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1
Effect of Micronutrient Application on 
Crop Productivity and Major Nutrients Use 
Efficiency 
2 
C.S.K.H.P.K.V. Palampur 
Munish Sharma 
Dept. of Soil Science 
College of Agriculture
3 
Contents 
 Introduction 
 Factor affecting nutrient availability 
 Role of micronutrients 
 Available form of micronutrients 
 Adverse effect of micronutrient deficiency 
 Effect of micro nutrients on crop productivity 
Effect of micronutrient on nutrients use efficiency 
Conclusion
Introduction 
• Micronutrients have been called minor or trace elements 
indicating that their concentration in plant tissues are 
minor or in trace amounts relative to the macronutrients 
(Mortvedt,2000) 
• Micronutrients are essential for the normal growth of 
plants. Deficiencies of micronutrient drastically affects 
the growth, metabolism and reproductive phase of plants 
• The essential micronutrients are zinc(Zn), 
manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), iron(Fe), boron(B), 
molybdenum(Mo) and chlorine(Cl) 
• These micronutrients are as important as major nutrients 
for plant development and profitable crop production 
4
Contd…. 
5 
Nutrient deficiencies are not restricted 
only to N,P,K but have also extended to Zn, 
B, Fe, and S (Singh 1999 ; Swarup and 
Ganeshamurthy 1998). 
The trend of micronutrient deficiencies is 
changing i.e. instead of single nutrient 
deficiency, cluster of micronutrient 
deficiencies are exhibited. Deficiencies of Zn 
and Fe are widespread followed by Mn and B 
under Indian conditions
6
 Micronutrient deficiencies in crop plants are 
widespread due to : 
 Intensive cropping practices and adoption of 
high yielding cultivars 
Enhanced production of crops on marginal 
soils 
increased use of high analysis fertilizers 
Decreased use of animal manures, 
composts, and crop residues. 
Cultivation on soils that are inherently low in 
micronutrients reserves 
7
Factor affecting micronutrient 
availability 
• Total content in soil 
• Soil texture 
• Organic matter content 
• Soil pH 
• Soil aeration 
• Nutrient interaction 
8
9 
As pH increases zinc, iron, manganese, copper and boron decreases in 
availability, while molybdenum increases in availability
General Conditions conducive to micronutrient 
deficiency/ toxicity 
 Leached, Sandy Soils 
 Organic Soils 
 Intensive Cropping 
 Extremes of pH 
 Eroded Soils 
 Parent Materials 
10
11 
 
 Zinc 
 Aids plant growth hormones 
and enzyme system 
Necessary for chlorophyll 
production 
Necessary for carbohydrate 
and starch formation. 
Aids in seed formation. 
Corn – 
for Zn deficiency
12 
 COPPER 
Catalyses several plant 
processes 
Major function in 
photosynthesis 
Increases sugar content 
Intensifies colour 
Improves flavour of fruits 
and vegetables.
13 
 Manganese 
Function as a part of 
certain enzyme systems 
Aids in chlorophyll 
synthesis 
Involved in N metabolism 
and assimilation.
14 
 BORON 
Essential for germination 
of pollen grains and growth 
of pollen tubes. 
Essential for seed and cell 
wall formation. 
Promotes maturity 
Necessary for sugar translocation
15 
 Molybdenum 
Required to form the 
“nitrate reductase” which 
reduces nitrate to 
ammonium in plant. 
Aids in the formation of 
legume nodules. 
Needed to convert 
inorganic phosphates to 
organic forms in the plant.
16 
CHLORINE 
 Activator of enzyme. 
Enhances maturity of 
small grains 
IRON 
Promotes formation of 
chlorophyll 
Acts as a oxygen carrier 
Reactions involving cell 
division and growth
Threshold deficiency level of nutrients in 
the Himalayan region 
Nutrient Critical level (mg/kg) 
Iron 4.5 
Manganese 1.0 
Copper 0.2 
Zinc 0.6 
Boron 0.1 
Molybdenum 0.1 
17
18 
Guideline for critical, sufficient and 
toxic levels of plant Nutrients 
Element 
Critical 
level 
Sufficient 
level 
Toxicity 
level 
Fe (mg/ kg) <50 50-250 Non toxic 
Zn (mg/ kg) 15-20 20-100 >400 
Mn (mg/ kg) 10.0-20.0 20-300 >300 
Cu (mg/ kg) 3.0-5.0 5.0-20.0 >20 
B (mg/ kg) <10.0 10-100 >100 
Mo (mg/ kg) <0.1 0.1-0.5 >0.5 
Cl (%) <0.2 0.2-2.0 >2.0
19 
• Yield decrease 
• Lower crop quality 
• Widespread infestation of various 
diseases and pests 
• Increased bio and non-bio-stresses 
• Lower fertilizer use efficiencies
Available forms of micronutrients 
Element Dominant soil solution forms 
Iron Fe2+, Fe(OH)2 
+, Fe(OH)2+, Fe3+ 
Manganese Mn2+ 
Zinc Zn2+, Zn(OH)+ 
Copper Cu2+, Cu(OH)+ 
Molybdenum MoO4 
2-, HMoO4 
- 
Boron H3BO3, H2BO3 
- 
Cobalt Co2+ 
Chlorine Cl- 
Nickel Ni2+, Ni3+ 
20
Crop response to micronutrients on 
mineral soils 
Crop Boron Copper Iron Manganese Zinc 
Wheat Low Medium Medium Medium Medium 
Rice Low Medium Medium Medium High 
Soybeans Medium Low Low High Medium 
Barley Low Medium Low Medium Medium 
Potatoes Low Low Low High Low 
Cabbage High Medium Low Medium Medium 
21
22 
Effect of micronutrient application on 
crop productivity
Effect of potassium and zinc on wheat 
yield (g/pot) 
K Levels (mg/kg) Levels of zinc (mg/kg) 
0 2.5 5.0 10.0 
0 4.5 4.8 5.0 4.0 
30 4.9 5.1 5.3 4.4 
60 5.5 5.5 4.8 4.5 
120 5.2 5.4 5.5 4.6 
CD (P=0.05) K or Zn 0.07 
23 
Singh et al. (1993) 
Location: Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) 
Sandy loam soil, pH =8.1
Effect of Boron and Manganese on grain 
yield of wheat( g/pot) 
Mn levels 
(mg/kg) 
B levels( mg/kg) 
0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 
0.0 5.00 5.80 6.60 4.00 
2.5 5.90 6.80 7.40 4.80 
5.0 6.26 7.00 7.60 5.12 
10.0 6.20 6.80 7.20 4.70 
CD (P=0.05) 0.18 
24 
Location: Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) Singh et al.(2000) 
Sandy loam soil, pH =8.3
Effect of Mo and B on yield of wheat 
Treatments Yield ( g /pot ) 
Grain Straw 
Boron levels mg kg-1 
0.0 3.2 3.9 
0.5 3.8 4.5 
1.0 3.5 4.4 
2.0 3.1 3.6 
CD( P= 0.05) 0.35 0.36 
Mo levels mg kg-1 
0.0 3.2 3.7 
0.5 3.3 4.0 
1.0 4.0 4.8 
2.0 3.1 3.9 
CD ( P=0.05) 0.35 0.36 
25 
Singh et al.(1992) 
Location : Bichpuri, Agra 
Sandy loam soil, pH =8.3
Effect of foliar application of micronutrients 
on wheat yield 
Treatments Plant 
height 
(cm) 
No. of 
spikes/m2 
No. of 
spikelet/ 
spike 
No. of 
grains/ 
spike 
Grain yield 
( kg/ha) 
Control 99.7 368.0 19.9 57.8 6267.85 
Cu 500ppm 108.6 425.3 21.1 64.3 7039.28 
Mn 500 110.3 436.4 21.5 65.2 7167.85 
Fe 500 108.5 423.1 21.3 64.7 7071.42 
Zn 500ppm 112.1 445.7 21.7 66.1 7342.8 
Mixture 116.1 468.9 22.1 69.8 7517.85 
CD 5% 0.9 7.8 0.2 0.5 S 
26 
Seadh et al.(2009) 
Location: Tag Al-Ezz (Egypt) 
Clay loam, pH= 7.6-7.8
Effect of zinc application on yield and yield 
attributes of rice 
Zinc 
(Kg/ha) 
Plant 
height 
( cm) 
No. of 
panicle / 
sq.m 
Days to 
maturity 
Yield 
( t/ha) 
0 95.8 299.7 130.5 5.47 
15 92.4 334.8 128.3 5.96 
30 94.4 338.7 127.3 5.75 
45 93.9 342.8 124.8 5.76 
CD 5% NS NS NS NS 
Yakan et al. 1999 27 
Location: Edirne province(Turkey) 
Texture : clay loam, pH =7.7
Effect of zinc on grain and stover 
yield of maize 
Zn levels 
( kg/ha) 
Grain yield 
(q/ha) 
Stover yield 
(q/ha) 
0 25.04 63.86 
2.5 27.35 69.01 
5 29.70 74.83 
10 29.00 71.82 
CD (P=0.05) 1.25 3.06 
28 
Location : Kanpur (U.P.) Dwivedi et al.(2002) 
Sandy loam, pH =7.7-7.8
Effect of zinc and manganese on tuber yield of 
potato 
Treatments No. of 
tuber/ plant 
Mean tuber weight 
(g) 
Tuber yield 
(kg/ha) 
Zn levels (ppm) 
0 9.47b 70.52b 27340c 
2 10.48a 70.82b 29390b 
4 10.95a 72.38b 32500a 
8 10.99a 75.59a 34170a 
CD (P =0.01) ** ** ** 
Mn levels (ppm) 
0 10.20b 69.80b 29360c 
2 10.46ab 72.97a 31350b 
4 11.22a 73.48a 33866a 
8 9.96b 70.70ab 28380c 
CD(P=0.01) ** ** ** 
Mousavi et al. (2007) 29 
Location :Lorestan (Iran) 
Clay loam soil, pH 7.8
Zinc and Iron fertilization effect on growth 
and yield of potato 
Treatments Plant 
height 
( cm) 
No. of 
shoots/ 
plant 
No. of 
leaves / 
plant 
No. of 
tubers / 
plant 
Weight/ 
tuber 
Total tuber 
yield (q/ha ) 
Zinc kg ha-1 
10 31.71 3.61 25.23 3.35 86.43 193.3 
15 28.42 3.32 23.74 2.80 90.32 166.6 
20 29.63 3.49 24.63 3.03 90.52 177.3 
25 32.8 3.92 27.37 3.24 95.62 202.6 
CD at 5% NS 0.33 NS 0.21 5.4 18.3 
Fe level: 5 30.11 3.37 26.1 3.11 86.04 187.2 
10 27.62 3.18 24.3 2.99 89.97 178.3 
15 28.93 3.2 24.8 3.01 96.14 190.0 
CD at 5% NS NS NS NS NS 10.3 
Bhat and Jandial (1996) 30 
Location : Ponichak, Jammu 
Sandy loam soil, pH =6.4-6.5
Effect of micronutrients on yield and yield 
attributes of chilli 
Treatments Plant 
ht. 
( cm) 
No. of 
branches/ 
plant 
No. of 
fruits / 
plant 
Yield q/ha 
( red ripe) 
Control 60.52 7.46 157.45 18.88 
Zn 0.1% 65.54 9.12 174.18 23.38 
Fe 0.1% 62.28 8.64 164.84 19.90 
B 0.1% 63.64 8.96 169.14 20.49 
Zn 0.1% +Fe 0.1% 67.58 9.44 177.26 25.08 
Zn 0.1%+ B 0.1% 68.24 10.94 181.52 26.04 
Fe 0.1% + B 0.1% 63.92 9.02 172.66 22.32 
Zn 0.1% + Fe 0.1% + B 
70.36 11.12 184.12 28.82 
0.1% 
CD at 5% 3.74 2.29 5.31 2.38 
Location : Nagpur Hatwar et al., 2003 
31
Response of boron and calcium on plant growth, fruit and 
seed production of tomato 
Treatment Plant 
height (cm) 
No. of 
branches/ 
plant 
No. of 
fruits/ 
plant 
Fruit 
yield q/ha 
Seed 
yield/ ha 
Boron level (kg borax/ha) 
10 166.6 7.7 18.9 635.7 176.5 
20 189.2 9.2 23.1 762.7 246.2 
30 177.3 8.1 20.2 657.7 203.4 
CD at 5% 9.0 0.5 0.9 37.6 13.7 
Ca level (Kg calcium carbonate /ha) 
10 186.5 8.8 23.8 783.4 243.7 
20 176.2 8.4 19.9 665.4 199.6 
30 170.3 7.8 18.6 607.3 182.9 
CD at 5 % 9.0 0.5 0.9 37.6 13.7 
Sharma (1995) 32 
Location :Kandaghat, Solan 
Sandy loam soil
Effect of Zinc, Boron and Iron on plant growth 
and yield of brinjal 
Treatments Plant ht. at 
harvest 
(cm) 
No. of 
fruits/plant 
Fruit 
yield/plant 
(kg) 
Fruit yield 
(t/ha) 
Control 80.07 14.43 0.99 15.80 
ZnSO4 (0.2%) 83.70 17.18 1.40 21.52 
FeSO4 (0.5%) 82.37 15.02 1.22 19.48 
Borax 
(0.2%) 
80.75 14.73 1.02 16.65 
CD (P=0.05) 2.41 0.92 0.06 1.43 
Kiran et al.(2010) 33 
Location :Saidapur (Dharwad)
Effect of S and Mo on cauliflower 
yield (t/ha) 
Mo levels 
( g ha-1 ) 
S levels ( kg ha-1 ) 
0 20 40 
0 29.2 39.0 44.7 
80 35.4 40.7 44.9 
160 30.4 43.1 48.8 
CD (P= 0.05) S=6.9 , Mo= NS 
Jaggi and Dixit (1995) 34 
Location : Sadarpur (kangra) HP 
Silty clay loam, pH 6.5
Effect of zinc on yield of cauliflower 
Zinc concentration 
( %) 
Curd Yield (q/ha ) 
0.0 ( control) 132.79 
0.3 134.04 
0.6 137.53 
0.9 152.91 
1.2 158.38 
1.5 147.43 
CD at 5 % 2.58 
35 
Location : Faizabad (U.P.) Singh et al. (1991) 
Sandy loam soil, pH 8.4
Effect of nickel on yield of chickpea, lentil 
and mustard 
Treatment 
mg Ni / kg soil 
Grain Yield (g/pot) 
Chickpea Lentil Mustard 
0 7.3 4.2 3.1 
2.5 7.3 4.2 3.2 
5.0 6.9 3.6 3.3 
7.5 6.0 3.4 3.1 
10.0 5.2 3.1 3.0 
20.0 4.3 2.3 2.5 
CD (P=0.05) 0.93 0.45 0.32 
36 
Location :Hisar (Haryana) Gupta et al. (1996) 
Loamy sand soil.pH =8.0
Effect of zinc application on yield attributes 
and yield of mustard 
Zn levels (kg 
Zn/ha) 
Yield attributes Yield (q/ha) 
No. of 
siliquae/ plant 
No. of seeds/ 
siliqua 
Seed yield Total dry 
matter yield 
0 242.65 11.65 15.95 65.52 
1.25 246.30 12.10 16.96 69.77 
2.50 246.15 12.40 17.65 69.93 
5.00 248.58 12.35 17.85 71.15 
7.50 303.70 14.58 17.95 69.69 
10.00 246.25 12.10 17.49 68.18 
CD (P=0.05) 30.71 0.23 0.87 NS 
37 
Khan et al.(2003) 
Location :Badaun Distt (U.P.) 
Loamy sand soil, pH 7.9
Table 16: Effect of boron application on 
groundnut yield 
B levels 
(kg/ha) 
Yield (q/ha ) 
Pod Straw 
0 11.4 23.9 
1.5 13.2 35.3 
3.0 15.3 41.9 
4.5 11.9 33.7 
38 
Kumar et al.(1996) 
Location : Ranchi, Bihar 
Acid soil
Effect of molybdenum on oil content and 
yield of groundnut 
Treatments Oil content Pod yield 
(g/ha) 
Control 47.88 14.09 
Mo @2g/ kg 
seed 
49.40 17.46 
Mo @4g/ kg 
seed 
50.09 18.62 
CD ( P=0.05) 0.30 4.37 
Behera et al.(2011) 39
Effect of micronutrients on 
nutrient use efficiency 
40
Effect of K and Zn on uptake of K by wheat 
( mg/pot) 
K Levels (mg/kg) Levels of zinc (mg/kg) 
0 2.5 5.0 10.0 
0 22.5 23.5 22.0 16.8 
30 26.5 27.5 26.5 19.4 
60 31.0 31.4 30.7 22.5 
120 32.7 33.0 30.8 24.4 
CD (P=0.05) K or Zn =1.14 
Potassium use efficiency(%) 
30 79.33 62 62.33 45.66 
60 82 70.16 65.16 43.33 
120 43 38.41 33.41 30.08 
41 
Singh and Kumar (1993) 
Location: Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) 
Sandy loam soil, pH =8.1
Effect of ZnSO4 application on yield and 
Nitrogen use efficiency by wheat 
Treatment Yield (q /ha) Total N 
uptake 
(kg/ha) 
Nitrogen 
use 
Efficiency 
(%) 
Grain Straw 
Control 43.3 48.7 68.8 _ 
12.5 kg ZnSO4ha-1 (soil) 47.7 55.0 91.2 22.4 
25 kg ZnSO4ha-1 (soil) 49.5 56.7 125.2 56.4 
CD (P=0.05) 1.2 1.2 6.9 
Khandkar et al. (1992) 42 
Location : Mandsaur (M.P.) 
Clay texture soil , pH =8.1
Influence of copper on phosphorus and 
potassium uptake by rice 
Copper(mg/kg) P uptake(g/kg) K uptake(g/kg) 
0 3.03 34.67 
2 3.17 35.33 
4 3.10 38.33 
8 3.27 33.33 
16 2.77 37.67 
32 2.93 36.67 
64 2.93 37.67 
96 1.63 26.67 
Frageria (2002) 43 
Location : Brazil 
Soil pH=5.3
Effect of nitrogen and manganese on N uptake 
by wheat (mg/g) 
Levels of N (ppm) Levels of Mn (ppm) 
0 5 10 20 
0 20.6 20.2 24.3 26.5 
30 21.6 23.4 25.6 27.0 
60 22.5 24.0 24.8 27.7 
90 23.5 25.0 27.4 28.9 
CD (5%) N or Mn 0.007 
Singh (1990) 44 
Location : Bichpuri ( U.P.) 
Sandy loam soil , pH 8.6
Effect of Zinc and Iron on K uptake 
by wheat 
Treatments 
(kg/ha) 
Grain yield 
(kg/ha) 
K uptake 
(kg/ha) 
Zinc 0 3157 8.38 
25 3510 9.89 
50 3664 10.60 
CD @ 5% 216 0.90 
Iron 0 3377 8.38 
50 3511 9.89 
CD @ 5% NS NS 
45 
Polara et al. (2008) 
Location : Junagadh( Gujarat) 
Calcareous soil , pH= 7.8
Table 23: Effect of sulphur and zinc on S 
uptake by maize 
Treatments S uptake by grain S uptake by straw 
S levels (kg/ha) 
0 4.17 1.96 
15 5.17 2.61 
30 5.92 3.27 
45 5.84 3.33 
Zn levels ( kg/ha) 
0 4.48 1.96 
2.5 5.17 2.77 
5 5.85 3.36 
10 5.63 3.06 
CD (P=0.05) S or Zn 
0.120 0.115 
S or Zn 
0.017 0.02 
Singh et al. (2006) 46 Location : Jharkhand 
Acidic soil , pH =5.9-6.2
Effect of zinc on nutrient N ,P and K in maize 
Treatments Uptake (kg/ha) 
N K P 
Zn(kg/ha) 
15 56.04 15.67 14.88 
30 61.44 18.67 18.42 
CD (P=0.05) 2.67 1.06 1.04 
47 
Arya and Singh 2000 
Location : IARI, New Delhi. 
Sandy loam soil, pH =7.5
Effect of Zinc on uptake of potassium 
by cotton 
Zinc ( kg/ha) K uptake (kg/ha) 
Seed 
cotton 
Stalk Total 
0 22.35 17.59 39.93 
25 23.89 19.27 43.16 
50 24.49 19.51 43.98 
CD @ 5% 1.43 NS 2.42 
48 
Polara et al. (2008) 
Location : Saurashtra region (Gujarat) 
Calcareous soil
Effect of sulphur and boron on sulphur uptake 
(kg/ha) by soybean 
S Levels ( kg/ha) Boron levels( kg/ha) 
0 0.5 1.0 2.0 
0 8.80 9.78 11.03 11.45 
20 11.55 12.73 14.73 15.00 
40 13.90 16.00 18.00 18.10 
60 15.08 16.75 18.18 16.88 
CD (P= 0.05) S= 0.95 , B = 0.95 
49 
Sulphur use efficiency (%) 
20 13.75 14.75 18.5 17.75 
40 12.75 8.17 17.42 16.62 
60 10.46 11.61 11.91 9.05 
Singh et al. (2006) 
Location :Darisai (Jharkhand) 
Coarse texture soil, Acidic soil. 
pH= 5.9-6.2
Effect of molybdenum on uptake of N and 
P by Green Gram 
Mo ( kg/ha) Uptake by seed ( kg/ha) 
N P 
0 34.3 4.52 
0.5 40.1 5.24 
1.0 42.0 5.59 
CV % 9.62 8.65 
50 
Location :Sardarkrushinagar Patel et al. (2008) 
Soil: loamy sand in texture
51 
Conclusion 
Micronutrients in crop production are important, and they 
deserve equal attention similar to that of macronutrients. 
Micronutrient deficiency drastically affect the growth and 
inhibits different metabolic and enzymatic activities. 
Application of micronutrients significantly increases the 
yield of cereal, vegetables, oilseed and pulse crops. 
Micronutrient application also enhances the uptake of 
nutrients like N,P,K and S.
52 
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Effect of micronutrient application on crop productivity and major nutrients use efficiency

  • 1. 1
  • 2. Effect of Micronutrient Application on Crop Productivity and Major Nutrients Use Efficiency 2 C.S.K.H.P.K.V. Palampur Munish Sharma Dept. of Soil Science College of Agriculture
  • 3. 3 Contents  Introduction  Factor affecting nutrient availability  Role of micronutrients  Available form of micronutrients  Adverse effect of micronutrient deficiency  Effect of micro nutrients on crop productivity Effect of micronutrient on nutrients use efficiency Conclusion
  • 4. Introduction • Micronutrients have been called minor or trace elements indicating that their concentration in plant tissues are minor or in trace amounts relative to the macronutrients (Mortvedt,2000) • Micronutrients are essential for the normal growth of plants. Deficiencies of micronutrient drastically affects the growth, metabolism and reproductive phase of plants • The essential micronutrients are zinc(Zn), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), iron(Fe), boron(B), molybdenum(Mo) and chlorine(Cl) • These micronutrients are as important as major nutrients for plant development and profitable crop production 4
  • 5. Contd…. 5 Nutrient deficiencies are not restricted only to N,P,K but have also extended to Zn, B, Fe, and S (Singh 1999 ; Swarup and Ganeshamurthy 1998). The trend of micronutrient deficiencies is changing i.e. instead of single nutrient deficiency, cluster of micronutrient deficiencies are exhibited. Deficiencies of Zn and Fe are widespread followed by Mn and B under Indian conditions
  • 6. 6
  • 7.  Micronutrient deficiencies in crop plants are widespread due to :  Intensive cropping practices and adoption of high yielding cultivars Enhanced production of crops on marginal soils increased use of high analysis fertilizers Decreased use of animal manures, composts, and crop residues. Cultivation on soils that are inherently low in micronutrients reserves 7
  • 8. Factor affecting micronutrient availability • Total content in soil • Soil texture • Organic matter content • Soil pH • Soil aeration • Nutrient interaction 8
  • 9. 9 As pH increases zinc, iron, manganese, copper and boron decreases in availability, while molybdenum increases in availability
  • 10. General Conditions conducive to micronutrient deficiency/ toxicity  Leached, Sandy Soils  Organic Soils  Intensive Cropping  Extremes of pH  Eroded Soils  Parent Materials 10
  • 11. 11   Zinc  Aids plant growth hormones and enzyme system Necessary for chlorophyll production Necessary for carbohydrate and starch formation. Aids in seed formation. Corn – for Zn deficiency
  • 12. 12  COPPER Catalyses several plant processes Major function in photosynthesis Increases sugar content Intensifies colour Improves flavour of fruits and vegetables.
  • 13. 13  Manganese Function as a part of certain enzyme systems Aids in chlorophyll synthesis Involved in N metabolism and assimilation.
  • 14. 14  BORON Essential for germination of pollen grains and growth of pollen tubes. Essential for seed and cell wall formation. Promotes maturity Necessary for sugar translocation
  • 15. 15  Molybdenum Required to form the “nitrate reductase” which reduces nitrate to ammonium in plant. Aids in the formation of legume nodules. Needed to convert inorganic phosphates to organic forms in the plant.
  • 16. 16 CHLORINE  Activator of enzyme. Enhances maturity of small grains IRON Promotes formation of chlorophyll Acts as a oxygen carrier Reactions involving cell division and growth
  • 17. Threshold deficiency level of nutrients in the Himalayan region Nutrient Critical level (mg/kg) Iron 4.5 Manganese 1.0 Copper 0.2 Zinc 0.6 Boron 0.1 Molybdenum 0.1 17
  • 18. 18 Guideline for critical, sufficient and toxic levels of plant Nutrients Element Critical level Sufficient level Toxicity level Fe (mg/ kg) <50 50-250 Non toxic Zn (mg/ kg) 15-20 20-100 >400 Mn (mg/ kg) 10.0-20.0 20-300 >300 Cu (mg/ kg) 3.0-5.0 5.0-20.0 >20 B (mg/ kg) <10.0 10-100 >100 Mo (mg/ kg) <0.1 0.1-0.5 >0.5 Cl (%) <0.2 0.2-2.0 >2.0
  • 19. 19 • Yield decrease • Lower crop quality • Widespread infestation of various diseases and pests • Increased bio and non-bio-stresses • Lower fertilizer use efficiencies
  • 20. Available forms of micronutrients Element Dominant soil solution forms Iron Fe2+, Fe(OH)2 +, Fe(OH)2+, Fe3+ Manganese Mn2+ Zinc Zn2+, Zn(OH)+ Copper Cu2+, Cu(OH)+ Molybdenum MoO4 2-, HMoO4 - Boron H3BO3, H2BO3 - Cobalt Co2+ Chlorine Cl- Nickel Ni2+, Ni3+ 20
  • 21. Crop response to micronutrients on mineral soils Crop Boron Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Wheat Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Rice Low Medium Medium Medium High Soybeans Medium Low Low High Medium Barley Low Medium Low Medium Medium Potatoes Low Low Low High Low Cabbage High Medium Low Medium Medium 21
  • 22. 22 Effect of micronutrient application on crop productivity
  • 23. Effect of potassium and zinc on wheat yield (g/pot) K Levels (mg/kg) Levels of zinc (mg/kg) 0 2.5 5.0 10.0 0 4.5 4.8 5.0 4.0 30 4.9 5.1 5.3 4.4 60 5.5 5.5 4.8 4.5 120 5.2 5.4 5.5 4.6 CD (P=0.05) K or Zn 0.07 23 Singh et al. (1993) Location: Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) Sandy loam soil, pH =8.1
  • 24. Effect of Boron and Manganese on grain yield of wheat( g/pot) Mn levels (mg/kg) B levels( mg/kg) 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 0.0 5.00 5.80 6.60 4.00 2.5 5.90 6.80 7.40 4.80 5.0 6.26 7.00 7.60 5.12 10.0 6.20 6.80 7.20 4.70 CD (P=0.05) 0.18 24 Location: Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) Singh et al.(2000) Sandy loam soil, pH =8.3
  • 25. Effect of Mo and B on yield of wheat Treatments Yield ( g /pot ) Grain Straw Boron levels mg kg-1 0.0 3.2 3.9 0.5 3.8 4.5 1.0 3.5 4.4 2.0 3.1 3.6 CD( P= 0.05) 0.35 0.36 Mo levels mg kg-1 0.0 3.2 3.7 0.5 3.3 4.0 1.0 4.0 4.8 2.0 3.1 3.9 CD ( P=0.05) 0.35 0.36 25 Singh et al.(1992) Location : Bichpuri, Agra Sandy loam soil, pH =8.3
  • 26. Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on wheat yield Treatments Plant height (cm) No. of spikes/m2 No. of spikelet/ spike No. of grains/ spike Grain yield ( kg/ha) Control 99.7 368.0 19.9 57.8 6267.85 Cu 500ppm 108.6 425.3 21.1 64.3 7039.28 Mn 500 110.3 436.4 21.5 65.2 7167.85 Fe 500 108.5 423.1 21.3 64.7 7071.42 Zn 500ppm 112.1 445.7 21.7 66.1 7342.8 Mixture 116.1 468.9 22.1 69.8 7517.85 CD 5% 0.9 7.8 0.2 0.5 S 26 Seadh et al.(2009) Location: Tag Al-Ezz (Egypt) Clay loam, pH= 7.6-7.8
  • 27. Effect of zinc application on yield and yield attributes of rice Zinc (Kg/ha) Plant height ( cm) No. of panicle / sq.m Days to maturity Yield ( t/ha) 0 95.8 299.7 130.5 5.47 15 92.4 334.8 128.3 5.96 30 94.4 338.7 127.3 5.75 45 93.9 342.8 124.8 5.76 CD 5% NS NS NS NS Yakan et al. 1999 27 Location: Edirne province(Turkey) Texture : clay loam, pH =7.7
  • 28. Effect of zinc on grain and stover yield of maize Zn levels ( kg/ha) Grain yield (q/ha) Stover yield (q/ha) 0 25.04 63.86 2.5 27.35 69.01 5 29.70 74.83 10 29.00 71.82 CD (P=0.05) 1.25 3.06 28 Location : Kanpur (U.P.) Dwivedi et al.(2002) Sandy loam, pH =7.7-7.8
  • 29. Effect of zinc and manganese on tuber yield of potato Treatments No. of tuber/ plant Mean tuber weight (g) Tuber yield (kg/ha) Zn levels (ppm) 0 9.47b 70.52b 27340c 2 10.48a 70.82b 29390b 4 10.95a 72.38b 32500a 8 10.99a 75.59a 34170a CD (P =0.01) ** ** ** Mn levels (ppm) 0 10.20b 69.80b 29360c 2 10.46ab 72.97a 31350b 4 11.22a 73.48a 33866a 8 9.96b 70.70ab 28380c CD(P=0.01) ** ** ** Mousavi et al. (2007) 29 Location :Lorestan (Iran) Clay loam soil, pH 7.8
  • 30. Zinc and Iron fertilization effect on growth and yield of potato Treatments Plant height ( cm) No. of shoots/ plant No. of leaves / plant No. of tubers / plant Weight/ tuber Total tuber yield (q/ha ) Zinc kg ha-1 10 31.71 3.61 25.23 3.35 86.43 193.3 15 28.42 3.32 23.74 2.80 90.32 166.6 20 29.63 3.49 24.63 3.03 90.52 177.3 25 32.8 3.92 27.37 3.24 95.62 202.6 CD at 5% NS 0.33 NS 0.21 5.4 18.3 Fe level: 5 30.11 3.37 26.1 3.11 86.04 187.2 10 27.62 3.18 24.3 2.99 89.97 178.3 15 28.93 3.2 24.8 3.01 96.14 190.0 CD at 5% NS NS NS NS NS 10.3 Bhat and Jandial (1996) 30 Location : Ponichak, Jammu Sandy loam soil, pH =6.4-6.5
  • 31. Effect of micronutrients on yield and yield attributes of chilli Treatments Plant ht. ( cm) No. of branches/ plant No. of fruits / plant Yield q/ha ( red ripe) Control 60.52 7.46 157.45 18.88 Zn 0.1% 65.54 9.12 174.18 23.38 Fe 0.1% 62.28 8.64 164.84 19.90 B 0.1% 63.64 8.96 169.14 20.49 Zn 0.1% +Fe 0.1% 67.58 9.44 177.26 25.08 Zn 0.1%+ B 0.1% 68.24 10.94 181.52 26.04 Fe 0.1% + B 0.1% 63.92 9.02 172.66 22.32 Zn 0.1% + Fe 0.1% + B 70.36 11.12 184.12 28.82 0.1% CD at 5% 3.74 2.29 5.31 2.38 Location : Nagpur Hatwar et al., 2003 31
  • 32. Response of boron and calcium on plant growth, fruit and seed production of tomato Treatment Plant height (cm) No. of branches/ plant No. of fruits/ plant Fruit yield q/ha Seed yield/ ha Boron level (kg borax/ha) 10 166.6 7.7 18.9 635.7 176.5 20 189.2 9.2 23.1 762.7 246.2 30 177.3 8.1 20.2 657.7 203.4 CD at 5% 9.0 0.5 0.9 37.6 13.7 Ca level (Kg calcium carbonate /ha) 10 186.5 8.8 23.8 783.4 243.7 20 176.2 8.4 19.9 665.4 199.6 30 170.3 7.8 18.6 607.3 182.9 CD at 5 % 9.0 0.5 0.9 37.6 13.7 Sharma (1995) 32 Location :Kandaghat, Solan Sandy loam soil
  • 33. Effect of Zinc, Boron and Iron on plant growth and yield of brinjal Treatments Plant ht. at harvest (cm) No. of fruits/plant Fruit yield/plant (kg) Fruit yield (t/ha) Control 80.07 14.43 0.99 15.80 ZnSO4 (0.2%) 83.70 17.18 1.40 21.52 FeSO4 (0.5%) 82.37 15.02 1.22 19.48 Borax (0.2%) 80.75 14.73 1.02 16.65 CD (P=0.05) 2.41 0.92 0.06 1.43 Kiran et al.(2010) 33 Location :Saidapur (Dharwad)
  • 34. Effect of S and Mo on cauliflower yield (t/ha) Mo levels ( g ha-1 ) S levels ( kg ha-1 ) 0 20 40 0 29.2 39.0 44.7 80 35.4 40.7 44.9 160 30.4 43.1 48.8 CD (P= 0.05) S=6.9 , Mo= NS Jaggi and Dixit (1995) 34 Location : Sadarpur (kangra) HP Silty clay loam, pH 6.5
  • 35. Effect of zinc on yield of cauliflower Zinc concentration ( %) Curd Yield (q/ha ) 0.0 ( control) 132.79 0.3 134.04 0.6 137.53 0.9 152.91 1.2 158.38 1.5 147.43 CD at 5 % 2.58 35 Location : Faizabad (U.P.) Singh et al. (1991) Sandy loam soil, pH 8.4
  • 36. Effect of nickel on yield of chickpea, lentil and mustard Treatment mg Ni / kg soil Grain Yield (g/pot) Chickpea Lentil Mustard 0 7.3 4.2 3.1 2.5 7.3 4.2 3.2 5.0 6.9 3.6 3.3 7.5 6.0 3.4 3.1 10.0 5.2 3.1 3.0 20.0 4.3 2.3 2.5 CD (P=0.05) 0.93 0.45 0.32 36 Location :Hisar (Haryana) Gupta et al. (1996) Loamy sand soil.pH =8.0
  • 37. Effect of zinc application on yield attributes and yield of mustard Zn levels (kg Zn/ha) Yield attributes Yield (q/ha) No. of siliquae/ plant No. of seeds/ siliqua Seed yield Total dry matter yield 0 242.65 11.65 15.95 65.52 1.25 246.30 12.10 16.96 69.77 2.50 246.15 12.40 17.65 69.93 5.00 248.58 12.35 17.85 71.15 7.50 303.70 14.58 17.95 69.69 10.00 246.25 12.10 17.49 68.18 CD (P=0.05) 30.71 0.23 0.87 NS 37 Khan et al.(2003) Location :Badaun Distt (U.P.) Loamy sand soil, pH 7.9
  • 38. Table 16: Effect of boron application on groundnut yield B levels (kg/ha) Yield (q/ha ) Pod Straw 0 11.4 23.9 1.5 13.2 35.3 3.0 15.3 41.9 4.5 11.9 33.7 38 Kumar et al.(1996) Location : Ranchi, Bihar Acid soil
  • 39. Effect of molybdenum on oil content and yield of groundnut Treatments Oil content Pod yield (g/ha) Control 47.88 14.09 Mo @2g/ kg seed 49.40 17.46 Mo @4g/ kg seed 50.09 18.62 CD ( P=0.05) 0.30 4.37 Behera et al.(2011) 39
  • 40. Effect of micronutrients on nutrient use efficiency 40
  • 41. Effect of K and Zn on uptake of K by wheat ( mg/pot) K Levels (mg/kg) Levels of zinc (mg/kg) 0 2.5 5.0 10.0 0 22.5 23.5 22.0 16.8 30 26.5 27.5 26.5 19.4 60 31.0 31.4 30.7 22.5 120 32.7 33.0 30.8 24.4 CD (P=0.05) K or Zn =1.14 Potassium use efficiency(%) 30 79.33 62 62.33 45.66 60 82 70.16 65.16 43.33 120 43 38.41 33.41 30.08 41 Singh and Kumar (1993) Location: Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) Sandy loam soil, pH =8.1
  • 42. Effect of ZnSO4 application on yield and Nitrogen use efficiency by wheat Treatment Yield (q /ha) Total N uptake (kg/ha) Nitrogen use Efficiency (%) Grain Straw Control 43.3 48.7 68.8 _ 12.5 kg ZnSO4ha-1 (soil) 47.7 55.0 91.2 22.4 25 kg ZnSO4ha-1 (soil) 49.5 56.7 125.2 56.4 CD (P=0.05) 1.2 1.2 6.9 Khandkar et al. (1992) 42 Location : Mandsaur (M.P.) Clay texture soil , pH =8.1
  • 43. Influence of copper on phosphorus and potassium uptake by rice Copper(mg/kg) P uptake(g/kg) K uptake(g/kg) 0 3.03 34.67 2 3.17 35.33 4 3.10 38.33 8 3.27 33.33 16 2.77 37.67 32 2.93 36.67 64 2.93 37.67 96 1.63 26.67 Frageria (2002) 43 Location : Brazil Soil pH=5.3
  • 44. Effect of nitrogen and manganese on N uptake by wheat (mg/g) Levels of N (ppm) Levels of Mn (ppm) 0 5 10 20 0 20.6 20.2 24.3 26.5 30 21.6 23.4 25.6 27.0 60 22.5 24.0 24.8 27.7 90 23.5 25.0 27.4 28.9 CD (5%) N or Mn 0.007 Singh (1990) 44 Location : Bichpuri ( U.P.) Sandy loam soil , pH 8.6
  • 45. Effect of Zinc and Iron on K uptake by wheat Treatments (kg/ha) Grain yield (kg/ha) K uptake (kg/ha) Zinc 0 3157 8.38 25 3510 9.89 50 3664 10.60 CD @ 5% 216 0.90 Iron 0 3377 8.38 50 3511 9.89 CD @ 5% NS NS 45 Polara et al. (2008) Location : Junagadh( Gujarat) Calcareous soil , pH= 7.8
  • 46. Table 23: Effect of sulphur and zinc on S uptake by maize Treatments S uptake by grain S uptake by straw S levels (kg/ha) 0 4.17 1.96 15 5.17 2.61 30 5.92 3.27 45 5.84 3.33 Zn levels ( kg/ha) 0 4.48 1.96 2.5 5.17 2.77 5 5.85 3.36 10 5.63 3.06 CD (P=0.05) S or Zn 0.120 0.115 S or Zn 0.017 0.02 Singh et al. (2006) 46 Location : Jharkhand Acidic soil , pH =5.9-6.2
  • 47. Effect of zinc on nutrient N ,P and K in maize Treatments Uptake (kg/ha) N K P Zn(kg/ha) 15 56.04 15.67 14.88 30 61.44 18.67 18.42 CD (P=0.05) 2.67 1.06 1.04 47 Arya and Singh 2000 Location : IARI, New Delhi. Sandy loam soil, pH =7.5
  • 48. Effect of Zinc on uptake of potassium by cotton Zinc ( kg/ha) K uptake (kg/ha) Seed cotton Stalk Total 0 22.35 17.59 39.93 25 23.89 19.27 43.16 50 24.49 19.51 43.98 CD @ 5% 1.43 NS 2.42 48 Polara et al. (2008) Location : Saurashtra region (Gujarat) Calcareous soil
  • 49. Effect of sulphur and boron on sulphur uptake (kg/ha) by soybean S Levels ( kg/ha) Boron levels( kg/ha) 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 0 8.80 9.78 11.03 11.45 20 11.55 12.73 14.73 15.00 40 13.90 16.00 18.00 18.10 60 15.08 16.75 18.18 16.88 CD (P= 0.05) S= 0.95 , B = 0.95 49 Sulphur use efficiency (%) 20 13.75 14.75 18.5 17.75 40 12.75 8.17 17.42 16.62 60 10.46 11.61 11.91 9.05 Singh et al. (2006) Location :Darisai (Jharkhand) Coarse texture soil, Acidic soil. pH= 5.9-6.2
  • 50. Effect of molybdenum on uptake of N and P by Green Gram Mo ( kg/ha) Uptake by seed ( kg/ha) N P 0 34.3 4.52 0.5 40.1 5.24 1.0 42.0 5.59 CV % 9.62 8.65 50 Location :Sardarkrushinagar Patel et al. (2008) Soil: loamy sand in texture
  • 51. 51 Conclusion Micronutrients in crop production are important, and they deserve equal attention similar to that of macronutrients. Micronutrient deficiency drastically affect the growth and inhibits different metabolic and enzymatic activities. Application of micronutrients significantly increases the yield of cereal, vegetables, oilseed and pulse crops. Micronutrient application also enhances the uptake of nutrients like N,P,K and S.