The document discusses solar energy and solar panels. It begins by defining solar energy as energy originating from thermonuclear fusion reactions in the sun. It then discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal solar or photovoltaic methods. The remainder of the document focuses on photovoltaics, explaining how solar panels work to convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. It describes the components and manufacturing of different types of solar panels, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film technologies. It concludes by outlining the specifications that characterize solar panels.
Raj Vachhani's document discusses solar power plants. It describes two main methods of solar power generation: photovoltaic and concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic uses solar cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity, while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid to create steam to power turbines. The document also outlines the basic components of solar power systems, including solar panels, batteries, controllers, and inverters. It discusses the working principles and applications of solar energy generation.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
This document summarizes solar power generation from solar energy. It discusses that solar energy comes from the nuclear fusion reaction in the sun. About 51% of the sun's energy reaches Earth's atmosphere. There are two main technologies for solar power generation: solar photovoltaics and solar chimney technologies. Solar photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity via photovoltaic cells. They can be ground mounted or space based. Floating solar chimney technology uses the greenhouse effect to power turbines. The document discusses applications of solar technologies and the advantages of being renewable and non-polluting, though the disadvantages include high costs and reliance on sunny weather conditions.
This document summarizes information about solar power plants. It discusses how solar power plants work by converting sunlight to electricity through either photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power. It provides a diagram of a solar power plant and lists its key components like solar modules, controllers, batteries, and inverters. Standalone and grid-tie solar systems are described. Advantages of solar energy include being clean, renewable and producing power with little maintenance, though high upfront costs are a disadvantage. India's largest solar plants are noted. Uses of solar energy include water pumps, buildings, remote areas, and more.
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
This document discusses different types of solar energy collectors. It begins by explaining that solar collectors absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat that is transferred to a fluid. Collectors are classified as low, medium, or high temperature based on the temperature range. Non-concentrating collectors like flat plate and evacuated tube collectors are used for low to medium temperatures, while concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to achieve higher temperatures. The document then describes various non-concentrating and concentrating collector designs including parabolic troughs, linear Fresnel reflectors, and heliostat fields. It provides diagrams and explanations of how each type works to harness solar energy.
This document provides an overview of solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from thermonuclear fusion in the sun and consists of radiant light and heat. It also discusses different types of solar radiation and how solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, and generating electricity through solar thermal technologies and photovoltaic cells. The document also discusses current and future prospects of solar power development in Pakistan.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Raj Vachhani's document discusses solar power plants. It describes two main methods of solar power generation: photovoltaic and concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic uses solar cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity, while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid to create steam to power turbines. The document also outlines the basic components of solar power systems, including solar panels, batteries, controllers, and inverters. It discusses the working principles and applications of solar energy generation.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
This document summarizes solar power generation from solar energy. It discusses that solar energy comes from the nuclear fusion reaction in the sun. About 51% of the sun's energy reaches Earth's atmosphere. There are two main technologies for solar power generation: solar photovoltaics and solar chimney technologies. Solar photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity via photovoltaic cells. They can be ground mounted or space based. Floating solar chimney technology uses the greenhouse effect to power turbines. The document discusses applications of solar technologies and the advantages of being renewable and non-polluting, though the disadvantages include high costs and reliance on sunny weather conditions.
This document summarizes information about solar power plants. It discusses how solar power plants work by converting sunlight to electricity through either photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power. It provides a diagram of a solar power plant and lists its key components like solar modules, controllers, batteries, and inverters. Standalone and grid-tie solar systems are described. Advantages of solar energy include being clean, renewable and producing power with little maintenance, though high upfront costs are a disadvantage. India's largest solar plants are noted. Uses of solar energy include water pumps, buildings, remote areas, and more.
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
This document discusses different types of solar energy collectors. It begins by explaining that solar collectors absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat that is transferred to a fluid. Collectors are classified as low, medium, or high temperature based on the temperature range. Non-concentrating collectors like flat plate and evacuated tube collectors are used for low to medium temperatures, while concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to achieve higher temperatures. The document then describes various non-concentrating and concentrating collector designs including parabolic troughs, linear Fresnel reflectors, and heliostat fields. It provides diagrams and explanations of how each type works to harness solar energy.
This document provides an overview of solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from thermonuclear fusion in the sun and consists of radiant light and heat. It also discusses different types of solar radiation and how solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, and generating electricity through solar thermal technologies and photovoltaic cells. The document also discusses current and future prospects of solar power development in Pakistan.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
- Solar power involves converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power.
- Pakistan receives high solar radiation throughout the year, especially in remote areas not connected to the national power grid, making solar power feasible.
- Advantages of solar power in Pakistan include a free power source, no pollution, and suitability for remote areas, while disadvantages are high initial costs and reliance on sunlight.
- Several solar power plants currently operate in Pakistan and the government is promoting expansion through land allocation projects.
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
This document provides information about different types of solar energy, including passive solar energy, active solar energy, photovoltaic solar power, solar thermal energy, and concentrated solar power. It discusses applications of each type and how they can be used to generate electricity or heat water and spaces. The document also covers topics like how solar panels are manufactured, costs of building solar lanterns, and locations of solar power stations in India.
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorGeofrey Yator
Solar to energy conversion.The definition,need for,technologies and the Future of solar energy in the planet earth.
The article is presented by Geofrey Kibiwott yator University of Eldoret.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on solar water heaters. It discusses the types of solar water heaters, including active and passive systems. It also describes the components, operations, benefits, and applications of solar water heaters. Solar water heaters capture sunlight to heat water and provide benefits such as reduced energy costs, environmental friendliness, and reliability. They can be used for domestic, commercial, and industrial applications.
Solar energy is energy from the sun that can be converted into thermal or electric energy. Thermal energy from the sun is used for heating while electric energy uses photovoltaic cells to produce electricity. The document discusses the history of solar energy development and provides examples of practical solar energy applications today such as solar panels, vehicles, street lights, and water pumps. It also outlines the advantages of solar energy being renewable, sustainable, and reducing environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels. The high upfront costs of solar energy systems and dependence on sunlight availability are mentioned as disadvantages.
SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM SHOULD BE USED TO DECREASE THE ENERGY DEMAND IN HIGHWAYS ALSO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES CAN BE UTILIZED MORE AND MORE TO REDUCE THE MASSIVE USES OF FOSSIL FUELS WHICH ARE EXTINGUISHABLE.
The document discusses various methods for harnessing solar energy, including solar thermal technologies for water heating and cooking, as well as photovoltaic (PV) systems for generating electricity. It describes how PV systems work using solar cells made of silicon to convert sunlight directly into electricity. The document also discusses different types of large-scale solar power plants that use concentrating solar technologies like parabolic troughs and power towers to generate utility-scale electricity.
This document provides an overview of solar energy and how it works. It discusses solar power generation at Maungaraki School in Wellington, New Zealand, including statistics on the amount of energy generated by their solar panels. It also covers the basics of solar energy, how photovoltaic cells work to convert sunlight to electricity, how solar panels function, and the role of electrons. Additional topics include the benefits of solar energy, potential cost savings, solar cookers, how location can impact energy production, the purpose of solar inverters, and sunlight levels in Wellington. The document concludes with a sample letter advocating for solar power in New Zealand schools.
A solar water heater uses solar energy to heat water for uses like bathing and cleaning. It has an array of solar collectors that absorb heat from the sun and transfer it to an insulated storage tank. There are two main types - ones using flat plate collectors and ones using evacuated tube collectors. Both can operate with or without pumps. Solar water heaters save on electric costs, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and have low maintenance costs compared to electric water heaters, though they may require an electric backup on cloudy days.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its basic concepts, advantages and disadvantages, applications for heating spaces and water, photovoltaics, and the future of solar technology. It describes how solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions and can be harnessed through various collection, conversion, and storage methods. The core technologies discussed are solar thermal and photovoltaics, with explanations of how silicon solar cells work using intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors to generate electricity from sunlight. The document also outlines the development of solar cell technologies from first to third generation and discusses various applications and the top producers globally.
The most common type of solar cells are Photovoltaic Cells (PV cells)
Converts sunlight directly into electricity
Cells are made of a semiconductor material (eg. silicon)
Light strikes the PV cell, and a certain portion is absorbed
The light energy (in the form of photons) knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely, forming a current
Metal contacts on the top and bottom of PV cell draws off the current to use externally as power
This document discusses solar energy in India. It provides an introduction to solar energy and how it works. It then discusses government initiatives and policies in India to promote solar energy, including the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission with a target of 100 GW of solar power by 2022. Applications of solar energy in India are also summarized, including rural electrification, water pumping, and solar home lighting. A case study of the Gujarat Solar Park is presented. Challenges to solar energy development in India include land availability and grid integration issues.
photovoltaics cell pv cell solar cell Gautam Singh
this ppt tells about the how energy get from solar energy. it also tell about the new element that is graphene. it also tell about how semiconductor works
The document provides an introduction to solar energy, including:
- The sun produces enormous amounts of energy that can be harnessed using solar panels to generate electricity. On average, every square meter of the Earth's surface receives 164 watts of solar energy from the sun.
- Solar energy refers to the energy from the sun, which has produced energy for billions of years and is a renewable source of energy unlike fossil fuels. It is one of the cleanest sources of energy since it does not produce pollutants.
- Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, are electronic devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity and are used in solar modules and panels to harness solar energy for applications like powering homes
The document discusses various alternative energy sources including solar energy. It provides advantages and disadvantages of solar energy, wind energy, clean coal technology, fossil fuels, geothermal energy, hydro power, and nuclear energy. For solar energy specifically, it notes that the sun is the most abundant energy source, solar panels can be used to collect energy, and energy storage methods exist. However, solar energy also has high initial costs and can only generate energy during the day.
Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process involving silicon semiconductor materials. When silicon is exposed to sunlight, photons free electrons that can be manipulated to flow as direct current. The solar cells use doped silicon to create an electric field that pushes electrons from the n-type to the p-type region, generating a current. An inverter is then used to convert the direct current into alternating current that can power homes and offices. Solar energy is a renewable and clean energy source that has potential to be cost-effective in countries that receive intense sunlight like Sri Lanka.
Solar cell is the device that converts energy of light directly into electrical energy (electricity) by photovoltaic effect In general, a solar cell that includes both solar and non solar sources of light
(such as photons from incandescent bulbs) is termed a photovoltaic cell. Solar cell is also know as photovoltaic cell
Most familiar solar cells are based on the effect
of photovoltaic In this effect, light falling on semiconductor device of the two layer produces a potential difference or photo voltage between the layers The voltage thus produced can drive a current through an external circuit producing useful work
The document discusses solar energy and its uses. It provides information on:
1) India emerging as a top country in solar power generation.
2) How solar energy works through converting sunlight to electricity via photovoltaic cells or heating via solar panels.
3) Applications of solar energy including heating air/water, power generation, vehicles, and more.
4) Steps taken in Punjab, India to promote solar energy through government agencies and collaboration with companies.
Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity or heat. It is a renewable and non-polluting energy source. Solar energy can be captured using photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power systems and has many applications including generating electricity, heating water, drying crops, and powering vehicles. While solar energy has high initial costs, it has benefits such as being renewable, producing no emissions, and allowing energy production in remote areas not connected to power grids.
- Solar power involves converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power.
- Pakistan receives high solar radiation throughout the year, especially in remote areas not connected to the national power grid, making solar power feasible.
- Advantages of solar power in Pakistan include a free power source, no pollution, and suitability for remote areas, while disadvantages are high initial costs and reliance on sunlight.
- Several solar power plants currently operate in Pakistan and the government is promoting expansion through land allocation projects.
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
This document provides information about different types of solar energy, including passive solar energy, active solar energy, photovoltaic solar power, solar thermal energy, and concentrated solar power. It discusses applications of each type and how they can be used to generate electricity or heat water and spaces. The document also covers topics like how solar panels are manufactured, costs of building solar lanterns, and locations of solar power stations in India.
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorGeofrey Yator
Solar to energy conversion.The definition,need for,technologies and the Future of solar energy in the planet earth.
The article is presented by Geofrey Kibiwott yator University of Eldoret.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on solar water heaters. It discusses the types of solar water heaters, including active and passive systems. It also describes the components, operations, benefits, and applications of solar water heaters. Solar water heaters capture sunlight to heat water and provide benefits such as reduced energy costs, environmental friendliness, and reliability. They can be used for domestic, commercial, and industrial applications.
Solar energy is energy from the sun that can be converted into thermal or electric energy. Thermal energy from the sun is used for heating while electric energy uses photovoltaic cells to produce electricity. The document discusses the history of solar energy development and provides examples of practical solar energy applications today such as solar panels, vehicles, street lights, and water pumps. It also outlines the advantages of solar energy being renewable, sustainable, and reducing environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels. The high upfront costs of solar energy systems and dependence on sunlight availability are mentioned as disadvantages.
SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM SHOULD BE USED TO DECREASE THE ENERGY DEMAND IN HIGHWAYS ALSO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES CAN BE UTILIZED MORE AND MORE TO REDUCE THE MASSIVE USES OF FOSSIL FUELS WHICH ARE EXTINGUISHABLE.
The document discusses various methods for harnessing solar energy, including solar thermal technologies for water heating and cooking, as well as photovoltaic (PV) systems for generating electricity. It describes how PV systems work using solar cells made of silicon to convert sunlight directly into electricity. The document also discusses different types of large-scale solar power plants that use concentrating solar technologies like parabolic troughs and power towers to generate utility-scale electricity.
This document provides an overview of solar energy and how it works. It discusses solar power generation at Maungaraki School in Wellington, New Zealand, including statistics on the amount of energy generated by their solar panels. It also covers the basics of solar energy, how photovoltaic cells work to convert sunlight to electricity, how solar panels function, and the role of electrons. Additional topics include the benefits of solar energy, potential cost savings, solar cookers, how location can impact energy production, the purpose of solar inverters, and sunlight levels in Wellington. The document concludes with a sample letter advocating for solar power in New Zealand schools.
A solar water heater uses solar energy to heat water for uses like bathing and cleaning. It has an array of solar collectors that absorb heat from the sun and transfer it to an insulated storage tank. There are two main types - ones using flat plate collectors and ones using evacuated tube collectors. Both can operate with or without pumps. Solar water heaters save on electric costs, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and have low maintenance costs compared to electric water heaters, though they may require an electric backup on cloudy days.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its basic concepts, advantages and disadvantages, applications for heating spaces and water, photovoltaics, and the future of solar technology. It describes how solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions and can be harnessed through various collection, conversion, and storage methods. The core technologies discussed are solar thermal and photovoltaics, with explanations of how silicon solar cells work using intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors to generate electricity from sunlight. The document also outlines the development of solar cell technologies from first to third generation and discusses various applications and the top producers globally.
The most common type of solar cells are Photovoltaic Cells (PV cells)
Converts sunlight directly into electricity
Cells are made of a semiconductor material (eg. silicon)
Light strikes the PV cell, and a certain portion is absorbed
The light energy (in the form of photons) knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely, forming a current
Metal contacts on the top and bottom of PV cell draws off the current to use externally as power
This document discusses solar energy in India. It provides an introduction to solar energy and how it works. It then discusses government initiatives and policies in India to promote solar energy, including the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission with a target of 100 GW of solar power by 2022. Applications of solar energy in India are also summarized, including rural electrification, water pumping, and solar home lighting. A case study of the Gujarat Solar Park is presented. Challenges to solar energy development in India include land availability and grid integration issues.
photovoltaics cell pv cell solar cell Gautam Singh
this ppt tells about the how energy get from solar energy. it also tell about the new element that is graphene. it also tell about how semiconductor works
The document provides an introduction to solar energy, including:
- The sun produces enormous amounts of energy that can be harnessed using solar panels to generate electricity. On average, every square meter of the Earth's surface receives 164 watts of solar energy from the sun.
- Solar energy refers to the energy from the sun, which has produced energy for billions of years and is a renewable source of energy unlike fossil fuels. It is one of the cleanest sources of energy since it does not produce pollutants.
- Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, are electronic devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity and are used in solar modules and panels to harness solar energy for applications like powering homes
The document discusses various alternative energy sources including solar energy. It provides advantages and disadvantages of solar energy, wind energy, clean coal technology, fossil fuels, geothermal energy, hydro power, and nuclear energy. For solar energy specifically, it notes that the sun is the most abundant energy source, solar panels can be used to collect energy, and energy storage methods exist. However, solar energy also has high initial costs and can only generate energy during the day.
Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process involving silicon semiconductor materials. When silicon is exposed to sunlight, photons free electrons that can be manipulated to flow as direct current. The solar cells use doped silicon to create an electric field that pushes electrons from the n-type to the p-type region, generating a current. An inverter is then used to convert the direct current into alternating current that can power homes and offices. Solar energy is a renewable and clean energy source that has potential to be cost-effective in countries that receive intense sunlight like Sri Lanka.
Solar cell is the device that converts energy of light directly into electrical energy (electricity) by photovoltaic effect In general, a solar cell that includes both solar and non solar sources of light
(such as photons from incandescent bulbs) is termed a photovoltaic cell. Solar cell is also know as photovoltaic cell
Most familiar solar cells are based on the effect
of photovoltaic In this effect, light falling on semiconductor device of the two layer produces a potential difference or photo voltage between the layers The voltage thus produced can drive a current through an external circuit producing useful work
The document discusses solar energy and its uses. It provides information on:
1) India emerging as a top country in solar power generation.
2) How solar energy works through converting sunlight to electricity via photovoltaic cells or heating via solar panels.
3) Applications of solar energy including heating air/water, power generation, vehicles, and more.
4) Steps taken in Punjab, India to promote solar energy through government agencies and collaboration with companies.
Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity or heat. It is a renewable and non-polluting energy source. Solar energy can be captured using photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power systems and has many applications including generating electricity, heating water, drying crops, and powering vehicles. While solar energy has high initial costs, it has benefits such as being renewable, producing no emissions, and allowing energy production in remote areas not connected to power grids.
Solar cells directly convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect in semiconductor materials like silicon, with solar panels consisting of multiple interconnected solar cells to produce a usable amount of power. The document discusses the basic physics of how silicon is doped to create either holes or electrons that form pairs when struck by photons, as well as explaining the components and operation of single solar cells and larger solar panels.
This document provides an overview of solar cell technology. It discusses the history of solar cells from their development in 1954 at Bell Laboratories to their use in satellites. It describes how solar cells work, converting sunlight into electricity using the photoelectric effect in semiconductor materials like silicon. The document outlines the benefits of solar cells as well as their applications and disadvantages.
The document discusses the classification and fundamentals of energy. It defines energy as the ability to do work and classifies energy resources in several ways:
- By usability as primary, intermediate, or secondary resources depending on the degree of processing. Primary resources include coal, oil, sunlight, and are extracted from nature.
- By traditional use as conventional resources like fossil fuels, nuclear, and hydro that have been used for decades, or non-conventional renewable resources continually produced in nature like solar, wind, biomass.
- By long term availability as non-renewable resources like fossil fuels that will deplete over time, or renewable resources from perpetual natural flows that can be sustainably harnessed
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, through directly using photovoltaic (PV). Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
This presentation provides an overview of solar cells. It defines a solar cell as an electrical device that converts light directly into electricity, supplying voltage and current like a battery. The presentation discusses the history of solar cells from early experiments in 1839 to the first practical cell in 1954. It describes the three main types of solar cells based on the crystal used and their relative efficiencies. The presentation also outlines the structure, working principle, uses, advantages and disadvantages of solar cells.
Solar Power Plants Photovoltaic vs ThermalThomas Smith
The document compares and contrasts two types of large-scale solar power plants: the Agua Caliente photovoltaic plant and the Ivanpah solar thermal plant. It outlines key details about each plant such as their location, size, cost, environmental impacts, lifetime, and purchasers of the generated power. While both require large amounts of land and have high build and maintenance costs, the document recommends thermal solar due to its longer lifetime and ability to provide backup power and cogeneration capabilities.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
Solar thermal systems use solar energy to heat a fluid that is then used for applications like water and space heating. There are two main types of solar thermal collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors absorb sunlight directly while concentrating collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver. Common examples are flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors. Key factors in evaluating performance include efficiency, operating temperature range, and cost per square meter. Solar thermal can be used for applications such as water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and performance study of a solar air collector for room heating in Bangladesh. The collector was designed to be 1.23 square meters in size and heat a 1.365 cubic meter room. Data on inlet and outlet air temperatures were collected to calculate heat gain and collector efficiency. The maximum collector efficiency reached 32.79% when the inlet temperature was 35°C and outlet was 45°C. Graphs show efficiency and temperature differences over time on three days, with the maximum temperature difference reaching 10°C at 1:30PM and efficiency peaking then as well. The solar air collector provided effective room heating for 8 hours per day.
The document is lyrics to the song "Sunrise Sunset" from the musical Fiddler on the Roof, sung by Perry Como. The song reflects on how quickly children grow up, asking rhetorically if the little girl and boy are really all grown up now and remembering when they were small. It notes how swiftly the days, years, and seasons pass, each bringing both happiness and tears.
Solar energy can be harnessed using technologies like solar heating, photovoltaics, and concentrating solar power. There are two main types - passive solar, which uses sunlight without external mechanical power, and active solar, which uses mechanical or electrical power. Solar energy can be directly converted to electricity via photovoltaic panels or indirectly via solar thermal collectors that capture heat. Large solar power plants use thousands of solar panels or mirrors to generate electricity on a utility scale. Solar energy can be stored using batteries in off-grid homes or by feeding excess electricity to the grid via net metering.
The document discusses solar thermal technology and its applications for rural India. It begins by explaining how solar thermal works by heating a liquid using sunlight. It then classifies solar thermal systems based on achievable temperature (low, medium, high) and concentration type (concentrating vs. non-concentrating). The main solar thermal devices discussed are flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, compound parabolic concentrators, and cylindrical parabolic trough collectors. Applications include water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes. The document also examines thermal energy needs across different sectors like household, industry, agriculture, and provides temperature ranges for various processes.
The document discusses how solar panels work to convert sunlight into electrical energy. It begins with an introduction to the sun and how its energy impacts Earth. It then explains that solar panels use silicon photovoltaic cells that directly convert sunlight into electricity through a process where photons dislodge electrons from silicon atoms, generating a flow of electricity. The document concludes by discussing how solar energy can be stored in batteries and used to power individual homes and large solar power plants.
A solar water heater works by using an array of solar collectors to collect solar energy and transfer it to heat water stored in an insulated tank. During the day, water circulates through the collectors and is heated, with the hot water then stored in the tank for various applications like homes, pools, hospitals and more. It has key components like solar panels, a storage tank, and connecting pipes, and provides advantages such as low cost and maintenance over time.
This document discusses solar water heating systems. It describes different types of solar water heating systems including passive and active systems. Passive systems rely on heat pipes while active systems use pumps. Direct and indirect systems are described where direct systems circulate potable water and indirect use a heat transfer fluid. Different types of collectors are also outlined including flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, and integrated collector storage systems. The document provides details on the construction and operation of these different solar water heating components and systems.
Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, convert solar energy directly into electricity. They are most commonly made from silicon and have no moving parts. While solar cell efficiency and market growth have increased, reducing production costs remains a focus of research and development. Promising next generation technologies that may help lower costs include thin films, hot carrier cells, and cells using nanostructures or bandgap engineering of silicon.
Solar energy originates from thermonuclear fusion reactions in the sun. It is increasingly being used in architecture, agriculture, heating/cooling, cooking, fuel production, and electricity generation. There are two main ways to generate solar electricity: thermal solar uses sunlight to heat fluids for heat or electricity, and photovoltaic solar uses solar cells to directly convert sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic cells consist of photovoltaic panels made of solar cells that are connected together, along with batteries to store energy and regulators/loads to control energy use. The most common solar technologies are crystalline silicon solar panels which come in mono-silicon and poly-silicon varieties that have different efficiencies, costs, and appearances
Comparision and assesment of different type of solar PV cells for a green bu...Chandan
1) The document compares different types of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells that can be used for green buildings, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, thin-film, and concentrated PV cells.
2) It provides details on the characteristics, efficiencies, advantages, and disadvantages of each PV cell type. For example, monocrystalline cells have the highest efficiency but are most expensive, while thin-film cells have lower efficiencies but lower costs.
3) The document also includes a sample load calculation and solar PV system sizing for a 2 bedroom home in India to determine the necessary PV panel capacity and battery charging requirements.
The document summarizes how photovoltaic (PV) solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process used to make PV cells from silicon wafers. Finally, it covers common applications of solar PV systems and some advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
The document summarizes how photovoltaic (PV) solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process used to make PV cells from silicon wafers. Finally, it covers common applications of solar PV systems and some advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
How to Improve Efficiency of Solar Panel.docxAkashNaheliya
This document provides information on improving the efficiency of solar panels. It discusses how solar cells work and how efficiency is calculated. Some key methods discussed to increase efficiency include using radiators and fans to cool panels, anti-reflective coatings, choosing optimum transparent conductors, and promoting light scattering. Factors that limit efficiency gains are also examined, such as high temperatures, shading, panel orientation, and the need for regular maintenance to maximize energy production.
This presentation discusses transparent solar cells and their potential as the future of electricity. It is introduced by Sarah Cynthia Gomes from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at International Standard University. The presentation is given by the student group "Dynamic Squad", consisting of 4 members.
The introduction explains that transparent solar cells allow sunlight to pass through while still converting it to power, unlike conventional solar panels which absorb sunlight. The presentation will cover the working mechanisms of solar cells, materials used in solar cells such as silicon and perovskites, recent advancements including flexible perovskite cells, how transparent solar cells work, their efficiency, challenges, and conclusions on their potential.
IRJET- Experimental Studies on Electrical Characteristics of Solar PV Panel w...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the electrical characteristics of a monocrystalline solar photovoltaic (PV) panel under different conditions: shadow, dust accumulation, and thermal effects from water spray. The study measured the current, voltage, maximum power, and other output parameters of the solar panel under each condition and plotted current-voltage and power-voltage curves. The results showed that shadowing, dust accumulation, and increasing panel temperature each reduced the maximum power output of the solar panel compared to measurements taken in clear outdoor conditions without obstructions. The purpose of the study was to better understand how these real-world factors impact solar panel performance.
Solar energy recovery has begun to take its place all over the world on the energy market due
to the pureness of its electricity production. Commercial use of solar energy is unfortunately
still rather small, mostly due to high prices and low efficiency compared to other sources.
This report presents a literary review of the developing process of solar panels. A key part in
any products prosperity lies in the product development process, the way from a products
idea to final product. In the making of solar panels knowledge in areas of engineering,
materials, structures, design, electronics, economy, marketing and much more are needed;
making the process expensive. A lot of research is put on the solar cells material to try to
increase their efficiency but very little effort is put down to the product development process
of the panels and improvement of these processes.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. They are constructed of layers of n-type and p-type semiconductors that form a p-n junction. When sunlight is absorbed, electrons are released and produce an external DC current. There are three main types of solar cells: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous, with monocrystalline being the most efficient. Solar cells have advantages like being renewable and requiring little maintenance but also have disadvantages like high costs and reliance on consistent sunlight. They have applications in power generation, heating, pumping water, and more.
The document examines the average monthly electricity consumption in the DCPE building area. It analyzes electricity bill records from 2018 for the larger "workshop region" that includes DCPE. This region has a total area of 19,254.99 sqm while the DCPE area is 4,698.26 sqm. To estimate DCPE's monthly consumption, the document calculates the ratio of the two areas and applies it to the workshop region's average monthly consumption of 84,931 kWh. This approach allows estimating DCPE's electricity usage based on its portion of the overall workshop area.
PPT ON SOLAR ENERGY AND SOLAR PANELS.DETAILS OF SOLAR PANELS AND PHOTOVOLTIC CELLS .AND HOW SOLAR PANEL WORKS..HOW SOLAR PANELS POSITIONED OUT,ADVANTAGES ETC.
This document discusses solar energy and solar panels. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and what solar panels are. There are different types of solar panels described, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, string ribbon silicon, and amorphous solar panels. The document explains that solar panels are made of silicon semiconductor materials and protective layers and how they work by using sunlight to knock electrons loose and generate electricity. It also covers how solar panels should be positioned for optimal sunlight exposure and lists advantages such as being pollution-free and enabling power in remote areas.
Solar panels are devices that convert sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells. There are different types of solar panels including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon panels. Solar panels are made of layers of semiconductor materials that produce a flow of electrons when struck by sunlight. Proper positioning of solar panels maximizes sunlight exposure. Benefits of solar panels include being pollution-free, renewable, and requiring little maintenance.
Impact of Shading, Soiling and Temperature on Solar Photovoltaic SystemYogeshIJTSRD
The main objective of this research paper is to study the effect due to shading, temperature, dust accumulation, snow, birddropping. The power output of the solar panels dependent upon the amount of sun radiation which reaches the solar cells and converts it into electrical energy through inverters. A various types of solar cells are used to manufacture the solar panels like Mono crystalline and polycrystalline. Many factors affect the performance of solar panels and efficiency of PV cells. Experiment was done by using some particles of sand 15g,20g , coal 30g , impact of building trees shading at 10m and 20m and at different temperature cold and hot .The power output of both clean and soiling ,without shading or with shading, at high or low temperature is included. The paper will also include the methods by which we can reduce the impact of dust, shading, high or too low temperature and improving the efficiency of solar panels. Ishrat Nabi "Impact of Shading, Soiling and Temperature on Solar Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43823.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43823/impact-of-shading-soiling-and-temperature-on-solar-photovoltaic-system/ishrat-nabi
Solar energy is the energy emitted by the sun which can be converted to electricity using photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells use the photovoltaic effect to convert sunlight into electricity. Multiple photovoltaic cells are connected together in solar panels which can be assembled into larger solar arrays. There are different types of photovoltaic cells including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film cells. While solar energy is abundant and renewable, solar panels have disadvantages including high costs, requiring large areas, and difficulties with disposal.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its history, development, technologies, applications, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how solar cells work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Different types of solar cells and panels are described, as well as the process of installing a solar energy system. Opportunities and challenges of solar power in Pakistan are highlighted, along with various uses of solar energy from heating to transportation.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
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Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
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Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
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Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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2. What is Solar Energy?
Solar Energy originates with the thermonuclear fusion
reactions occurring in the sun.
The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly
spread across the visible and near infrared ranges with a small
part in the ultraviolet region.
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Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
3. How much solar energy?
• About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth's surface.
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4. Solar Map of India
About 5,000 trillion kWh
per year energy is incident
over India’s land area
with most parts receiving
4-7 kWh per square
meter per day.
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Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
5. Solar Energy as a Resource
Solar Energy is increasingly being used as a resource in the following areas:
Architecture and Urban Planning
Agriculture and Horticulture
Heating, Cooling and Ventilation
Cooking
Fuel Production
Electricity Generation
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6. Producing Electricity using Solar Energy
Solar Energy can be used to generate electricity in 2 ways:
Thermal Solar Energy:
Using solar energy for heating fluids
which can be used as a heat source or
to run turbines to generate electricity.
Photovoltaic Solar Energy:
Using solar energy for the direct generation of
electricity using photovoltaic phenomenon.
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7. Photovoltaic Electricity
Photovoltaic comes from the words photo, meaning light, and
volt, a measurement of electricity.
Photovoltaic Electricity is obtained by
using photovoltaic system.
A basic photovoltaic system consists of four
components: Solar Panel, Battery, Regulator
and the load.
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8. Solar Panel
Solar Panel is an indispensable component of this system.
Solar Panel is responsible to collect solar radiations and transform
it into electrical energy.
Solar Panel is an array of several solar cells (Photovoltaic cells).
The arrays can be formed by connecting them in
parallel or series connection depending upon
the energy required.
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9. Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies
The most common solar technology is crystalline Si. Its two types
are: Mono- Si and Poly- Si.
Mono-Si: Crystal Lattice of entire
Sample is continuous.
Poly-Si: Composed of many crystallites
of varying size and orientation.
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10. Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies
Mono-Si Solar Panels:
Mono-Si is manufactured by Czochralski Process.
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11. Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies
Since they are cut from single crystal, they gives the module a uniform appearance.
Advantages:
Highest efficient module till now with efficiency
between 13 to 21%.
Commonly available in the market.
Greater heat resistance.
Acquire small area where ever placed.
Disadvantages:
More expensive to produce.
Si boule for the
production of wafers.
High amount of Silicon.
High embodied energy (total energy required to produce).
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12. Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies
Poly-Si Solar Panels:
Polycrystalline (or multicrystalline) modules are composed of a number of different
crystals, fused together to make a single cell.
Poly-Si solar panels have a non-uniform texture due to visible crystal grain present due to
manufacturing process.
Advantages:
Good efficiency between 14 to 16%.
Cost effective manufacture.
Commonly Available in the market.
Visible crystal grain in poly-Si
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13. Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies
Disadvantages:
Not as efficient as Mono-Si.
Large amount of Si.
High Embodied Energy.
Visible difference between Mono-Si and Poly-Si Panels:
Mono-Si solar cells are of dark color and the corners of the cells
Mono-Si Panel
are usually missing whereas poly-Si panels are of dark or
light blue color. The difference between the structure is only
due to their manufacturing process.
Poly-Si Panel
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14. Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies
Thin Film Solar Panels:
Made by depositing one or more thin layers (thin film) of photovoltaic material on a
substrate.
Thin Film technology depend upon the type of material
used to dope the substrate.
Cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium
selenide (CIGS) and amorphous silicon (A-Si) are three
thin-film technologies often used as outdoor photovoltaic
solar power production.
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15. Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies
Amorphous-Si Panels:
Non-crystalline allotrope of Si with no definite arrangement
of atoms.
Advantages:
Partially shade tolerant
More effective in hotter climate
Uses less silicon - low embodied energy
No aluminum frame - low embodied energy
Disadvantages:
Less efficient with efficiency between 6 to 12% .
Less popular - harder to replace.
Takes up more space for same output .
New technology - less proven reliability.
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16. Comparison of Si on the basis of crystallinity
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Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
17. Comparison of Mono-Si, Poly-Si and Thin film Panels
Mono-Si Panels
Poly-Si Panels
Thin Film Panels
1. Most efficient with max.
efficiency of 21%.
1. Less efficient with
efficiency of 16% (max.)
1. Least efficient with max.
efficiency of 12%.
2. Manufactured from single
Si crystal.
2. Manufactured by fusing
different crystals of Si.
2. Manufactured by
depositing 1 or more layers of
PV material on substrate.
3. Performance best at
standard temperature.
3. Performance best at
moderately high temperature.
3. Performance best at high
temperatures.
4. Requires least area for a
given power.
4. Requires less area for a
given power.
4. Requires large area for a
given power.
5. Large amount of Si hence,
high embodied energy.
5. Large amount of Si hence,
high Embodied energy.
4. Low amount of Si used
hence, low embodied energy.
6. Performance degrades in
low-sunlight conditions.
6. Performance degrades in
low-sunlight conditions.
5. Performance less affected
by low-sunlight conditions.
7. Cost/watt: 1.589 USD
7. 1.418 USD
7. 0.67 USD
8. Largest Manufacturer:
Sunpower (USA)
8. Suntech (China)
8. First Solar (USA)
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18. What is a Solar Cell?
A structure that converts solar energy directly to DC electric energy.
It supplies a voltage and a current to a resistive load
(light, battery, motor).
Power = Current x Voltage=Current2 x R= Voltage2/R
It is like a battery because it supplies DC power.
It is not like a battery because the voltage
supplied by the cell changes with changes in the
resistance of the load.
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19. Silicon Solar cell
Principle p-n Junction Diode:
The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes:
The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons.
The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.
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Ref. Soft Condensed Matter physics group in
univ. of Queenland
Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
21. How a panel is created?
Panel wiring diagram connecting cells
An individual PV cell typically produces 0.6 watts and are
joined in an array to produce the required power.
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22. Blocking Diodes
When the sun shines, as long as the voltage produced by the panels is greater
than that of the battery, charging will take place.
However, in the dark, when no voltage is being produced by the panels, the
voltage of the battery would cause a current to flow in the opposite direction
through the panels, which can lead to the discharging of battery. Hence a blocking
diode is used in series with the panels and battery in reverse biasing.
Normal p-n junction diodes can be used as blocking diodes.
To select a blocking diode, following parameters should
be kept in mind:
The maximum current provided by the panels.
The voltage ratings of the diode.
The reverse breakdown voltage of the diode.
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23. Hot- Spot and Bypass Diodes
Hot Spot phenomenon happens when one or more cells of the panel is shaded while the others are
illuminated.
The shaded cells/panels starts behaving as a diode polarized in reverse direction and generates reverse
power. The other cells generate a current that flows through the
shaded cell and the load.
Any solar cell has its own critical power dissipation Pc
that must not be exceeded and depends on its cooling and
material structures, its area, its maximum operating
temperature and ambient temperature.
A shaded cell may be destroyed when its reverse
dissipation exceeds Pc. This is the hot spot.
To eliminate the hot-spot phenomenon, a bypass diode is
parallely connected to the module or group of cells in reverse polarity
which provides another path to the extra current.
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24. Bypass Diodes working
When part of a PV module is shaded, the shaded cells will not be able to produce as much
current as the unshaded cells. Since all cells are connected in series, the same amount of
current must flow through every cell. The unshaded cells will force the shaded cells to pass
more current through it. The only way the shaded cells can operate at a current higher than
their short circuit current is to operate in a region of negative volt age i.e. to cause a net
voltage loss to the system.
The voltage across the shaded or low current
solar cell becomes greater than the forward bias
voltage of the other series cells which share the
same bypass diode plus the voltage of the bypass
diode thus making the diode to work in forward
bias and hence allowing extra current to pass
through it, preventing hot-spot.
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Bypass diode working phases
Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
25. Bypass Diodes working
For an efficient operation, there are two conditions to fulfill:
1. Bypass diode has to conduct when one cell is shadowed.
2. The shadowed cell voltage Vs must stay under its breakdown voltage (Vc).
Ideally, a bypass diode should have a forward voltage (VF) and a leakage current (IR) as low
as possible.
Two types of diodes are available as bypass diodes in solar panels and arrays:
1. p-n junction silicon diode
2. Schottky barrier diode
To select a bypass diode, following parameters should be checked:
1.
The forward voltage and current ratings of the diode.
2.
The reverse breakdown voltage of the diode.
3.
The reverse leakage current.
4.
Junction Temperature Range
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Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
26. Solar Panel specifications
Mechanical
Specifications:
1. Solar Cell Type: Defines the type of module or cell used in the module.
e.g.- Mono-Si, Poly-Si or Thin Film.
Design Implication: This determines the class of conversion efficiency of the module.
2. Cell Dimension (in inches/mm.): Defines the size of cell used in the module.
e.g.- 125(l) 125 mm(b) (5 inches).
Design Implication: This determines the output power of a single solar cell.
3. Module Dimension (in inches/mm.): Defines the size of the panel.
e.g.- 1580 (l) 808 (b) 35 (h) mm.
Design Implication: Determines the number of cells accommodated
in the module.
Across length: 1580/125 = 12.64 ~ 12 [least integer].
Across breadth: 808/125 = 6.4 ~ 6.
This means number of cell be 72 (6*12).
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27. Solar Panel specifications
Mechanical
Specifications:
4. Module Weight (in kgs./lbs.): Defines the weight of the module.
e.g.- 15.5 kgs. (34.1 lbs.)
Design Implication: Determines the maximum number of panels which can be installed.
5. Glazing or front Glass: Defines the type and width of the front glass used.
e.g.- 3.2 mm (0.13 inches) tempered glass.
Design Implication: Width determines the strength of the covering. The type of glass used
depends upon thermal insulation requirements or strength requirement.
6. Frame: Defines the type of frame used in the module.
e.g.- Anodized aluminium alloy
Design Implication: Frame material is chosen so that it can
Withstand the environmental effects such as corrosion,
hard Impact, etc.
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28. Solar Panel specifications
Mechanical
Specifications:
7. Output Cables: Defines the type of cables and sometimes their dimensions provided at
output to connect with connector specifications.
e.g.- H+S RADOX® SMART cable 4.0 mm2 of length 1000 mm (39.4 inches) with
RADOX® SOLAR integrated twist locking connectors.
Design Implication: The rating of the cable is as per rating of the PV module and of
optimum length generally required by the customers.
8. Junction Box: Defines the protection level of electrical casing at the back of panel. Also
includes the no. of bypass diodes (if used).
e.g.- IP67 rated with 3 bypass diodes.
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29. Solar Panel specifications
Electrical
specifications:
1. Peak Power (W): Defines the maximum power of the panel.
e.g.- P: 195 W
Design Implication:
2. Optimum operating Voltage: Defines the highest operating voltage of panel at the
maximum power at STC.
e.g.- Vmp: 36.6V
Design Implication: Determines the number of panels required in series.
3. Optimum operating current: Defines the highest operating current of panel at the
maximum power at STC.
e.g.- Imp: 5.33A
Design Implication: Determines the wire gauge.
Used to calculate the voltage drops across the modules or cells.
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30. Solar Panel specifications
Electrical
Specs:
4. Open Circuit Voltage: Defines the output voltage when no load is connected under STC.
e.g.- Voc : 45.4V
Design Implication: Determines the maximum possible voltage.
Determines the maximum number of modules in series.
5. Short Circuit Current: Defines the protection level of electrical casing at the back of
panel. Also includes the no. of bypass diodes (if used).
e.g.- Isc: 5.69A
Design Implication: Determines the current rating of fuse which is to be used for
protection.
Determines the conductor size.
General I-V curve
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31. Solar Panel specifications
Electrical Specifications:
6. I-V Characteristics: Defines the current and voltage variation for the panel. Also shows
I-V characteristics for different irradiance.
e.g.-
Variation in I-V characteristics with Irradiance
Design Implication: This parameter determines the module current and voltage for a
particular value of irradiance.
This can be used to obtain the output voltage at the lowest irradiance for a region.
1/25/2013
Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
32. Solar Panel specifications
Electrical Specifications:
7. Module Efficiency: Defines the conversion efficiency given by a given module (which is
generally lesser than the single solar cell used in the module).
e.g.- 15.3%
Design Implication: This parameter helps in solving the problem of choosing a module.
8. Operating Temperature: Defines the range of temperature for which the module can
function.
e.g.- -40 C to 85 C
Design Implication: Determines the temperature range for the environment in which the
panel can be kept.
9. Max. Series Fuse Rating: Defines the max. current which can be handled by the module
without damage.
e.g.- 15 A
Design Implication: This defines the rating of fuse to be used with the module.
1/25/2013
Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
33. Solar Panel specifications
Electrical Specifications:
10. Power Tolerance: Defines the range of power deviation from its stated power ratings due
to change in its operating condition. It is defined in %.
e.g.- 0/+5 %
Design Implication: This parameter determines the upper limit for power of a module.
11. Parameters defined under NOCT: These parameters are same as defined under STC
conditions with different values.
Difference between STC and NOCT:
STC (Standard Test Conditions):
Irradiance 1000 W/m2, Module temperature 25 C, Air Mass=1.5
NOCT(Nominal Operating Cell Temperature):
Irradiance 800 W/m2, Ambient temperature 20 C, Wind speed 1 m/s
1/25/2013
Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
34. Solar Panel specifications
Electrical Specifications:
12. Temperature Coefficients: These coefficients are defined to show the possible rate of
change of values under varying module temperature and irradiance.
Design Implication: These parameters can be
used to calculate the power, current and
voltage of the module.
Temperature Coefficient of Voc can also be
used to determine the maximum panel voltage
at the lowest expected temperature.
Packing Configuration:
Pieces per pallet: Number of modules per box.
Pallet per container: Number of boxes per container.
Pieces per container: Number of modules per container.
e.g.- Pieces per pallet (26) X Pallets per container (12)= Pieces per container (312)
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Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
36. Comparison between Suntech, Trina and Sanyo 190W Monocrystalline modules
Parameters at STC
Sanyo (HIP-190DA3)
Suntech (STP190S-24/Ad+)
Trina (TSM-190DC01A)
Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp)
55.3 V
36.5 V
36.8 V
Optimum Operating Current (Imp)
3.44 A
5.20 A
5.18 A
Open - Circuit Voltage (Voc)
68.1 V
45.2 V
45.1 V
Short - Circuit Current (Isc)
3.7 A
5.62 A
5.52 A
Maximum Power at STC (Pmax)
190 W
190 W
190 W
Module Efficiency
15.7%
14.9%
14.9%
Maximum Series Fuse Rating
15 A
15 A
10 A
Maximum System Voltage
600 VDC
1000 V DC
1000VDC
Power Tolerance
+10/-0%
0/+5 %
0/+3
Temperature Coefficient of Pmax
-0.34% / C
-0.48 %/ C
- 0.45%/ C
Temperature Coefficient of Voc
-0.191 V / C
-0.34 %/ C
- 0.35%/ C
Temperature Coefficient of Isc
1.68 mA / C
0.037 %/ C
0.05%/ C
Module Dimension
53.2 x 35.35 x 2.36 in.
(1351 x 898 x 60 mm)
62.2 31.8 1.4 inches
(1580 808 35mm)
62.24 x 31.85 x 1.57in.
(1581 x 809 x 40mm)
Warranty :
20 Years
20 Years
12 years
25 years
10 years
25 years
$570.00
$285.00
Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
$459.00
Cost:
1/25/2013
90% power output
80% power output
37. Comparison between Mono-, Poly- and Amorphous Si Solar Panels (5 W)
Parameters at STC
Monocrystalline
(S.C. Origin)
Polycrystalline
(Moserbaer)
Thin Film (a-si)
(China Solar)
Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp)
17.82V
17 V
18 V
Optimum Operating Current (Imp)
0.285A
0.29A
0.278 A
Open - Circuit Voltage (Voc)
21.396V
21V
26.7 V
Short - Circuit Current (Isc)
0.315A
0.35A
0.401 A
Maximum Power at STC (Pmax)
5W
5W
5W
Module Efficiency
16.2%
14%
Not Available
Temperature Coefficient of Pmax
-0.549% ( K)
-0.43 ( K)
-(0.19 0.03)%/ C
Temperature Coefficient of Voc
-0.397% / K
-0.344 %/ K
-(0.34 0.04)%/ C
Temperature Coefficient of Isc
0.06% / K
0.11 %/ K
0.08 0.02)%/ C
Maximum System Voltage
1000 VDC
600VDC
600 VDC
Module Dimension
350x176x34mm
359x197x26 mm
385 x322 x18 mm
Warranty:
10 years
25 years
10 years
15 years
10 years
15 years
1/25/2013
90% power output
85% power output
Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
38. How to choose a solar panel?
Critical parameters to be considered for solar panel evaluation:
1. Selecting the right technology : The selection of solar panel technology generally
depends on space available for installation and the overall cost of the system.
3. Selecting the right manufacturer for better warranty.
4. Check operating specifications beyond STC ratings
5. Negative Tolerance can lead to a lower system
performance and reduced capacity
6. Solar Panel efficiency under different conditions
and over time.
1/25/2013
Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
39. How to design a PV Off-grid system?
1. Collect some data viz. Latitude of the location, and solar irradiance (one for every
month).
2. Calculation of total solar energy.
3. Estimate the required electrical energy on a monthly/weekly basis (in kwh):
Required Energy= Equipment Wattage X Usage Time.
4. Calculate the system size using the data from ‘worst month’ which can be as follows:
a) The current requirement will decide the number of panels required.
b) The days of autonomy decides the storage capacity of the system i.e. the number of
batteries required.
1/25/2013
Submitted by: Gourav Kumar
India is endowed with vast solar energy potential.
Crystal grain boundaries can trap electrons, which results in lower efficiency.
The solar cell works in three steps:Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon.Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, causing an electric potential difference. Current starts flowing through the material to cancel the potential and this electricity is captured. Due to the special composition of solar cells, the electrons are only allowed to move in a single direction.An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity.