Erythropoiesis is the process of formation of red blood cells (erythrocytes) through maturation of stem cells in the bone marrow. In fetal life, erythropoiesis occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and later the bone marrow. In adults, erythropoiesis takes place primarily in the bone marrow. The process involves the maturation of stem cells into pro-erythroblasts, normoblasts, reticulocytes, and finally mature erythrocytes over the course of approximately 7 days as the cells reduce in size, lose their nuclei, and accumulate hemoglobin in their cytoplasm.
This document summarizes the genesis and development of red blood cells (RBCs) from pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It describes that pluripotential stem cells give rise to committed stem cells through successive cell divisions, with a small portion remaining as stem cells. Committed stem cells then differentiate into specific blood cell types, including the colony-forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E) that produces RBCs. The stages of RBC development are then outlined, starting from the proerythroblast and progressing through basophilic, polychromatic, and orthrochromatic erythroblasts, before becoming a reticuloctye and mature
This document discusses the process of erythropoiesis, which is the formation of red blood cells. It describes the stages and sites of erythropoiesis from fetal development through adulthood. In fetal life, red blood cells are produced in the yolk sac, liver, and bone marrow. After birth, erythropoiesis solely occurs in the red bone marrow. The process involves hematopoietic stem cells developing into committed progenitors and then progressing through stages of normoblasts, reticulocytes, and finally mature red blood cells.
Hemopoiesis is the formation of blood cells from stem cells in the bone marrow. There are four major types of progenitor cells that give rise to the various blood cell lineages - erythroid, thrombocytic, granulocyte-monocyte, and lymphoid. Stem cells differentiate through several stages into mature blood cells, including erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, which circulate in the blood and perform various functions. Disorders in blood cell production and function can cause diseases like anemia or inflammation.
Description about origin of blood cells from bone marrow i.e. hematopisis and process of eryhtropoisis and its regulation,Leukopoisis includingformation of all type of WBC's,
Useful for medical science,Post graduate ,and Undergraduate life science students.
Red blood cells are formed through the process of erythropoiesis, where hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into mature red blood cells. This process is regulated by erythropoietin, which is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood and promotes the production and release of reticulocytes from bone marrow. Other factors like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are also necessary for hemoglobin production and the maturation of red blood cells. Mature red blood cells are biconcave disks that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body and have a lifespan of approximately 120 days before being destroyed by the spleen and liver.
This document summarizes erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells. It describes the stages of maturation from pluripotent stem cells to erythrocytes. Key stages include burst forming units and colony forming units that give rise to erythroblast precursors. Erythropoietin is the main growth factor that stimulates and regulates erythropoiesis. The bone marrow is typically the main site of erythropoiesis in adults, though the liver and spleen can also produce red blood cells early in development.
Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, immune cells, and clotting factors throughout the body via arteries, capillaries, and veins. It consists of plasma and three main cell types - red blood cells, which carry oxygen; white blood cells, which fight infection; and platelets, which promote clotting. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and circulate for about 120 days before being broken down. The production of red blood cells is regulated by erythropoietin and nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
Erythropoiesis is the process of formation of red blood cells (erythrocytes) through maturation of stem cells in the bone marrow. In fetal life, erythropoiesis occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and later the bone marrow. In adults, erythropoiesis takes place primarily in the bone marrow. The process involves the maturation of stem cells into pro-erythroblasts, normoblasts, reticulocytes, and finally mature erythrocytes over the course of approximately 7 days as the cells reduce in size, lose their nuclei, and accumulate hemoglobin in their cytoplasm.
This document summarizes the genesis and development of red blood cells (RBCs) from pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It describes that pluripotential stem cells give rise to committed stem cells through successive cell divisions, with a small portion remaining as stem cells. Committed stem cells then differentiate into specific blood cell types, including the colony-forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E) that produces RBCs. The stages of RBC development are then outlined, starting from the proerythroblast and progressing through basophilic, polychromatic, and orthrochromatic erythroblasts, before becoming a reticuloctye and mature
This document discusses the process of erythropoiesis, which is the formation of red blood cells. It describes the stages and sites of erythropoiesis from fetal development through adulthood. In fetal life, red blood cells are produced in the yolk sac, liver, and bone marrow. After birth, erythropoiesis solely occurs in the red bone marrow. The process involves hematopoietic stem cells developing into committed progenitors and then progressing through stages of normoblasts, reticulocytes, and finally mature red blood cells.
Hemopoiesis is the formation of blood cells from stem cells in the bone marrow. There are four major types of progenitor cells that give rise to the various blood cell lineages - erythroid, thrombocytic, granulocyte-monocyte, and lymphoid. Stem cells differentiate through several stages into mature blood cells, including erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, which circulate in the blood and perform various functions. Disorders in blood cell production and function can cause diseases like anemia or inflammation.
Description about origin of blood cells from bone marrow i.e. hematopisis and process of eryhtropoisis and its regulation,Leukopoisis includingformation of all type of WBC's,
Useful for medical science,Post graduate ,and Undergraduate life science students.
Red blood cells are formed through the process of erythropoiesis, where hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into mature red blood cells. This process is regulated by erythropoietin, which is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood and promotes the production and release of reticulocytes from bone marrow. Other factors like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are also necessary for hemoglobin production and the maturation of red blood cells. Mature red blood cells are biconcave disks that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body and have a lifespan of approximately 120 days before being destroyed by the spleen and liver.
This document summarizes erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells. It describes the stages of maturation from pluripotent stem cells to erythrocytes. Key stages include burst forming units and colony forming units that give rise to erythroblast precursors. Erythropoietin is the main growth factor that stimulates and regulates erythropoiesis. The bone marrow is typically the main site of erythropoiesis in adults, though the liver and spleen can also produce red blood cells early in development.
Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, immune cells, and clotting factors throughout the body via arteries, capillaries, and veins. It consists of plasma and three main cell types - red blood cells, which carry oxygen; white blood cells, which fight infection; and platelets, which promote clotting. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and circulate for about 120 days before being broken down. The production of red blood cells is regulated by erythropoietin and nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
RBC- HAEMATOLOGY, RED BLOOD CELLS, HAEMOPOIESIS, HAEMATOPOIESISashashivadas
Red blood cells (RBCs) are biconcave disks that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. They lack nuclei and contain hemoglobin. RBCs develop through erythropoiesis, a process where megaloblasts mature into reticulocytes over 7 days then into RBCs. The biconcave shape allows RBCs to squeeze through capillaries, provides a large surface area, and minimizes tension on the membrane during volume changes. RBC count, size, and structure can vary physiologically and pathologically.
This document discusses the components and functions of blood. It notes that blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes the roles of these components, such as red blood cells transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells providing immunity, and platelets helping form clots. The document also covers hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow, and hemostasis, the process of blood clotting to stop bleeding. It discusses blood groups and the importance of matching blood types between donors and recipients for safe blood transfusions.
erythropoieisis body fluid blood 23.pptxarjunnagar13
Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells are produced from stem cells in the bone marrow. It is a multi-step process regulated by erythropoietin. There are two major waves - primitive erythropoiesis in the yolk sac and definitive erythropoiesis in the fetal liver. Mature red blood cells are released from the bone marrow as reticulocytes and circulate for 1-2 days. The development stages include proerythroblast, erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, and erythrocyte. Key factors that affect erythropoiesis include erythropoietin, iron, folic acid, and vitamin
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin. Their biconcave shape allows them to deform and squeeze through narrow capillaries.
- In the bone marrow, pluripotent stem cells differentiate into committed stem cells and then proerythroblasts. Through multiple divisions, proerythroblasts mature into reticulocytes and then erythrocytes.
- Low oxygen stimulates kidney and liver production of erythropoietin hormone, which increases erythropoiesis and maturation in the bone marrow. Vitamins B12 and folic acid are also essential for erythrocyte maturation.
This document provides an overview of granulocytes, including their development, functions, and involvement in diseases. It discusses the early theories of granulopoiesis in the embryo and defines the different types of granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils - detailing their morphology, production, kinetics, and functions. The document also examines the role of granulocytes in inflammation and describes quantitative and qualitative defects that can cause diseases.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes waste. Blood forms about 30-35% of extracellular fluid and is slightly alkaline. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow through cell division. The main cell types are red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, white blood cells which help fight infection, and platelets which help with clotting to stop bleeding. Lymph is fluid that has drained from blood and carries waste for reabsorption, and also contains immune cells.
This presentation explains Physiology of blood, Variations in blood cells-Oral manifestations and Clinical importance, Blood groups and Transfusion of blood
Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation. It occurs in 6 stages from proerythroblast to mature erythrocyte over 7 days in the bone marrow. The blood transports nutrients from digestion to cells and removes waste from cells to organs for elimination. The lymphatic system returns excess fluid to the blood and transports lymphocytes to defend against pathogens. It consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and bone marrow, which produce and activate immune cells.
Connective tissue connects different body parts structurally and functionally. There are four main types of connective tissue: general connective tissue, blood, cartilage, and bone. General connective tissue includes loose connective tissue (areolar and adipose tissue) and dense connective tissue (dense regular and dense irregular). Areolar tissue contains collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers in a matrix and is found under the skin and around blood vessels. Adipose tissue contains lipid-filled adipocytes and acts as insulation under the skin.
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of blood. It describes how blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It explains the functions of blood in transportation of gases, nutrients and waste, regulation of homeostasis, and protection from infection. The production of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow is outlined, along with the roles of stem cells, growth factors and hormones in this process. Key details about red blood cells and hemoglobin are provided.
Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. In adults, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells. The stem cells differentiate into the various cell lineages through the effects of growth factors and cytokines. Erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production in response to tissue oxygen levels while granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates white blood cell production. T and B lymphocytes mature in different areas with T cells maturing in the thymus and B cells maturing in the bone marrow and spleen.
BLOOD & ITS COMPOSITION. DMLT MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY pptxPunamSahoo3
Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, salts, proteins and other nutrients. Blood cells include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. WBCs help fight infection and are classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) or agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). Platelets help the blood clot. Together, blood components provide nutrients, remove waste, transport hormones and antibodies, regulate pH and temperature, and defend against infection.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements. Its main functions are transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and waste; regulation of pH, temperature and water content of cells; and protection from infection and disease. The three major components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection and disease. Platelets assist in blood clotting to stop bleeding. The circulatory system efficiently carries out these vital functions through blood's composition and properties.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements. Its main functions are transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste; regulation of pH and temperature; and protection from infection and disease. The three major formed elements are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection in different ways depending on their type, such as neutrophils phagocytosing bacteria. Blood volume and its components are tightly regulated.
This presentation is on the topic blood from circulatory system. The presentation can be used in anatomy & physiology for B.Sc Nursing and GNM students.
the presentation tells you about hematopoiesis which is the process of formation of blood cells i.e. RBC’S, WBC’S and platelets is called as hematopoiesis and the sites where it occurs are known as hematopoietic tissues or organs.
This document discusses the components and functions of blood. It begins by describing blood as a fundamental component of life that circulates nutrients and waste throughout the body. It then explains that blood is both a tissue and fluid, containing suspended cells in a liquid matrix. The document goes on to describe the various cells that make up blood - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - as well as the liquid component called plasma and its components like proteins, lipids, and inorganic materials. Finally, it discusses the production of blood cells through hematopoiesis and the specialized functions of different white blood cell types.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells provide immunity, and platelets help with clotting. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells develop from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow. In fetuses, blood cell production occurs first in the yolk sac, then the liver and spleen, and eventually primarily in the bone marrow after birth. The document discusses the composition, functions, and development of the various blood cell types.
RBC- HAEMATOLOGY, RED BLOOD CELLS, HAEMOPOIESIS, HAEMATOPOIESISashashivadas
Red blood cells (RBCs) are biconcave disks that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. They lack nuclei and contain hemoglobin. RBCs develop through erythropoiesis, a process where megaloblasts mature into reticulocytes over 7 days then into RBCs. The biconcave shape allows RBCs to squeeze through capillaries, provides a large surface area, and minimizes tension on the membrane during volume changes. RBC count, size, and structure can vary physiologically and pathologically.
This document discusses the components and functions of blood. It notes that blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes the roles of these components, such as red blood cells transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells providing immunity, and platelets helping form clots. The document also covers hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow, and hemostasis, the process of blood clotting to stop bleeding. It discusses blood groups and the importance of matching blood types between donors and recipients for safe blood transfusions.
erythropoieisis body fluid blood 23.pptxarjunnagar13
Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells are produced from stem cells in the bone marrow. It is a multi-step process regulated by erythropoietin. There are two major waves - primitive erythropoiesis in the yolk sac and definitive erythropoiesis in the fetal liver. Mature red blood cells are released from the bone marrow as reticulocytes and circulate for 1-2 days. The development stages include proerythroblast, erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, and erythrocyte. Key factors that affect erythropoiesis include erythropoietin, iron, folic acid, and vitamin
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin. Their biconcave shape allows them to deform and squeeze through narrow capillaries.
- In the bone marrow, pluripotent stem cells differentiate into committed stem cells and then proerythroblasts. Through multiple divisions, proerythroblasts mature into reticulocytes and then erythrocytes.
- Low oxygen stimulates kidney and liver production of erythropoietin hormone, which increases erythropoiesis and maturation in the bone marrow. Vitamins B12 and folic acid are also essential for erythrocyte maturation.
This document provides an overview of granulocytes, including their development, functions, and involvement in diseases. It discusses the early theories of granulopoiesis in the embryo and defines the different types of granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils - detailing their morphology, production, kinetics, and functions. The document also examines the role of granulocytes in inflammation and describes quantitative and qualitative defects that can cause diseases.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes waste. Blood forms about 30-35% of extracellular fluid and is slightly alkaline. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow through cell division. The main cell types are red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, white blood cells which help fight infection, and platelets which help with clotting to stop bleeding. Lymph is fluid that has drained from blood and carries waste for reabsorption, and also contains immune cells.
This presentation explains Physiology of blood, Variations in blood cells-Oral manifestations and Clinical importance, Blood groups and Transfusion of blood
Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation. It occurs in 6 stages from proerythroblast to mature erythrocyte over 7 days in the bone marrow. The blood transports nutrients from digestion to cells and removes waste from cells to organs for elimination. The lymphatic system returns excess fluid to the blood and transports lymphocytes to defend against pathogens. It consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and bone marrow, which produce and activate immune cells.
Connective tissue connects different body parts structurally and functionally. There are four main types of connective tissue: general connective tissue, blood, cartilage, and bone. General connective tissue includes loose connective tissue (areolar and adipose tissue) and dense connective tissue (dense regular and dense irregular). Areolar tissue contains collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers in a matrix and is found under the skin and around blood vessels. Adipose tissue contains lipid-filled adipocytes and acts as insulation under the skin.
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of blood. It describes how blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It explains the functions of blood in transportation of gases, nutrients and waste, regulation of homeostasis, and protection from infection. The production of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow is outlined, along with the roles of stem cells, growth factors and hormones in this process. Key details about red blood cells and hemoglobin are provided.
Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. In adults, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells. The stem cells differentiate into the various cell lineages through the effects of growth factors and cytokines. Erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production in response to tissue oxygen levels while granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates white blood cell production. T and B lymphocytes mature in different areas with T cells maturing in the thymus and B cells maturing in the bone marrow and spleen.
BLOOD & ITS COMPOSITION. DMLT MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY pptxPunamSahoo3
Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, salts, proteins and other nutrients. Blood cells include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. WBCs help fight infection and are classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) or agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). Platelets help the blood clot. Together, blood components provide nutrients, remove waste, transport hormones and antibodies, regulate pH and temperature, and defend against infection.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements. Its main functions are transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and waste; regulation of pH, temperature and water content of cells; and protection from infection and disease. The three major components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection and disease. Platelets assist in blood clotting to stop bleeding. The circulatory system efficiently carries out these vital functions through blood's composition and properties.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements. Its main functions are transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste; regulation of pH and temperature; and protection from infection and disease. The three major formed elements are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection in different ways depending on their type, such as neutrophils phagocytosing bacteria. Blood volume and its components are tightly regulated.
This presentation is on the topic blood from circulatory system. The presentation can be used in anatomy & physiology for B.Sc Nursing and GNM students.
the presentation tells you about hematopoiesis which is the process of formation of blood cells i.e. RBC’S, WBC’S and platelets is called as hematopoiesis and the sites where it occurs are known as hematopoietic tissues or organs.
This document discusses the components and functions of blood. It begins by describing blood as a fundamental component of life that circulates nutrients and waste throughout the body. It then explains that blood is both a tissue and fluid, containing suspended cells in a liquid matrix. The document goes on to describe the various cells that make up blood - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - as well as the liquid component called plasma and its components like proteins, lipids, and inorganic materials. Finally, it discusses the production of blood cells through hematopoiesis and the specialized functions of different white blood cell types.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells provide immunity, and platelets help with clotting. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells develop from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow. In fetuses, blood cell production occurs first in the yolk sac, then the liver and spleen, and eventually primarily in the bone marrow after birth. The document discusses the composition, functions, and development of the various blood cell types.
Similar to ERTHROPOIESIS: Dr. E. Muralinath & R. Gnana Lahari (20)
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
2. • DEFINITION
• Erythropoiesis is defined as the process of the origin, development and maturation of particularly
erythrocytes.
• 2)Whereas Hemioiesis or Hematopoiesis is dfefined as the process of rigin, development and maturastion of
especially all the blood cellsd
3. • SITE OF ERYTHROPOIESIS
•
• IN FETAL LIFE
• In fetal life, erythropoiesis happens in three stages.
• MESOBLASTIC STAGE:
• During the first two months of intra uterine life, the production of the RBCs happens from mesenchyme of
yolk sac.
• B) HEPATIC STAGE:
•
• From third month of intra uterine life, the production of RBCs takes place in the liver which is the main organ.
• 2)An involvement of spleen and lymnphoid organs happens during the process of erythropoiesis.
• MYELOID STAGE
• During last three months of intra uterine life, the production of RBCs takes place from red bone marrow as
well as liver.
4. • IN NEW BORN BABIES, CHILDREN AND ADULTS:
• In the new born babies, growing children and adults, the production of RBCs takes place from only from
the red bone marrow.
• UPTO THE AGE OF 20 YEARS:
• The production of RBCs happens from red bone marrow of all bones (long bones as well as the flat
bones)
•
• AFTER THE AGE OF 20- YEARS
• The production of RBCs takes place from membranous bones like iliac bones, ribs,scapula , skull bones,
sternum and from the ends of long bones.
• After the 20 years of age, the shaft of long bones is converted into yellow bone marrow due to fat
deposition and loses the erythroipoietc ability.
5. • IN ADULTS:
• The production of the blood cells takes place in liver and spleen because of the destruction or fibrosis of
the bone marrow.
• B)Collectively the size as well as weight of bone marrow is almost equal to liver.Bone marrow is also as
active as liver.
• C) Even though, bone nmarrow is the site of production of all blood cells, an involvement of 75% of the
bone marrow happens regarding the production of leukocytes and only 25% regarding the production of
erythrocytes.
• D)The number of leukocytes are less in number compare to the erythrocytes , the ratio being 1 : 500.This is
primarily due to the span of thee cells.m Life span of erythrocytes is 120 days whereas lifespan of
leukocytes is very less ranging from one to days approximately. That is why, the leukocytes require more
production compare to erythrocytes to regulate the required number.
6. • PROCESS OF ERYTJROIPOIESIS:
• STEM CELLS:
• Stem cells are treated as primary cells and thee cel;ls are capable of self-renewal differentiating into specialized
cells.
• Hemopoietic stem cells are the priomitive cells in the bone marrow which yield the blood cells.
• The hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow are treated as uncommitted pluri potent hemopoietic stem cells
(PHSC).
• PHSC is defined as a cell that can result in all types of blood cells.
• Particularly in early stages, the PHSC is not designed to to form a particular type of blood cell and it is not possible
to estimate the blood cells to be developed from these cells, hence the name uncommitted PHSC.
• In adults, only a few number of these cells are onserved , but the best source of these cells is the umbilical cord
blood.
• If the cells are designed to form to form a particiuilar type of blood cells, theuncommitted PHSCs are termed as
committed PHSCs.
• Committed PHSC is defined as a cell which is limited to produce one group of blood cells.
7. • TYPES OF COMMITTED PHSCs
• Lymphoid stem cells (LSC) which yield lymphocytes as well as natural killer (NK) cells.
• Colony forming blastocytes, which yield myeloid cells.Myeloid cells are blood cells other than lymphocytes.
• If grown in cultures, thee cells are helpful in forming colonies, hence the name colony formimg blastocytes.
8. • DIFFERENT UNITS OF COLONY FORMING UNITS:
• Colony Forming Unit - Erythrocytes (CFU-E): The cells of this unit form into erythrocytes.
• Colony Forming Unit - Granulocytes / Monocytes (CFU - GM). These cells yield granulocytes (neutrophils,
basophils and eosinophils and Monocytes.
• Colony Forming Unit- Megakaryocytes (CFU-M) The development of Platelets takes from these cells.
9. • CHANGES DURING ERYTHROPOIESIS
• The cells of CFU - E undergo various stages and fully develop into matured RBCs. During these stages four
important changes are observed.
• Reduction in size of the cell ( from the diameter of 25 to 7.2 microns)
• Absence of nucleus as well as nucleoli
• Modifications rergasrding the staining properties of the cytoplasm.
10. • STAGES OF ERYTROPOIESIS
• The different stages between CFE - U and the matured RBC are
• Proerythroblast
• Early normoblast
• Intermediate normoblast
• Late normoblast
• Reticulocyte
• Matured erythrocyte
11. • PROERYTHROBLAST (MEGALOBLAST):-
• It is the first cell derived from CFU - E. It is very large in size along with a diameter of approximately
about 20 microns.
• The nucleus of this cell is very large and covers the cell completely.
• The nucleus exhibits two or more nucleoli and a reticular network.
• Hrmoglobin is absent in the Proerythroblast.
• The cytoplasm resembles basophilic in nature.
• The Proerythroblast multiplies many times and lastly forms the cell of next stage is termed as Early
Norrmoblast.
12. • EARLY NORMOBLAST:
• It is slightly smaller compare to proerythroblast and it exhibits a diameter of approximately 15 mivrons.
• In the nuceus, the nucleoli is absent
• Condensation of vhromatin network takes polace
• The condensed network shows more density.
• The cytoplasm is basophilic in nature. That is why, this cell is also tertmed as basophilic erythroblast.
• This cell changes into next stage termed as Intermediate Normoblast.
13. • INTERMEDIATE NORMOBLAST:
• This cells shows small size compare to early normoblast and this cell exhibits a diameter of approximately
10 to 12 microns.
• The nucleus is seen, but the chromatin network exhibits furtyher condensation.
• The hemogl;obin begins appeariong.
• The cytoplasm is alrerady basophilic. Now, due to the presence of hemoglobin, it srtains specifically with
both acidic and basic stains. So this cell is termed as Polychromatophilic or Polychromatic Erythroblast.
This cell changes into nexty stage known as Late Normoblast.
14. • LATE NORMOBLAST;
• The diameter of this cell reduces further to approximately 8 to 10 microns.
• Nucleus is very small size along with very much condensed chromatin network and it is termed as Ink
Spot Nucleus.
• An enhancement of hemoglobin happens.
• The cytoplasm almost becomes acidophilic. That is why, the cell is now termed as Orthtochromatic
Erythroblast.
• In the beginning stage of late normoblast just before it undergoes into next stage, the nucleus disintegrstes
and disappears. The process by which nucleus disappears is termed as Pyknosis.
• An extrusion of final remnant happens from the cell.
• Late Normoblast grows into next stage known as reticulocyte.
15. • RETICULOCYTE:
• It is otherwise termed as immature RBC. It is slightly larger compare to matured RBC.
• The cytoplasm consists of reticular networks or reticulum which is formed by espoecially remnants of
disintegrated organelles.
• Because of the reticular network, the cell is termed as reticulocyte.
• The reticulum of reticulocyte stains particularly with suprtavital stain.
• In newborn babies, the reticulocyte count is approximately 2-6% of RBCs. That is 2to 6 reticulocytes are
seen for every 100 RBCs.
• The number of reticulocytes reduces during first week after birth. Later, the reticulocyte count remains
constant at or below 1% of RBCs.
• The number enhances, whenever production and release of RBCs enhance.
• The reticulocyte is basophilic because of the presence of remnants of disintegrated Golgi bodies,
mitochondria and other organells of cytoplasm. During this stage, the cells enter the capillaries through the
capillary membrane especially from source of production by diapedesis.
16. • MATURED ERYTHROCYTE
• The disappearance of reticular network takes place and the cell becomes the matured RBC and gets the
biconcave shape.
• The reduces in size approximately to 7.2 microns diameter.
• The matured RBC consists of hemoglobin but the nucleus is absent.
• It needs seven days especially for the development of RBC from proerythroblast. It needs five days upto
the stage of reticulocyte.
• The reticulocyte requires two or more days to become the matured RBC