Seminar

SPEAKER:
VAGHELA TUSHAR D.
REG NO: J4-1199-2013
M.Sc. (Agri.)
Major Guide:
Dr. P. D. Vekariya
Assistant Research Scientist (Agron.)
Main Dry Farming Research Station
JAU, Targhadia.
Minor Guide:
Dr. G. S. Sutaria
Research Scientist (Soil Sci.)
Main Dry Farming Research Station
JAU, Targhadia
2

3
•Introduction
•Effect of sulphur on growth,
yield and quality of different oil
seeds crops viz,
 Groundnut
 Mustard
 Sesame
 Soybean
 Safflower
 Sunflower
 Castor
Conclusion
Future thrust

• Sulphur is one of the seventeen essential elements required for optimum
crop growth.
• Irrespective of crops, sulphur is now rightly called the fourth major plant
nutrient next to N, P and K.
• For oil seed crops, it is as important as phosphorus. Oil seed crop absorb
11-12 kg S to produce 1000 kg of seeds.
• Average sulphur content in the oil seed is 1.1 per cent as compared to
0.3 per cent in pulses and 0.2 per cent in cereals.
• Sulphur is a key nutrient for oil seed production because in the plants,
sulphur takes parts in the formation of oils, proteins and glucosides and
the sulphahydral linkage which provide the source of pungency in
mustard oil.
• It is also a structural constituent of amino acids, involved in the
synthesis of protein, chlorophyll, vitamins and metabolism of
carbohydrates.
4
Introduction

Formation of chlorophyll: That permits photosynthesis through which
plants produce starch, sugars, oils, fats, vitamins and other compounds.
Protein production: Sulphur is a constituent of three S-containing
amino acids (cysteine, cystine and methionine), which are the building
blocks of protein. About 90% of plant S is present in these amino acids.
Synthesis of oils: This is why adequate sulphur is so critical for oilseeds.
Activation of enzymes: Which aid in biochemical reactions in the plant.
Increases crop yields and improves produce quality: Both of which
determine the market price a farmer would get for his produce.
With reference to crop quality, S improves protein and oil percentage in
seeds. 5
Some key functions of sulphur in plants are:

Forms of sulphur in soil :
Sulphur is present in the soil in both organic and inorganic
forms.
Organic form :
• Easter sulphate
• Carbon bound S compound
Inorganic form :
• Water soluble sulphate (SO4
-2) of sodium (Na), K, Mg, Ca
• Adsorbed sulphate on the surface of clay mineral and
aluminum and iron oxides
• Insoluble sulphate of Calcium, Barium , Iron and Aluminum.
6

In Gujarat state, the measurement of sulphur
deficiency ranges from 15 to 56 per cent. High, medium
and low sulphur deficiency was found in 37, 13 and 50
per cent of soil, respectively. The main reason for lower
production of oil seeds in North Gujarat and
Saurashtra is due to sulphur deficiency in soil.
SULPHUR STATUS IN GUJARAT STATE
Patel et al., 2001
7

8
Micronutrient department, AAU

Region Types of soil Available S
(ppm) range
(mean)
% sulphur
deficiency range
(mean)
South Gujarat Clayey and deep black
with few patches of
coastal alluvial soil
2.1-78.9
(18.0)
26-52
(38.3)
Middle Gujarat Deep black medium to
loamy sand (Goradu) soil
0.9-171.7
(17.7)
35-56
(42.0)
North Gujarat Sandy loam to sandy soil 0.7-168.6
(16.9)
42-48
(44.3)
Saurashtra and
Kutch
Shallow medium black,
calcareous sandy and
saline soil
1.0-191.4
(24.4)
15-37
(25.1)
Over all Gujarat 0.7-191.4
(20.0)
15-56
(37.0)
Junagadh Meisheri et al., 1996
Table-1 : Available sulphur status in different types of soils of
Gujarat
9

10
What sulphur fertilizers are available?
Most sulphur-containing fertilizer materials generally can
be divided into two groups:
• 1) fertilizers containing sulphate, and
• 2) fertilizers containing elemental sulphur.
•The most significant and popular sources are ammonium
sulphate, single superphosphate (SSP), potassium
sulphate, potassium magnesium sulphate, and gypsum.
• These materials have the advantages of supplying
sulphur primarily as a component of multi-nutrient
fertilizers in a sulphate form that is immediately available
for plant uptake. 10

11
•Elemental sulphur-containing fertilizers are the
most concentrated sulphur carriers.
•However, elemental sulphur has to be oxidized
into sulphate form before plant products, such as
granular sulphur: bentonite, have improved the
effectiveness of elemental sulphur by providing
physical form, so that it can be used for direct
application and bulk blending with little dust and
be converted more readily to sulphate form in the
soil.
Cont..
11

Common S carrying fertilizers and their nutrient content
Products Nutrient contents (%)
S N P2O5 K2O
Single Superphosphate 12 - 16 -
Ammonium Sulphate 24 21 - -
Ammonium Phosphate sulphate 15 20 20 -
Potassium Sulphate 18 - - 50
Elemental Sulphur 85-100 - - -
Bentonite 90
Zinc Sulphate 15 - - -
Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum) 13-18 - - -
Iron Pyrites 22-24 - - -
Phospho – gypsum 11-16 - - - 12

Factors affecting transformation of sulphur:
 Microbial activity
 Temperature
 Soil
 Drying
 Cations on the mineralization of sulphur
 Time
 Humidity
13

Different methods and time of sulphur application
14
Method of application Time of application
Deep placement
Broadcasting
line placement
Foliar spray
Fertigation
Basal
Top dressing

15
Sulphur Deficiency Symptoms:
1. Leaves may take on a “cupped” appearance and
later, a reddening from the leaf margins.
2. Yellowing of the new growth occurs because S is
immobile in the plant; therefore, newly
emerging leaves cannot “scavenge” S from older
leaves.
3. Flowers are usually smaller and they produce
small, underdeveloped purplish-coloured pods .
4. In S deficiency, there may be good vegetative
growth, but flowers and pods will be
underdeveloped.
15

Sulphur deficiency
symptoms:
16

Reasons for sulphur deficiency in soil :
 Use of sulphur free fertilizer such as Urea, DAP, MOP
 Decrease in the use of organic manure such as FYM,
green manuring, compost etc.
 Use of high yielding varieties
 Leaching losses
 Intensive cropping
17

18
Why do plants need sulphur?
Following N P K sulphur is an essential plant
nutrient. It contributes to an increase in crop
yields in three different ways:
1)It provides a direct nutritive value;
2)It provides indirect nutritive value as soil
amendments, especially for calcareous and
saline alkali soils; and
3) It improves the use efficiency of other
essential plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen
and phosphorus. Sulphur is necessary for
plant growth and nutrition.
18

Quality parameters of oilseeds
1. Yield attributes
 Test weight
 Filling % ( mainly in sunflower)
 Kernel weight (in groundnut)
 Oil %
2. Fatty acid content
 Saturated fatty acid
 Monounsaturated fatty acid
 Polyunsaturated fatty acid
 Free fatty acid 19

Major oilseed crops in India
20
Oilseed crops
Edible
Groundnut
Mustard
Sesame
Soybean
Sunflower
Non-edible
Safflower
Castor
Linseed

Deficiency symptoms
22
 Young plants are smaller
than normal, pale and
more erect from the
petiole than normal plants
giving the trifoliate leaves
a “V” shaped appearance.
 Nodulation and pod
formation is restricted
and maturity of seeds is
delayed.

Treatment
Pod yield
(kg/ha)
Haulm yield
(kg/ha)
S uptake (kg/ha)
Pod Haulm Total
S0 1317 2650 2.90 3.52 6.42
S15 1422 2978 3.85 4.74 8.59
S30 1661 3178 478 5.12 10.00
S45 1728 3294 4.88 6.07 10.85
CD (5 %) 275 452 1.01 0.88 1.59
CV (%) 12.8 10.8 17.81 13.12 12.85
Table-2: Effect of sulphur on pod and haulm yield and
uptake of S by different part of groundnut.
Clay loam (calcarious) , pH : 8.00
23
Amreli, (Gujarat) Patel et al. (2002)

Table-3: Interaction effect of sources and levels of sulphur
on pod yield (kg/ha) of groundnut
Source of
sulphur
Level of sulphur (kg/ha)
0 15 30 45 60
Pyrite 2189 2611 2798 2838 2834
Elemental S 2197 2677 2853 2877 2876
Gypsum 2223 2807 2981 2998 2986
SSP 2231 2833 3012 3051 3008
CD (0.05) 66
Available S : 20.3 kg /ha
Soil : sandy loam
pH : 6.5
24
Mohanpur, W.B. Dutt et al. (2005)

Table-4: Effect of sulphur sources on yield components
and oil content of groundnut
Sources of
sulphur
(30 kg/ha)
Shelling
(%)
100-kernel
weight (g)
Oil content
(%)
1991 1992 1991 1992 1991 1992
Pyrite 63.39 67.21 42.08 41.90 44.29 43.05
Gypsum 69.98 72.15 43.86 43.86 45.39 45.48
SSP 69.90 71.84 43.25 43.43 45.04 45.59
CD (P=0.05) 1.08 1.34 1.04 1.09 0.41 0.73
Bandopadhyay and Samui (2000)
Soil :sandy loam, Available S -10.79 ppm.
pH :7.8 25
Mohanpur, W.B.

S
(kg/ha)
Plant height
(cm)
Branches/
plant
Oil content
(%)
Pod yield
(t/ha)
0 31.9 5.7 40.0 0.32
ES @ 35 34.9 6.8 42.1 0.43
ES @ 70 36.8 6.8 42.9 0.43
Gypsum @ 35 35.9 6.8 42.1 0.43
Gypsum @ 70 36.9 6.8 43.3 0.43
Cosavet @ 35 39.1 7.7 43.8 0.54
Cosavet @ 70 39.9 7.7 43.9 0.55
S.Em.± 0.96 0.2 1.0 0.01
CD (P=0.05) 2.7 0.5 2.9 0.03
Jat and Ahlawat, (2009)IARI, Delhi
Table-5: Effect of source and rate of sulphur on growth
attributes, oil content and yield of groundnut.
26

Sulphur (kg/ha) Plant height
(cm)
No. of filled
pods/plant
100 pods
weight (g)
100 kernels
weight (g)
ES@15 64.26 15.68 75.92 36.78
ES @ 30 68.08 16.14 76.47 38.27
ES @ 45 69.35 17.83 77.19 39.54
Bentonite @ 15 64.29 14.78 76.86 37.0
Bentonite @ 30 66.35 15.65 77.58 38.12
Bentonite @ 45 67.93 16.89 78.13 38.93
Gypsum@15 65.50 17.42 78.20 38.74
Gypsum @ 30 69.07 18.67 79.42 39.09
Gypsum@45 71.45 19.33 80.77 40.78
Control 60.70 12.94 71.15 33.91
SEM+_ 1.83 0.74 1.31 0.77
CD @ 5% 5.43 1.49 3.60 2.23
Tejeswara Rao et al. (2013)Seethampeta, AP,
Table 6: Effect of sources and levels of sulphur on plant height and yield
attributes of groundnut.
Soil: sandy clay loam 27

S
(kg/ha)
Pod yield
(kg/ha)
Haulm yield
(kg/ha)
Shelling
(%)
Oil content
(%)
ES@15 880 1610 65.17 48.57
ES @ 30 991 1691 66.79 48.97
ES @ 45 1026 1758 48.43 49.57
Bentonite @ 15 878 1567 65.23 47.50
Bentonite @ 30 948 1677 67.37 48.60
Bentonite @ 45 1011 1791 67.74 49.07
Gypsum@15 986 1638 67.61 48.77
Gypsum @ 30 1102 1792 68.45 49.67
Gypsum@45 1204 1874 69.09 49.93
Control 801 1509 62.70 45.89
S. Em. + 22.90 57.24 0.71 0.32
CD @ 5% 68 170 2.11 0.94
Tejeswara Rao et al. (2013)Seethampeta, AP,
Table-7: Effect of sources and levels of sulphur on yield, shelling (%)
and oil content of groundnut.
Soil: sandy clay loam
28

Dash et al. (2013)Sambalpur, Odisha
Table-8: Effect of different levels of sulphur on yield,
quality and economics of groundnut
Soil: sandy loam
Available S: 13.4kg/ha
pH: 5.45 29
Sulphur
(kg/ha)
Mature
pod/
plant
Pod
yield
(t/ha)
Haulm
yield
(t/ha)
Shelling
(%)
Oil
content
(%)
Sulphur
use
efficiency
(%)
B:C
ratio
S0 10.8 1.52 2.72 70.4 43.23 - 2.25
S20 13.3 1.80 3.01 72.2 46.60 15.42 2.64
S40 13.2 1.79 3.06 72.6 47.77 6.67 2.59
S60 12.2 1.66 2.91 71.0 47.90 3.62 2.34
CD
(P=0.05)
1.3 0.08 0.09 1.4 1.28 1.94 -

Deficiency symptoms
 This leaves show a
general overall chlorosis
while still retaining some
green colour.
 The veins and petioles
show a very distinct
reddish colour.
 The visual symptoms
of sulphur deficiency are
very similar to the
chlorosis found in
nitrogen deficiency.
31

Table-9: Effect of sulphur on seed and stover yield, oil
content and oil yield of mustard
Sulphur
(kg/ha)
Seed
yield
(q/ha)
Stover
yield
(q/ha)
Oil content
(%)
Oil yield
(q/ha)
0 15.57 32.87 35.62 5.21
30 17.81 39.91 36.55 6.59
60 19.27 43.58 37.32 7.36
90 20.39 45.86 37.44 7.85
CD (P= 0.05) 1.98 4.56 0.75 0.71
Loamy sand, pH = 8.3, S = 8.3 ppm
Uniform application : 60 : 30 kg NP / ha.
Source : Gypsum 32
Jobner Ram et al. (2000)

Treatment Seed yield
(q/ha)
Oil content
(%)
Protein
Content (%)
Total S
uptake (kg/ha)
Source of S
Pyrite 28.01 41.6 22.8 24.6
S.S.P 27.76 41.5 22.7 23.5
A.S 29.52 43.6 23.3 25.2
Gypsum 29.05 42.9 23.3
CD (P= 0.05) 1.50 1.2 NS 1.0
Level of S (kg/ ha)
0 27.00 40.4 22.9 20.5
20 28.02 41.8 22.9 24.4
40 30.28 43.7 23.3 27.3
60 29.11 43.0 23.1 27.3
CD (P= 0.05) 2.04 0.7 0.3 0.5
Table-10:Effect of source and level of sulphur on yield, oil
content, protein content and sulphur uptake of mustard
Inceptisol, Available S : 9.9 kg/ha
33
Gwalior Bansal et al. (2000)

Table-11 : Effect of sulphur on yield and yield attribute
characters of mustard
Levels of
Sulphur
(Kg/ha)
No of
siliquae/
plant
Seeds/
siliquae
Length
of
siliquae
Test
weight
(g)
Seed
yield
(q/ha)
Stover
yield
(q/ha)
0 162.40 8.83 4.05 3.28 14.30 31.46
30 174.19 10.40 4.61 3.54 16.36 36.93
60 185.50 11.87 5.06 3.75 18.00 41.22
90 195.48 13.22 5.43 3.89 19.38 44.26
CD
(P=0.05) 5.94 1.10 0.34 0.31 1.04 2.76
Soil : Loamy sand, pH = 8.3, Available S : 8.3ppm
Uniform application : 30 kg N / ha
34
Jat and Khangarot. (2003)Jobner

Table-12: Effect of sulphur on seed and stover yield, protein and
oil content and oil yield of mustard
Treatment
Seed yield
(t/ha)
Protein
content (%)
Oil content
(%)
Oil yield
(kg/ha)
S (kg/ha) ES
0 1.16 20.82 37.08 428.8
20 1.37 21.14 37.50 501.1
40 1.51 21.44 38.25 580.5
60 1.57 21.75 39.45 617.4
CD (P= 0.05) 0.05 0.37 0.42 11.3
Soil : sandy loam, pH : 8.2
Available Sulphur : 8.3 kg / ha
ES : Elemental Sulphur
35
Agra (U.P) Singh et al. (2005)

Sulphur
(kg/ha)
Seeds/
Siliquae
Siliquae
/plant
Test
weight(g)
Oil content
(%)
Seed yield
(q/ha)
0 10.76 179.49 4.55 38.06 13.33
15 11.50 193.99 4.59 39.03 14.49
30 11.99 206.34 4.61 39.68 15.68
45 12.40 215.07 4.63 40.18 16.51
CD
(P=0.05)
0.26 7.19 NS 0.38 0.36
Table-13: Yield and yield attributes and oil content of mustard
as affected by sulphur application
Singh et al. (2000)Haryana, Bawal
36

Deficiency symptoms
38
Growth is retarded,
leaves are smaller and
fully emerged leaves
first turn pale and then
golden yellow. Number
of flowers and pods,
hence yield is reduced.

Sr.
No. Treatment
Seed yield (kg/ha)
1998 1999 2000 Mean
1 Control 416 513 196 375
2 15 kg S/ha (SSP) 581 659 296 512
3 15 kg S/ha (Ele.Sul.) 607 581 288 492
4 15 kg S/ha (Gypsum) 632 743 339 550
5 30 kg S/ha (SSP) 574 634 314 507
6 30 kg S/ha (Ele.Sul.) 581 678 254 526
7 30 kg S/ha (Gypsum) 561 654 249 488
8 45 kg S/ha (SSP) 583 659 288 510
9 45 kg S/ha (Ele.Sul.) 578 690 235 501
10 45 kg S/ha (Gypsum) 603 666 247 505
CD at 5% 57.9 118.6 58.2
Table-14: Effect of sources and levels of sulphur on seed yield of sesame
Calcarious soil 39
Amreli Anon. (2001)

Table-15: Effect of sulphur on yield attributes and oil content
of sesame
Levels of
S
(kg/ha)
No. of
branches
/m
No. of
seed
/capsule
Seed yield
(kg/ha)
Oil
content
(%)
Oil yield
(kg/ha)
0 155 42 749 43.5 327.9
15 162 43 775 46.0 359.8
30 167 44 798 47.3 380.9
45 171 44 815 48.1 395.7
CD
(P=0.05)
9.6 1.1 35.2 0.94 17.30
Saren et al. (2005)Visva-bharti, Sriniketan
40
Soil : Sandy loam.., pH : 5.4

41
Treatment(kg/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha) Oil yield (kg/ha) B:C ratio
Control 745 312 1.17
15 – SSP 966 404 1.71
15 – ELS 933 393 1.56
15 – Gypsum 1034 429 1.93
Mean 998 409 1.73
30-SSP 984 415 1.61
30 – ELS 982 410 1.58
30- Gypsum 921 387 1.58
Mean 962 404 1.59
45 – SSP 991 409 1.58
45 – ELS 996 410 1.52
45 – Gypsum 1008 424 1.79
Mean 998 414 1.63
S.Em. + 29 - -
CD(P=0.05) 81 - -
Duhoon et al. (2005)Jabalpur
Table-16: Effect of different levels and source of sulphur on seed and oil yield
and economics of sesame
SSP- Single super phosphate,
ELS- Elemental sulphur,

Deshmukh et al. (2010)
S
(kg/ha)
Seed yield (kg/ha) Oil content (%) Oil yield (kg/ha)
2002 2004 Mean 2002 2004 Mean 2002 2004 Mean
15 through SSP 1094 507 801 54.4 52.3 53.35 595 265 430
30 through SSP 1285 521 903 55.8 52.3 54.05 717 272 495
45 through SSP 1372 570 971 56.2 51.2 53.70 771 292 532
15 through ES 1302 616 959 55.9 52.0 53.95 728 320 524
30 through ES 1349 623 986 56.5 52.8 54.65 762 329 546
45 through ES 1361 638 1000 55.8 52.6 54.20 759 336 548
15 through GY 1233 498 866 55.7 52.5 54.10 687 261 474
30 through GY 1302 532 917 55.0 52.0 53.50 716 277 496
45 through GY 1198 582 890 54.9 51.3 53.10 658 299 478
Control 955 400 678 55.8 51.0 53.45 533 204 368
S. Em. + 27 7 - 0.65 0.24 - - - -
CD (P=0.05) 84 22 - NS 0.71 - - - -
Jabalpur
Table-17: Effect of source and levels of sulphur on seed yield, oil
content and oil yield of sesame
SSP- Single super phosphate,
ES- Elemental sulphur, GY- Gypsum
Soil : Clay loam
42

Deficiency symptoms
 New leaves continue to
remain pale-yellowish
green.
 Size of leaves and length
of internodes is reduced.
 Chlorosis starts from leaf
margins and spreads
inwards. Under severe
deficiency, leading to
premature leaf fall,
reduced flowering and
fruiting.
44

Table-18: Seed yield, protein and oil content of soybean as
influenced by different level and sources of sulphur.
S
(kg/ha)
Seed yield
(q/ha)
Protein content
(%)
Oil content
(%)
Control 11.96 27.21 22.34
Ammonium sulphate : 20 14.55 31.89 22.88
Superphosphate : 20 14.74 31.92 21.86
Superphosphate : 30 15.68 38.31 22.34
Superphosphate : 40 17.39 40.02 23.29
Elemental sulphur : 20 14.66 31.12 21.95
Mishra and Agrawal, (1994)Varanasi, U.P. 45

Table-19: Effect of sulphur on nutrient uptake by seed and
quality parameters of soybean
S
(kg/ha)
Nutrient uptake by seed
(kg/ha)
Quality
parameters
Phosphorus Sulphur Nitrogen Oil
(%)
Protein
(%)
0 8.69 5.34 109.0 17.33 38.54
20 9.82 6.09 125.7 19.04 41.01
40 11.38 7.28 139.5 21.52 42.88
CD
(P=0.05)
0.19 0.06 0.40 0.10 0.07
Majumdar et al. (1999)
Soil :sandy loam, Available S -12.5 kg/ha. pH :8.4
46
Meghalaya

47
Treatment Seed yield (kg/ha) Oil content (%) Protein content(%)
Sulphur level (kg/ha)
0 2339 18.76 39.37
20 2704 19.58 40.38
40 2970 20.69 42.20
S. Em.± 0.62 0.12 0.48
CD (P=0.05) 1.80 0.37 1.45
Source of sulphur
SSP 2707 19.74 40.97
ES 2509 19.34 39.40
Gypsum 2798 19.95 41.20
S.Em.± 0.62 0.12 0.48
CD (P=0.05) 1.86 0.37 1.45
Gokhale et al. (2006)Parbhani
Table-20: Effect of level and source of sulphur on seed yield, oil and
protein content in soybean
SSP : Single super phosphate.,
ES : Elemental sulphur
Soil : Deep black . pH : 8.5

Table-21: Effect of sulphur on yield, uptake, quality and
economics of soybean
Ram et al. (2014)
Soil :Loamy sand, Available S -9.7 mg/kg
48
Sulphur
(kg/ha)
Seed
yield
(t/ha)
Stover
yield
(t/ha)
Protein
content
(%)
Oil
content
(%)
Total S
uptake
(kg/ha)
B:C
ratio
S10 1.31 2.49 35.9 18.4 12.3 1.75
S20 1.50 2.98 36.6 19.1 16.3 1.99
S30 1.64 3.00 37.7 19.7 21.2 2.16
S40 1.70 3.20 38.7 20.2 22.9 2.20
CD(P=0.05) 0.16 0.27 1.9 0.76 3.7 0.17
Ludhiana

Deficiency symptoms
 Chlorosis starts from leaf margins and spreads
inwards. Under severe deficiency, the entire
plant may turn yellow leading to premature
leaf fall, reduced flowering and fruiting.
 New leaves continue to remain pale-yellowish
green.
50

Table-22: Effect of levels and source of sulphur on seed and oil yield of safflower
Treatment
S (kg/ha)
Seed yield (kg/ha) Oil yield (kg/ha)
1996 1997 1998 pooled 1997 1998 Pooled
S levels (kg/ha)
15 1528 903 1027 1153 246 284 265
30 1667 986 1092 1248 269 303 286
45 1698 1068 1230 1332 293 342 317
CD (P=0.05) NS 74 72 87 19 20 13
Sources of S
AS 1784 1137 1269 1397 313 354 333
SSP 1561 931 1087 1193 255 302 278
ES 1584 946 1053 1194 258 291 275
Gypsum 1594 929 1056 1193 252 292 272
CD (P=0.05) NS 85 83 101 22 23 15
L x S interaction NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Soil : Clay, pH = 8.49, Heat soluble S : 11 ppm
51Arnej (Gujarat) Patel et al. (2002)

Table-23 : Effect of sulphur levels on seed and straw yield,
oil content and protein content of safflower
Sulphur level
(kg/ha)
Seed
yield
(q/ha)
Straw
yield
(q/ha)
Oil
content
(%)
Protein
content
(%)
0 2.05 6.52 29.82 13.25
30 2.34 7.52 30.44 14.12
45 2.61 7.46 31.09 14.80
60 2.06 6.68 31.09 14.90
CD (P=0.05) 0.26 0.54 0.702 0.26
Soil : Vertisol (Swell – shrink soil)
Uniform appication : 50 : 50 NP kg / ha 52
Bhakhulkar et al. (2000)Nagpur

53
Source of
sulphur
Seed yield (kg/ha) Oil content (%) Oil yield (kg/ha)
Sulphur levels (kg/ha)
15 30 45 Mean 15 30 45 Mean 15 30 45 Mean
AS 1609 1829 1724 1720 27.6 27.6 27.3 27.5 445 506 479 477
SSP 1649 2065 1975 1896 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 447 566 543 319
ES 1694 1764 1921 1793 27.1 27.1 27.3 27.2 463 483 530 492
G 1752 1689 1788 1742 27.3 27.3 26.5 27.1 483 462 478 474
Mean 1676 1837 1852 ---- 27.3 27.3 27.1 ---- 460 504 507 ----
C.D. for
L
S
126
146
253
NS
NS
NS
35
40
69L×S
Table-24:Effect of source and levels of sulphur on seed yield, oil content & oil
yield of safflower
AS- Ammonium sulphate, SSP- Single super phosphate, ES- Elemental
sulphur, G- Gypsum
Kubsad and Mallapur. (2003)UAS, Karnataka Soil : Clay Loam, pH : 8.1

54
Table-25: Effect of different levels of sulphur on yield,
quality, uptake and economics of safflower
Singh and Singh, (2013)Varanasi
Soil: Sandy clay loam, pH: 7.6
Available sulphur: 22.7 kg/ha
Sulphur
(kg/ha)
Seed
yield
(t/ha)
Stover
yield
(t/ha)
Oil
content
(%)
Protein
content
(%)
Iodine
value
(%)
Sulphur
uptake
(kg/ha)
B: C
ratio
S0 1.92 4.74 31.4 15.0 136.9 15.15 1.60
S20 2.18 5.29 33.1 15.4 137.2 17.65 1.65
S40 2.25 5.38 34.4 16.0 137.7 18.95 1.44
S60 2.30 5.63 34.7 15.9 139.1 21.00 1.27
CD(P=0.05) 0.18 0.31 0.53 0.35 1.81 0.64 -

56
 Leaves and inflorescence
(flowers) become pale.
 Plants are smaller with
shorter internodes than
normal.
 Number and size of
leaves remains small.

Table-26: Seed yield and oil content of sunflower as
influenced by source and levels of sulphur.
Sulphur
(kg/ha)
Seed yield
(kg/ha)
Oil content
(%)
T1 – Control 771 27.2
T2 – Ammonium sulphate 20 1082 30.4
T3 – SSP 20 1095 30.8
T4 – Gypsum 20 970 31.6
T5 – Elemental sulphur 20 821 30.2
T6– Ammonium sulphate 40 1256 30.0
T7– SSP 40 1207 30.5
T8– Gypsum 40 1020 30.5
T9– Elemental sulphur 920 30.4
S. Em.± 0.08 0.67
CD( P= 0.05) 0.23 1.72
Prasad and Sah. (2001)Bihar 57

Table-27: Effect of sulphur on yield attributes, seed yield
and oil content of sunflower
Levels of
sulphur
(kg/ha)
Head
diameter
(cm)
Test
weight
(g)
Seed
yield
(kg/ha)
Oil
content
(%)
0 19.7 44.80 2384 37.3
15 20.1 45.50 2452 37.3
30 20.4 47.70 2497 37.5
S. Em.± 0.3 0.12 65 -
C.D. (P= 0.05) 0.6 0.25 139 -
Kumar and Singh. (2005)Allahabad, U.P.
58
Soil : Silty loam,
pH = 7.6,
Available S : 9 ppm

Table-28: Effect of sulphur on yield attributes and yield of
sunflower
Sulphur
(kg/ha)
Yield attributes
Seed
yield
(t/ha)
Diameter of
capitulum
(cm)
Filled
seeds/
capitulum
1000 grains
weight
(g)
0 16.2 571.4 49.4 1.69
30 18.0 635.4 51.0 2.05
60 20.8 665.4 53.5 2.27
CD (P= 0.05) 0.13 15.4 0.5 0.08
Sarkar and Mallick. (2009)
Soil :clay loam, available S -14 kg/ha.
pH :6.2
Kolkata
59

Table-29: Effect of sulphur on yield attributes, seed yield
and oil content of sunflower
Sulphur
level
(kg/ha)
1000
seeds
weight (g)
Seed
yield
(q/ha)
Oil
content
(%)
Oil
yield
(q/ha)
30 58.17 22.5 39.2 88.7
60 60.06 24.2 40.0 99.2
S. Em. + 0.37 0.40 0.29 0.7
CD (P=0.05) 1.08 1.13 0.85 2.0
Soil : salty clay loam pH 6.5,
60
Srinagar Rasool et al. (2012)

Table-30: Effect of level and sources of sulphur on yield, quality and
economics of sunflower (pooled mean of 2 years)
Soil : Loamy sand pH 7.9,
Available sulphur:7.2 ppm
61Ludhiana Sheoran et al. (2013)
Treatment Seed yield
(t/ha)
Oil content
(%)
Oil yield
(t/ha)
Sulphur
uptake
(kg/ha)
B: C
ratio
Levels of sulphur (kg/ha)
S0 2.406 42.1 1.011 14.5 3.72
S20 2.573 42.5 1.092 19.1 3.90
S40 2.623 42.7 1.116 20.1 3.93
CD(P=0.05) 0.047 NS 0.022 2.86 0.14
Source of sulphur
AS 2.559 42.5 1.087 18.4 3.86
SSP 2.509 42.4 1.061 17.6 3.84
Gypsum 2.561 42.6 1.089 18.9 3.94
ES 2.507 42.2 1.056 16.6 3.77
CD(P=0.05) 0.003 NS 0.026 0.58 0.06

Deficiency symptoms
• Yellowing, curling and premature drying of
tips of young terminal (top most) leaves is
evident. Chlorosis gradually spreads on old
leaves. The stem remains slender with poor
branching. Number of floral buds is
reduced and most of these fail to open.
63

Table-31: Effect rate of Sulphur on castor yield, Oil content
and Sulphur content
Treatments
(kg/ha)
yield (kg/ha) Oil content
(%)
S content in
seed(%)
Rate of S
Control 2775 49.23 0.07
S @ 20 3059 49.84 0.10
S @ 40 3059 49.81 0.11
S @ 60 3029 50.11 0.11
CD(P=0.05) 214 NS 0.01
Patel et al. (1994)S. K. Nagar (Gujarat)
Soil : Loamy sand .., pH : 8.1
64

Conclusions
1.The over all result indicate that sulphur play a
vital role in improving yield and quality of oil
seeds.
2.The average improvement in yield of different oil
seed crops were from 10 to 40 per cent due to
application of 30–60 kg sulphur/ha.
3.Sulphur should be applied through deep
placement method in oilseeds for better root
contact.
4.Among different sources of sulphur, gypsum is
the cheapest source.
65

Future Thrusts
 To create the awareness among the farmers
for S utilization.
 There is a need to generate information on
liquid sulphur fertilizer and its application.
 Relationship of sulphur and molybdenum
need to be establish.
66

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