Fly ash is a problematic waste produced from coal combustion in thermal power plants. Its disposal poses environmental challenges. The document discusses using fly ash in agriculture as a feasible alternative for disposal while improving soils and crop productivity. It provides data on fly ash composition, effects on soil properties, plant growth, and heavy metal uptake. Tables show increased crop yields from fly ash application and savings in chemical fertilizer use. The document argues for adopting suitable management strategies for productive fly ash disposal in agriculture.

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2. Presented By
Kale pavan jivan
Seminar In-charge
Dr. Syed Ismail
Head
Dept. of SSAC
VNMKV, Parbhani.
Reg. No: 2017A110M
Research Guide
Dr. G. R. Hanwate
Assistant professor
Dept. of SSAC
Seminar on

3. “Disposal of fly ash is one of the trending
& serious issue in our country. The
suitable management strategies for the
proper disposal of fly ash should be
undertaken”

4. • Fly ash – a as the problematic solid waste all over the world. Every
year coal combustion residue of thermal power plants has been
regarded Indian thermal power plants produce more than 100
million tones of Fly ash ,which is expected to reach 175 million
tonnes in near future and their disposal is a major problem all over
the world due to limited use and possible toxic outcomes.
• Fly ash is one of the waste obtained from thermal power industries
during the process coal ash manufacturing. Cogenerated fly Ash’
which poses a significant environmental problem.
• Use of fly ash in agriculture provides a fesible alternative for its
safe disposal & to replace the chemical fertilizers , improve the soil
environment and enhance the crop productivity.
• Fly ash as a management would remain a great concern with the
century.
• Practical value of fly ash in agriculture especially in wheat can be
established after repeated field experiments. Bakri et al. (2012)
reported 1.85% K2O in fly ash.
• Fly ash also a good source of potassium as it contains 3.01% K2O.
Anguissola et al., (1999)
• Fly ash is although rich in majority of micro and macro nutrient
such as Fe, Mn , Zn , Cu , Ca , and N ,P ,K, Mg, etc.
INTRODUCTION

5. What is fly ash
• Fly ash is thermal power generation through
coal combustion produce minute particle of
ash commonly known as fly ash.
• These ash particle consist of essential plant
nutrients such as silica, oxide of iron (Fe),
Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Copper
(Cu) on the one hand and trace of toxic metal
like lead (Pb), Arsenic (As) and Cobalt (Co) on
the other.

7. PROCESS OF PRODUCTION OF FLY ASH

8. PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH
Country Prod
uctio
n MT
Utiliz
ation
MT
%
utilizati
on
India 125 48 38.4
USA 115 49 42.60
Germany 85 66 77.64
UK 54 23 42.59
Australia 15 8 53.33
Denmark 200 100 50
Netherland 200 100 50
PRICE & TRANSPORT COST
Price is about 350-400 / ton of fly ash (grade F)
@ Rs.200 per tone fly ash for 100 KM distance, @ Rs.150 per tone fly ash for 50 KM
distance and @ Rs.100 per tone fly ash up to 20 KM distance from thermal power
stations, its pay back period [3 crops for 100km distant farmers, 2 crops for 50KM
distant farmer and 1.33 crops for 20KM distant farmers] would be 1 to 1.5 years.
Yeledhalli et al. (2008)

9. PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH
Country Prod
uctio
n MT
Utiliz
ation
MT
%
utilizati
on
India 289 202 70 %
USA 356 302 85 %
PRICE & TRANSPORT COST
Price is about 350-400 / ton of bagasse ash
@ Rs.200 per tone bagasse ash for 100 KM distance, @ Rs.150 per tone bagasse ash
for 50 KM distance and @ Rs.100 per tone bagasse ash up to 20 KM distance from
thermal power stations, its pay back period [3 crops for 100km distant farmers, 2
crops for 50KM distant farmer and 1.33 crops for 20KM distant farmers] would be 1 to
1.5 years.
40 % Agriculture
25 % Engineering works
5 % other
30 % Dumping
Raymohapatra et al. (2013)

10. CHARACTERIZATION OF FLY ASH
Parameters Description
Grade/Class F
Color Grey to Black
Shape EM Spherical
Texture chalky
Specific gravity (g
cm-3)
1.90
COLE value 0.34
Moisture content
(%)
0.2%
Elements (oxides) Weight (%)
SiO2 52.5
Al2O3 22.8
Fe2O3 2.02
CaO 7.98
MgO 2.01
Na2O 0.31
K2O 1.8
Physical properties Chemical properties
Heavy
metals
µg/g
Cd 0.7
Ni 6.3
Cr 10
Hg 0.02
Bakri et al. (2012)

11. Effect on Nutrients and Heavy Metals Status in the Soil
• Fly ash is added to soils primarily to affect chemical properties
such as pH and fertility, and loading rates are limited by
chemical effects in the treated soils.
• Plant growth on fly ash-amended soils is most often limited
by nutrient deficiencies.
• The Fe and Al in more acidic ashes and similarly insoluble
complexes with Class C ashes.
• Amendment of K-deficient soil with fly ash increases plant K
uptake, but the K in fly ash is apparently not as available as
fertilizer K, possibly because the Ca and Mg in the fly ash
inhibit K absorption by plants.
• Factors against fly ash disposal in agricultural soils are
especially the content of potentially toxic elements (Ni, Pb,
Cd, B, Se, Al, etc.)

12. Effect on Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants
• The effect of fly ash addition on the uptake or
enrichment of various nutrients and heavy trace
elements in soil as well as various crops have been
investigated with safe use of crop produced for
human consumption.
• in uptake of different metals studied tomato
sunflower plants grown in soil amended with 5%,
10% and 20% fly ash.
• The fly ash application did not change the Na
content of rice-roots, but the contents of K, P, Mn,
Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd showed a progressive
increase. Seeds of plants grown in fly ash amended
soils accumulated Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd in amounts
below allowable limits.

13. Effect on Plant Growth
• The fly ash contains almost all the essential plant nutrients
needed for their growth and metabolism it can be a good
source of soil amendment.
• The impact of fly ash amendment on seed germination,
seedling growth and metal composition of Vicia Faba L. fly
ash of thermal power plant was amended in soil at different
ratios 5%, 10%, 20% and 30%.
• . It was found that lower fly ash amendment enhances the seed
germination significantly by 68%, whereas at 30% fly ash
application rate, seed germination was inhibited.
• The 20% fly ash amendment delayed the seed germination by
4 days.

14. Table no: 1 Effect of fly ash on soil properties
Parameter Days after
amendment
Tons ha-¹ fly ash in field soil
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 10 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
pH 35 7.40 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.70 7.80
110 7.50 7.50 7.60 7.60 7.60 7.60
EC (mmho cm-¹) 35 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.15
110 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.23 0.24 0.24
Available P (mg
100 g-¹)
35 2.20 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.80 2.90
110 1.90 1.90 2.0 2.50 2.80 2.80
OC (%) 35 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.43 0.44 0.46
110 0.30 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.39
OM (%) 35 0.63 0.66 0.66 0.74 0.76 0.79
110 0.51 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.64 0.67
N (%) 35 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06
110 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05
Source : A. K . Ghosh et al. (2009)

15. Table no. 2 Trace and major elemental composition of
fly ash
Trace element ( µg/g )
Zn 20-153.5
Fe 53-4150
Ni 13-296.2
Mn 12.1-353.1
Cu 24.0-170
Cd 42.3-52.4
Pb 40.1-115.2
Mo 33.4-47.4
Cr 23.4-152
Na 15-98
Source :Seema Raj et.al (2015)

16. Table no. 3 Composition of major element of fly ash
Major element ( µg /g )
Ca 338-177,100
Mg 116-60,800
K 7,360-22,400
B 143-290
Al 4,615-24,200
Source :Seema Raj et al. (2015)

17. Table no.4 Effect of fly ash on crop yield
Crops Application
dose and
rate, mg ha-
1
Increase
in yield
(%)
Crops Application dose
and rate, mg
ha-1
Increase in
yield (%)
Wheat 50 5-10 Sugarcane 50 10-12
Rice 50 13-17 Radish 180 10-15
Maize 50 36-40 Brinjal 120-180 10-15
Red
gram
50 55-58 Tomato 180 10-15
Mustard 50 28-32 Bottle gourd 120 10-15
Potato 50 25-37 Sponge
gourd
180 10-15
Grapes 50 35 Sesame 30 28.6
Source: Parab et al (2012)

18. Table no. 5 Elemental composition of fly ash, coal and soil
Total concentrationMajor Elements fly ash Coal Soil (Typical
conc.)
Soil (Range)
Al 0.1 - 17.3 1.4 4 - 30
Si 1.41 - 28.6 2.6 25 - 33
Ca 0.11 - 22.2 0.54 0.7 - 50
Fe 1 - 29 1.6 0.06 - 0.6
Mg 0.04 - 7.6 0.12 0.04 - 3.0
Na 0.01 - 2.03 0.06 0.03 - 2.9
K 0.15 - 3. 0.18 0.04 - 3.1
S 0.1 - 1.5 2.0 0.01 - 2.0
P 0.04 - 0.8 0.05 0.005 - 0.2
N 1.1 0.01 - 1
Ba 0.011 - 1.0 0.015 0.01 - 0.3
Sr 0.006 - 0.39 0.010 0.05 - 0.4
Source: Sudhir K Sharma et al. (2005)

19. MURATE OF POTASH
• Muriate of potash is the fertilizer which we have to import
from other country
• The mines of potassium are not found in our country
• Majority of our farmer community
demands potassium on large scale
• Potash is a key nutrient in plant nutrition
PRICE & TRANSPORT
COST
Price is about 890 /
bag(50 Kg)
 @ Rs.2 per Kg
potash for 100 KM
distance its pay back is
very short period [1
crop per 100km
distant]

20. Table no. 6 Metal uptake by wheat grains under different fly ash
application treatments
Location Fly ash
level t/ha
concentration(ppm)
Gulawath
Zn Cu Fe Mn Cd
0 38.4 5.7 762.3 15.8 ND
10 41.6 6.1 809.8 20.1 0.4
20 39.8 7.3 819.8 20.2 0.5
Muthiani
0 40.8 5.3 612.1 23.4 0.3
10 44.6 5.8 663.3 30.8 0.4
20 46.6 6.1 683.3 27.1 0.5
IARI Farm
0 31.4 5.2 620.9 16.9 0.6
20 34.3 4.8 634.6 18.0 0.9
50 38.2 5.3 631.5 22.0 1.1
Source: Sudhir K Sharma et al. (2005)

21. Table no. 7 Fertilizer and ash treatments used in the growth chamber
study and the amount of K and/or P supplied by each treatment.
Treatment K P
--------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Ash Fertilizer Ash Fertilize
------------------------------------------------------------------ mg kg-¹ -------------------------------------------------------
Control 0 0 0 0
K fertilizers 120
P fertilizer 39
K + P fertilizer 120
Ash K + fertilize 488 120 39
Ash + P fertilizer 488 39 39
Ash rates, g kg-¹
0.61 61 4.9
0.22 122 9.6
2.44 244 20
4.88 488 39
7.32 732 58
9.76 976 79
14.6 1460 117
Source: Carl J. Rosen et al. (2002)

22. Source : T . Biswal et al . (2018)
8

23. Table no. 9 Saving of chemical fertilizer and nutrient use efficiency
undure different mode of fertilizer source in Rice-peanut cropping
system
Fertilizer
Source
Saving of chemical fertilizers (%) Nutrient use efficiency (Kg grain Kg-¹
nutrient
-------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------
N P K N P K
*CF
__ __ __
34.4 34.40 45.90
Organic + CF 37.5 22.0 32.0 37.2 37.20 59.80
Organic+**FA+CF 45.8 33.5 69.6 45.4 105.5 72.90
Source: Prem Kishore et al. (2009)

24. Table no.10 Effect of fly ash on yield and nutrient uptake of rice
Treatment Yield (t / ha) N- uptake P-uptake K- uptake
M0FA0 2.51 33.5 5.1 4.70
M0FA20 2.90 39.4 6.1 5.5
M0FA440 3.51 46.3 7.5 6.8
M1FA 5.66 83.8 13.7 11.0
M1FA20 6.20 93.1 15.5 12.6
M1FA40 6.40 95.4 16.9 14.0
M2FA0 5.84 87.1 14.8 12.1
M2FA20 6.47 98.9 17.6 14.2
M2FA40 7.18 109.0 19.5 16.7
M3FA0 5.85 88.0 14.5 12.2
M3FA20 6.49 99.3 17.9 14.6
Source : M Baskar et al. (2005)

25. Table no.11 Micro and Macro nutrient content in fly ash
Elements Fly ash (ppm)
Aluminium 11500 - 144000
Boron 10 - 3000
Calcium 5400 - 177000
Chlorine 13 - 25000
Cobalt 6 - 1500
Copper 30 - 3020
Manganese 31 - 4400
Phosphorus 600 - 2500
Potassium 1534 - 34000
Sulphur 0.11 - 25
Iron 7800 - 289000
Sodium 1180 - 20300
Nickel 11.8 - 8000
Prem Kishor et.al (2009 )

26. On going trend of import of potash
MURIATE OF
POTASH
KCl
Market price 890/-
Annual
import(2016-
17)
562 MT
Economy
involved
9863.4 Cr
(Indiastat. 2016-17)

27. Table no.12 ESTIMITED COST OF FLY ASH USE FOR
AGRICULTURE
Cost
Element
Method Cost
suggested to
be borne by
Labor (person
days)
Cost Rs Mg-1
Loading from Dump Yard
at thermal plant
Manual labor/Proclain (20 min
for JCB & 10 min for Hitachi)
Thermal Plant/power
consumers, through
surcharge
1 100
Transport (average of 250
km distance)
By trucks/Tripper Thermal Plant/ power
consumers, through
surcharge (or) RKVY/NREGS
0.5 500
Unloading (at dumping
yards or to the tractor
directly)
Hydraulic system Part of the transport charges 0.5 0
Reloading (to tractors) for
local transport
JCB (5 min) Partly when JCB is used by
the community
0.5 50
Local transport (average
of 20 km)
Tractors Community farmers/NREGS 0.5 100
Field Application Labour Farmers 1 100
Total 4 850
Rama Rao et al. (2012)

28. Fly ash as an alternative
source of plants nutrients

29. Utilization of fly ash a source of potassium in
Wheat

30. Nutrient uptake for P2O5 and K2O, obtained by multiplying nutrition content by dried plant mass, significantly increased
following the application of fly ash, as evidenced by the apparent increase in rice yield
Conclusion
Lee et al (2006) reported 0.16 % of K2O in fly ash and
worked on effect of Fly ash on improving soil properties
and rice productivity in Korean paddy soils
Result
Note : Fly ash application in each treatment was along with the GRDF
Table no 13 : Average nutrient uptake by wheat plant at harvest
Lee et al.(2006)

31. Case study 2.
Utilization of fly ash a source of plant nutrient
in soil

32. Fly ash application increases the available stock of potassium, calcium and magnesium in soil the potential
of the fly ash as a potassic fertilizer should be examined in future
Conclusion
Inthasan et al (2002) reported 1.4 % of K2O in fly ash and
worked effect of fly ash on soil properties, nutrient status
and envirnment in Thailand.
Result
Table 14 : Concentration of elements at different depth with respective levels of fly ash addition
Inthasan et al.(2002)

33. Decreasing status of soil available potassium at every location reflects the higher removal of potassium by the plant
Conclusion
Sharma et al. (2006) reported 2.07 % of K2O in fly ash and
worked on Effect of fly ash incorporation on soil properties
and productivity of crops: A review.(UP)
Result
Table 15: soil physical and chemical properties as influenced by the fly ash addition at study site after wheat harvest
Sharma et al. (2006)

34. Economics
Sr.
no
Particulars Muriate of
potash
Fly
ash/Bagasse
ash
1 MARKET
PRICE
20 Rs/Kg Rs 350 Rs/
ton
2 TRANSPOR
ATATION
COST
2 Rs/Kg Rs 2/ 10 Kg
3 TOTAL COST
PER hectare
For 40
Kg/ha K2O
1200+80 =
1280
725+440 =
1165
Particulars National economy
Area under wheat
(India)
302.27 lakh ha
Requirement of
POTASH
5.45 MT
FA/BA required to
replace this potash
= 66.23 MT
Import can be
reduced up to
1 % (wheat crop)
Which will save our 98.63 Cr

35. Conclusion
 We can succesfully replace by the plant nutrients from the fly
ash optimistically.
 We can reduce the amount spent on importing the potassic
fertilizers.
 Characterization has also shown that the fly ash are the good
source of number of essential and beneficial elements in crop
nutrition.

36. CONSTRAINS
AVAILABILITY & TRANSPORT COST
It is an major constrain because the availability and transport
cost highly deviates the benefit cost ratio if the distance
exceed 200 Km from the farm.
TRANSPORT NETWORK BY PRODUCERS
It should be mandatory to the producers to develop the
transport and disposal network at their own.
POLICY MAKING
Maharashtra is the first state to adopt fly ash policy, but their
should an provision in mandates for disposal of fly ash in
agriculture.

37. THANK
YOU