This document provides an overview of key physics concepts covered in the IGCSE syllabus. It discusses topics like volume and density, speed, forces, friction, gravitational force, pressure, energy, thermal effects, and specific heat capacity. For each topic, it outlines relevant formulae and provides 2-3 brief explanatory sentences. The document is intended as a revision guide for students to learn and review the essential information and formulae for multiple areas of the IGCSE physics curriculum.

1. Key pointsFormulaePhysics IGCSE Revision(Part 1)SimpleEasyBy: Momina

2. Volume and DensityMassDensity=Volumem=Þ(rho)V

3. Volume and DensityHow to find the volume of an irregular solid?You need to fill up a measuring cylinder with water and measure till where it is filled.Then lower the irregular solid into the measuring cylinder and measure how much the water has risen.Subtracting the two values that you have will give you the volume of the substance.

4. Speed DistanceSpeed =Time

5. Velocity Change in velocityAverage Acceleration =Time Takenv-u=av= final velocityu=initial velocityNegative acceleration is called deceleration or retardationt

6. ForcesA force is a push or a pull.Force is measure in Newton's (N).If no external forces are applied to an object:It will remain stationary

7. It will keep moving at a constant speed.What is Terminal Velocity?It is when something is at its maximum speed.

8. ForcesxxMassF am=AccelerationForce =

9. FrictionFriction is a force that stops two materials from sliding across each other.Static Friction resists the lateral (sideways) movement of two objects.Dynamic Friction is the friction between two objects that are moving. It heats up the material. When something is moved against the force of friction the kinetic energy is changed into thermal energy.STATIC FRICTION IS GREATER THAN DYNAMIC FRICTION

10. Gravitational ForceAll the masses attract each other.The greater the mass, the greater the force.The closer the mass, the greater the force.To every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.

11. Gravitational ForcexxMassW gm=GravityWeight =

12. The Parallelogram Rule1. First you need to draw the two lines given to you. The directions should be accurate and the length of each line should be in proportion to the magnitude of each vector.2. Then draw in two more lines to complete the parallelogram.3. Diagonal from ‘O’ and then measure its length.

13. Centripetal ForceIt is an inward force needed to make an object move in a circle.More centripetal force is needed if:Mass of the object is increased

14. Speed of the object is increased

15. Radius of the circle is increased.MomentsxMoment of a force about a pointPerpendicular distance from the pivotForce=The Principle of Moments Clockwise moments = Anticlockwise moments

16. Hooke’s Law A material obeys Hooke’s law if, beneath the elastic limit, the extension is proportional to the load.xxF k=ExtensionSpring ConstantLoad =

17. Pressure ForcePressure =Area

18. Pressure in LiquidsIts in all directionsIt increases with depthIt depends on the density of the liquidIt doesn’t depend on the shape of the container.xxGravity=Density=Pressurepressure xHeightgxhÞ(rho)

19. Hydraulic Jack*Output Piston area Output Force=Input ForceInput Piston area

20. Pressure in AirPressure decreases as you rise through it.It acts in all directions.Barometer: Measures atmospheric pressureManometer: Measures the pressure difference

21. Gas PressureWhen taking gas pressure the following things should be considered:PressureVolumeTemperature Boyle’s Law: For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.x=xV1P1V2P2

22. EnergyxxForceW dF=Distance moved in the direction of the forceWork Done =

23. Different Forms of EnergyKinetic energyPotential energyGravitational energyElastic energyChemical energyElectrical energyNuclear energyThermal energyRadiated energy

24. EnergyThe law of conservation of energy Energy cannot be made or destroyed, but it can change from one form to another.mx==Kinetic EnergyGravitational potential energyvg mx½ 2hV = SpeedGain in kinetic energy is a loss in potential energy

25. Scalar and Vector Quantities Scalar: has magnitude but no direction-Speed (magnitude of velocity)Time

26. MassVector: has magnitude and direction.-EnergyDisplacement

27. Velocity

28. AccelerationEfficiency and PowerUseful Work doneEfficiency=Total energy input

29. x Work donePower =SpeedUseful Power Output Force=Time Taken

30. Thermal Power StationsBoilerSteamFuel burnerNuclear reactorThermal EnergyTurbinesGeneratorElectricityCarbonDioxide+ThermalEnergy++FuelOxygenWater

31. Thermal Power Stations ProblemsIncreased rate of global warmingSulphur dioxide causes acid rainTransporting fuels could lead to pollution due to leaksRadioactive wastes are very dangerousNuclear accidents

32. Power Schemes1- Pumped storage scheme – wind farms2- Tidal power scheme3- Hydroelectric power scheme

33. Energy SourcesRenewableHydroelectric and tidal energyExpensive to build

34. Few areas are suitable

35. May cause environmental damageWind energyLarge, remote, windy sites required

36. Noisy, ruin landscapeWave energyDifficult to buildGeothermal energyDeep drilling difficult and expensiveSolar energySunshine varies

37. Solar cells difficult to transportNon-renewableCoal, oil, natural gasSupplies are limited

38. Carbon dioxide concentration is increasingNuclear fuelsExpensive to build and decommissionThermal EffectsSolids-fixed volume and shape Liquids-fixed volume but no fixed shapeGases-no fixed shape and no fixed volume.Internal energy: total kinetic and potential energy of all atoms in a material. Objects as the same temperature have the same average kinetic energy per particleHotter material  faster the particles move the more internal energy it has

39. Absolute Zero-273˚Ć= 0 Kelvin (0 K)Kelvin Temperature/K = Celsius Temperature/˚Ć+273This is the lowest temperature there is. It is a thermodynamic scale. It is based on the average kinetic energy of particles.

40. Thermal EffectsThermal expansion: this is when a substance is heated and its volume slightly increases.The pressure law:When the Kelvin pressure doubles so does the pressure

41. Pressure ÷ Kelvin temperature  always has the same valueThermal Conduction:Conduction is the process by which thermal energy is transferred from the hot end to the cold end as the faster particles pass on their extra motion to particles along the bar.

42. Thermal EffectsMore thermal energy is transferred if :Temperature difference across the ends is increased.

43. Cross-sectional area of the bar is increased

44. Length of the bar is reduced.ConvectionHot air rises and cold air sinks 

45. Thermal RadiationThis is when things that absorb this radiation are warmed up.To increase the rate of evaporationIncrease the temperature

46. Increase the surface area

47. Reduce humidity

48. Blow air across the surfaceSpecific Heat Capacityxx=Energy TransferredEnergy Transferred=tSpecific heat capacityTemp changec mxxmassSpecific heat capacity is 4200Jϫ

49. Latent Heat of FusionxmL=Mass=Specific Latent HeatEnergy Transferred Energy Transferred

50. Keep in mindThis was half of the Physics Syllabus 2011.The information in this PowerPoint should only be used if you have actually understood most of the theory.The rest of the syllabus should be up and running as soon as possibleBEST OF LUCK