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Lss module 1 chpt 1 investigating forces
1.
MODULE 1: GADGETS WORK
WONDERS (I) Chapter 1 Exploring Forces 1© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
2.
Chapter 1 Exploring
Forces 1.1 What are the effects of forces? 1.2 How can forces be measured? 1.3 What are the effects of friction? 1.4 How do simple machines work? 2© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
3.
Objectives State that
a force can change the shape, size, state of rest and motion of a body Give examples of different forces: pushing, lifting, stretching, twisting, pressing, gravitational, frictional and magnetic forces Infer the effects of forces such as ◦ change in state of rest and / or motion of a body ◦ change in shape and / or size of a body 3© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
4.
What is a
force? A force is a push or a pull. Actions such as lifting, stretching, bending, twisting and squeezing involve pushing and pulling. 4© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd Actions Involving PushingActivity Book Link Activity 1.1 Forces in Daily Life
5.
© Copyright Star
Publishing Pte Ltd 5 Actions Involving Pulling
6.
© Copyright Star
Publishing Pte Ltd 6 Actions Involving Pushing and Pulling
7.
Other examples of
forces Other examples of forces are frictional force, magnetic force and gravitational force. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 7 How is life in space without any gravitational pull?
8.
What is frictional
force? Friction is the force that acts between two surfaces in contact. When we hold a glass of water, there is friction between our hand and the glass. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 8
9.
What is magnetic
force? A magnetic force is the force between two magnetic poles. It can be an attractive or a repulsive force. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 9 Magnetic forces are useful in many areas of our lives.
10.
What is gravitational
force? Gravitational force is the force that pulls an object towards the earth. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 10 Gravitational force helps in daily tasks such as pouring water from a jar.
11.
What are the
effects of forces? A force can change the shape and/or size of an object. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 11 crushing a tin can changes its shape and size squeezing a sponge can changes its shape and size
12.
What are the
effects of forces? A force can change the motion of an object; for example, (i) move a stationary object, (ii) stop a moving object, (iii) change the speed of a moving object, (iv) change the direction of a moving object. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 12
13.
© Copyright Star
Publishing Pte Ltd 13 a force can cause a stationary ball to move a force can make a moving ball roll faster or slower a force can cause a ball to change direction
14.
Chapter 1 Exploring
Forces 1.1 What are the effects of forces? 1.2 How can forces be measured? 1.3 What are the effects of friction? 1.4 How do simple machines work? 14© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
15.
Objectives Use a
spring balance to measure force Use newton as the unit of force 15© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
16.
How are Forces
Measured? Forces are measured using spring balances. The International System of Units (SI unit) of force is the newton (N). © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 16 an extension spring balance
17.
Spring balances The
two types of spring balance are: (a) extension spring balance (b) compression spring balance In an extension spring balance, the force causes the spring to become extended or longer. In a compression spring balance, the force causes the spring to be compressed or become shorter. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 17 is the force exerted by the food on the compression spring balance a push or a pull?
18.
How do we
read a spring balance? The size of the force can be read from the scale of a spring balance. The reading on the scale shown is 50 N. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 18
19.
What is weight?
Weight is the force of gravity pulling an object towards the Earth. Weight is not the same as mass. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 19 an electronic balance is used to measure mass Activity Book Link Activity 1.2 Making a Spring Balance Activity 1.3 Measuring Forces
20.
Differences between weight
and mass © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 20
21.
Chapter 1 Exploring
Forces 1.1 What are the effects of forces? 1.2 How can forces be measured? 1.3 What are the effects of friction? 1.4 How do simple machines work? 21© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
22.
Objectives Describe the
effects of friction on the motion of an object 22© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
23.
What is Frictional
Force? Friction is a force which opposes motion. It acts between two surfaces in contact. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 23 friction causes a rolling ball to slow down and stop
24.
What are the
Factors Affecting Friction? Friction depends on: (a) the smoothness of the two surfaces in contact. (b) the force pressing the two surfaces together. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 24 a carrom seed moves easily across a smooth carrom board a heavy box on the right experiences a larger friction than an empty one
25.
Does the Surface
Area in Contact Affect Friction? Friction does not depend on the surface area in contact. A rectangular block experiences the same amount of friction no matter which side it is placed on a surface. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 25 Activity Book Link Activity 1.5 Friction and Area in Contact
26.
Is Friction a
Useful Force? Friction helps us to walk without slipping. Friction is needed for braking. Friction helps us to grip things © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 26 walking on smooth ice can make you fall brake pads on a bicycle help it to slow down and stop friction helps a person to grip a pencil
27.
Is Friction a
Nuisance? Friction can also be a nuisance as it produces unwanted heat in machines and causes wear and tear. Friction can be reduced by: (a) Using lubricants (b) Using ball bearings © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 27 lubricants and ball bearings reduce friction between moving parts of machines
28.
Chapter 1 Exploring
Forces 1.1 What are the effects of forces? 1.2 How can forces be measured? 1.3 What are the effects of friction? 1.4 How do simple machines work? 28© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
29.
Objectives Identify the
different types of simple machines (levers, inclined planes and pulleys) and give everyday examples of their use Investigate the effort used when the following is used to raise a load ▲ Lever ▲ Inclined plane ▲ Pulley 29© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd
30.
How do Simple
Machines Help Us do Work? A simple machine is a device that makes work easier for us. It can: (a) reduce the force needed to move a load, (b) change a small movement into a large one, (c) change the © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 30 examples of simple machines
31.
Types of simple
machines Three common types of simple machines are: (a) levers, (b) inclined planes, (c) pulleys. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 31 a screwdriver acts as a lever to help open a tin of paint
32.
Lever system There
are three parts in a lever system: (a) the fulcrum (b) the effort (c) the load. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 32
33.
Why is it
easier to open a tin of paint with a long screwdriver than a short one? The further the effort from the fulcrum, the smaller the effort needed to move the load. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 33
34.
Classes of levers
There are three classes of levers: ◦ 1st class lever (Fulcrum is between load and effort) ◦ 2nd class lever (Load is between effort and fulcrum) ◦ 3rd class lever (Effort is between load and fulcrum) © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 34 1st class lever 2nd class lever 3rd class lever
35.
Examples of the
three classes of levers © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 35
36.
How do levers
make work easier? First and second class levers make work easier by allowing us to use a small effort to overcome a large load. Third class levers enable a small movement of the effort to result in a large movement of the load. This makes work such as sweeping the floor faster. However, an effort larger than the load is needed. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 36
37.
What is an
inclined plane? An inclined plane is a flat surface with one end higher than the other. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 37 a wheelchair ramp is an example of inclined plane worker moving goods up an inclined plane into a truck
38.
How does an
inclined plane make work easier? Moving a load up an inclined plane requires a smaller effort than lifting the load vertically. However, the load has to be moved over a longer distance along the inclined plane. © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 38 Activity Book Link Activity 1.7 Inclined Planes
39.
What is a
Pulley? A pulley is a wheel with a groove for holding a rope or a cable in place. In a single fixed pulley system, the effort needed is equal to the load. However, it is still considered a simple machine because it makes work easier. Pulleys are also used in construction cranes, cable cars, window blinds and yachts (to raise sails). © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 39 a flag pole uses a pulley Activity Book Link Activity 1.8 Pulley Systems
40.
Useful applications of
pulleys © Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd 40 construction crane cable car window blinds yacht
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