1) The document compares different types of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells that can be used for green buildings, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, thin-film, and concentrated PV cells. 2) It provides details on the characteristics, efficiencies, advantages, and disadvantages of each PV cell type. For example, monocrystalline cells have the highest efficiency but are most expensive, while thin-film cells have lower efficiencies but lower costs. 3) The document also includes a sample load calculation and solar PV system sizing for a 2 bedroom home in India to determine the necessary PV panel capacity and battery charging requirements.

1. 1
Comparison of Different Types of Solar PV Cell for
A Green Building
Submitted by- Chandan Kumar
Introduction
A 'green' building is a building that, in its design,construction oroperation,reducesoreliminates
negativeimpacts,and can create positiveimpacts,on our climate and naturalenvironment.Green
buildingspreservepreciousnaturalresourcesand improveourquality of life.
Green Building promotestheefficiency of buildingswith regardsto the use of water,energy and
materialswhile reducing thebuilding'simpact on individual'shealth and the environmentthrough
better design,construction,operation,maintenanceand removal.
Types of Solar PV Cell available in market-
1st generation
 Monocrystalline Solar Panels (Mono-SI)
 Polycrystalline Solar Panels (Poly-SI)
2nd generation
 Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC)
 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell (A-Si)
3rd generation
 Biohybrid Solar Cell.
 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell (CdTe)
 Concentrated PV Cell (CVP and HCVP)
Objectives:
 Thisstudyis aimedatresearch,studyand developmentof the greenbuildingconstruction
techniquesinordertosave our planetfrompollutionandglobal temperature.
 Comparative strategyforfindingbest suitedsolarPV cell forresidential aswell as
commercial building/purposes.
 To get higherefficiencyof operationwhichreducesinstrumentational costandrequiresarea
for the same powerratingof operation.
Methodology:
 The operationisto be performedonthe basisof a 2BHK home electrical loadsforevery
conditionof calculationandjustification.
 A standardvalue of data isassumedwhereverrequired.
Load calculation for a 2 BHK building-
Equipment/Appliances:
2 Bedrooms : 2 x 2 Bulbs, 2 x 1 Tube lights, 2 x 1 Fans, 1 AC.
1Hall : 2 Bulbs, 1 Fan, 1 TV, 1Aquarium light.
1Kitchen : 1 Bulb, 1Refrigerator, 1 Grinder/mixer, 1 Exhaust Fan, 1 solar-cooker.
2 Bathrooms : 2 x 1 bulbs, 2 x 1 Exhaust fan.

2. 2
Electrical Analysis:-
*assuming 3star rating of AC, Energy efficiency ratio of 3 star (EER)=2.7
Cooling capacity of 1Ton AC=3517Watt
AC power consumption by 1.5 Ton AC= 1.5 x 3517/2.7 = 1973Watt
* Diversity factor is defined as the ratio of the sum of the maximum demands of the
various part of a systemto the coincident maximum demand of the whole system. The
maximum demands of the individual consumers of a group do not occur simultaneously.
Thus, there is a diversity in the occurrence of the load. Due to this diverse nature of the
load, full load power supply to all the consumers at the same time is not required.
= 4068/4000
Diversity factor for solar PV plant ~ 1. 017
Solar PV plant capacity calculation-
The maximum load applied at a time = 2500W to 3000W
Max current required to load= power/voltage
= 2500/24 ~ 104 Amps … (peak current reqd. to load)
Total current produced by the Solar = 4000/24= 167 Amp … (under normal operating
condition)
S.
no.
Name of Electrical
Appliances
qty rating Power
consumed
1 Bulbs 9 10W 90W
2 Tube lights 2 40W 80W
3 Fan 4 60W 240W
4 Air conditioner (1.5Ton) 1 1973W 1973W
5 Tv 1 60W 60W
6 Refrigerator 1 250W 250W
7 Mixer/Grinder 1 500W 500W
8 Exhaust Fan 3 40W 120W
9 Aquarium light 1 9W 9W
10 Water pump 1 746W 746W
TOTAL ELECTRICAL POWER 4068W

3. 3
Charging current continuously available to the battery= 167-104
= 63 Amps (under peak load cond.)
Charging current available to battery under off peak load cond. = 120 to 130 Amps
 Mostly AC (a heavy load) working time is from 11am to 4pm (~5 hrs in a day)
 Availability of solar power is from 8am to 6pm (~10 hrs in a day)
 During off peak hours solar will charge the battery (incl. AC off hours).
 As there is less availability of solar energy in winter, no use of AC, for heating
scenario there will a solar air heater.
Conditions:
*pyranometer is used to detect the intensity of solar radiation. Fig. pyranometer
*solar set up should be skewed with an angle 190 for higher efficiency in India.
**Consider 400W solar panel of dimensions 2mX1m each.**
1st GenerationSolar Panels
Monocrystalline SolarPanels (Mono-SI)
This type of solar panels (made of monocrystalline silicon)
is the purest one. You can easily recognise them from
the uniform dark look and the rounded edges. The silicon’s
high purity causes this type of solar panel has one of the
highest efficiency rates, with the newest ones reaching
above 20%.
Monocrystalline panels have a high-power output, occupy
less space, and last the longest. Of course, that also means they are the most expensive of
the bunch. Another advantage to consider is that they tend to be slightly less affected by
high temperatures compared to polycrystalline panels.
Polycrystalline SolarPanels (Poly-SI)
one can quickly distinguish these panels because this type
of solar panels has squares, its angles are not cut, and it
has a blue, speckled look. They are made by melting raw
silicon, which is a faster and cheaper process than that
used for monocrystalline panels.
This leads to a lower final price but also
lower efficiency (around 15%), lower space efficiency, and
a shorter lifespan since they are affected by hot temperatures to a greater degree.

4. 4
However, the differences between mono- and polycrystalline types of solar panels are not
so significant and the choice will strongly depend on your specific situation. The first option
offers a slightly higher space efficiency at a slightly higher price but power outputs are
basically the same.
2nd Generation Solar Panels
These cells are different types of thin filmsolar cells and are mainly used for photovoltaic
power stations, integrated in buildings or smaller solar systems.
Thin-FilmSolar Cells (TFSC)
Thin-filmsolar panels are manufactured by placing one or
more films of photovoltaic material (such as silicon,
cadmium or copper) onto a substrate. These types of solar
panels are the easiest to produce and economies of scale
make them cheaper than the alternatives due to less
material being needed for its production.
They are also flexible which opens a lot of opportunities
for alternative applications and is less affected by high temperatures. The main issue is that
they take up a lot of space, generally making them unsuitable for residential installations.
Moreover, they carry the shortest warranties because their lifespan is shorter than the
mono- and polycrystalline types of solar panels. However, they can be a good option to
choose among the different types of solar panels where a lot of space is available.
Amorphous SiliconSolar Cell (A-Si)
The amorphous silicon solar cell is among the different
types of solar panels, the one that is used mainly in such
pocket calculators. This type of solar panel uses a triple
layered technology, which is the best of the thin film
variety.
A thickness of 1 micrometre (one millionth of a metre).
With only 7% efficiency rate, these cells are less
effective than crystalline silicon ones that have an
efficiency rate of circa 18% but the advantage is the fact that the A Si-Cells are relatively low
in cost.
3rd Generation Solar Panels
3rd generation solar panels include a variety of thin filmtechnologies but most of them are
still in the research or development phase. Some of them generate electricity by using
organic materials, others use inorganic substances (CdTe for instance).

5. 5
BiohybridSolar Cell
The Biohybrid solar cell is one of the types of solar panels, that
is still in the research phase. It has been discovered by an
expert team at Vanderbilt University. The idea behind the new
technology is to take advantage of the photosystem and
thus emulate the natural process of photosynthesis.
Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell (CdTe)
Among the collection of different types of solar panels, this photovoltaic technique
uses Cadmium Telluride, which enables the production of solar cells at relatively low cost
and thus a shorter payback time (less than a year). Of all solar energy technologies, this is
the one requiring the least amount of water for production. Keeping the short energy
payback time in mind, CdTe solar cells will keep your carbon footprint as low as possible.
The only disadvantage of using Cadmium Telluride is its characteristic of being toxic, if
ingested or inhaled. In Europe especially, this is one of the greatest barriers to overcome, as
many people are very concerned about using the technology behind this type of solar panel.
ConcentratedPVCell (CVP and HCVP)
Concentrated PV cells generate electrical energy just as conventional photovoltaic systems
do. Those multi-junction types of solar panels have an efficiency rate up to 41%, which,
among all photovoltaic systems, is the highest so far.
The name of such CVP cells is related to what makes them so efficient, compared to other
types of solar panels: curved mirror surfaces, lenses and sometimes even cooling
systems are used to bundle the sun rays and thus increase their efficiency.
By this means, CVP cells have become one of the most efficient solar panels, with a high
performance and efficiency rate of up to 41%. What remains is the fact, that such CVP solar
panels can only be as efficient if they face the sun in a perfect angle. In order to reach such
high efficiency rates, a solar tracker inside the solar panel is responsible for following the
sun.

6. 6
Comparisontable:
References:
1. Mr. Apoorva v. kotkar1, prof. Hemant salunkhe2 (2017) A Review Paper on Green
Building Research.
2. Bureauof EnergyEfficiency (BEE), https://beeindia.gov.in/
3. The economicbenefitsof greenbuilding-yearbook2009-10, AustraliaBureauof statics,
Canberra,Australia;2010.
4. Indiamart, https://dir.indiamart.com/
5. Wikipedia.
6. Askari Mohammad Bagher, Mirzaei Mahmoud Abadi Vahid, Mirhabibi Mohsen. Types of Solar Cells
and Application. American Journal of
Optics and Photonics. Vol. 3, No. 5, 2015,pp. 94-113. doi: 10.11648/j.ajop.20150305.17
7. UK Department of Energy & Climate Change. n.d. UK solar PV power generation from 2004 to 2015
(in gigawatt hours). Statista. Accessed 12 July, 2017. Available
from https://www.statista.com/statistics/223332/uk-solar-power-generation/.
Solar Cell Type
Efficiency
Rate
Advantages Disadvantages
Monocrystalline Solar
Panels (Mono-SI)
~20%
High efficiency rate;
optimised for
commercial use; high
life-time value
Expensive
Polycrystalline Solar
Panels (p-Si)
~15% Lower price
Sensitive to high
temperatures; lower lifespan
& slightly less space efficiency
Thin-Film: Amorphous
Silicon Solar Panels (A-
SI)
~7-10%
Relatively low costs;
easy to produce &
flexible
shorter warranties & lifespan
Concentrated PV Cell
(CVP)
~41%
Very high performance
& efficiency rate
Solar tracker & cooling system
needed (to reach high
efficiency rate)