents the numeric value of each
digit.

4. Unpacked decimal format
 The unpacked decimal format represents the values
from 0 to 9 in the least significant 4 bits of 1 byte,
and in the most significant 4 bits, which are called
zoned bits. However, in the zoned bits of the least
significant digit, the 4 bits that represent the sign are
stored, in both the case of 0 and positive numbers,
(1100)2, and in the case of negative numbers,
(1101)2. The unpacked decimal format is also called
zoned decimal format.
 In the unpacked decimal format, excepting the least
significant byte, only half of a byte is used. This was
considered a waste of resources. This defect was
eliminated by the packed decimal format.

5. Unpacked decimal format

6. Packed decimal format
 In the packed decimal format, 1 byte represents a numeric value of 2
digits and the least significant 4 bits represent the sign. The bit
pattern of the sign is the same as that of the unpacked decimal
format, (1100)2 for 0 and positive numbers, and (1101)2 for negative
numbers.

7. Хоёртын системд өгөгдөл дүрслэх
 Сөрөг тоог абсолют утгаар дүрслэх

8. Сөрөг тоог дүрслэх
 Сөрөг тоог complement байдлаар дүрслэх
 10-тын тооллын системийн хувьд
 10-ын complement (гүйцээлт)
 9-ийн complement (гүйцээлт)

9. Сөрөг тоог дүрслэх
 2-тын тооллын системийн хувьд
 1-ийн complement
 2-ын complement

10. Сөрөг тоог дүрслэх
• 1-ийн complement
 Sign bit: 0 for positive, 1 for negative, and both, +0 and -0, for 0
• 2-ын complement
— Sign bit: 0 for positive and 0, 1 for negative

11. Сөрөг тоог дүрслэх
 Range of represent able numeric values when an
n-bit binary number is represented using the "1’s
complement" method
 Range of represent able numeric values when an
n-bit binary number is represented using the "2’s
complement" method

12. Бүхэл тоог дүрслэх

13. Бутархай тоог дүрслэх
 Пуужин харвах систем
 Сансрын нислэг удирдах систем
 CAD (Computer Aided Design)
 Цаг агаарын урьдчилсан мэдээний систем

14. Бутархай тоог дүрслэх
 Format in general-purpose computers
Mantissa sign (1 bit) The position of the decimal point
is considered to be here
 Mantissa sign: Indicates whether the data represented in the
mantissa portion is positive or negative (0: Positive, 1:
Negative)
 Exponent portion: Here, 16 is considered to be the radix and a
numeric value +64 is represented as the real exponent.
 Mantissa portion: Here, only a binary fraction lower than 1 can
be represented.

15. Shift үйлдэл
 Арифметик shift

16. Shift үйлдэл
 Логик shift

17. Shift үйлдэл
 Логик shift

18. Тэмдэгтийн кодууд
 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) code
The ASCII code was established by the U.S. standards
institution, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) in
1962. Character code of 8 bits composed by the code bit
representing the alphabet, numeric characters, etc. (7 bits)
and the parity bit used to detect errors. It is used in personal
computers and in data transmission.
 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) code
The ISO code is a 7-bit character code that was established
by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in
1967 based on the ASCII code. It is the base of the character
codes used in all countries of the world.
 JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) code
The JIS code was established as JIS X 0201 by adding the
Romaji, hiragana and other characters peculiar to the
Japanese language to the ISO code. The "JIS 7-bit code" used
to represent Romaji and the "JIS 8-bit code" used to represent
katakana as well as the "JIS kanji code," that represents 1

19. Тэмдэгтийн кодууд
 EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code)
The EBCDIC is a character code developed by IBM.
Compared to the above-mentioned character codes, which
were established to be used as standards, the EBCDIC code
was developed for IBM computers. Since IBM held the
greatest share of the computer market when the third
generation computers, in which this code was developed, were
launched, other companies developed their computers
according to this character code, and as a result it became a
standard character code. Standards like this, resulting from the
existence of a large number of users, are called de facto
standards.
 Shift JIS code
As was mentioned above, to represent kanji, the JIS kanji
code represents 1 word with 2 bytes.
 Unicode
The unicode is a 2-byte code system unified to all the
countries, which was proposed and designed by Apple
Computer, IBM, Microsoft, and other U.S. companies in order

20. Бусад өгөгдлүүдийг дүрслэх
 Аудио
 Зураг
 1 өнгө –RBG=8 бит *3=24 бит =16000000