2. Like all matter, life is built from atoms — the
basic units of matter that link together to form
molecules.
Organic molecules are the molecules of life and
are built around chains of carbon atoms that
are often quite long.
There are four main groups of organic
molecules that combine to build cells and their
parts: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
Definition
4. Carbon based molecules are called
organic molecules.
Non-carbon based molecules—water,
oxygen, and ammonia are inorganic
molecules.
ORGANIC vs. INORGANIC
5. 2.1.1 Atomic Structure of
Carbon
Carbon has 4 electrons
in outer shell.
Carbon can form
covalent bonds with as
many as 4 other atoms
(elements).
Usually with C, H, O or
N.
Example: CH4(methane)
6. Two or more
atoms held
together by
covalent
bonds.
# and types
of atoms in a
molecule
# and types
of atoms in
a molecule
How atoms
are linked
by bonds
review MOLECULES
STRUCTURE
Atoms and complexes
connected by non-covalent
bonds such as hydrogen
bonds or ionic bonds are
generally not considered
single molecules
7.
8. Types of carbon backbones:
- A) straight chain
- B) branched chain
- C) can form ring structures
2.1.2 CARBON
BACKBONES(SKELETONS)
10. Group of atoms within molecules—
determine properties of organic molecules
React in predictable ways with other
molecules
Hydrophilic molecules: molecules that are
attracted water
Hydrophobic molecules: molecules that do
not mix with water
2.1.3 FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS
11. 4 most common functional groups:
1) hydroxyl group: (OH)
2) carbonyl group: (C=O)
3) carboxyl group: (O=C-OH)
4) amino group: (H-N-H)
2.1.3 FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS
12. Most biological molecules are large and are
made up of smaller subunits
Monomer: molecular subunit that is building
block of a larger molecule
Polymer: long chain of monomers
2.1.4 MONOMERS &
POLYMERS
13. Also called condensation reaction
Links monomers together forming
polymers or making polymer chains
longer
Water molecule is removed in forming a
polymer or making it longer
Same type of reaction occurs regardless
of type of monomers being linked or type
of polymer produced
2.1.5 DEHYDRATION
REACTION
15. Chemical reaction where polymers are
broken down to their monomers
Large polymers must be broken down
to make monomers available to cells
Hydrolysis breaks the chemical bonds
in polymers by adding water
molecules reverse of
dehydration/condensation
2.1.6 HYDROLYSIS
REACTION
21. Sugars contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in the following ratio:
1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen
Molecular formula of any carbohydrate is a
multiple of the basic formula CH2O
2.2.1 CARBOHYDRATES ARE MADE
UP OF SUGAR MOLECULES
22. Main fuel supply for cellular work
Other uses:
- Provide raw material to make other
organic molecules such as fats
- Used to make energy stockpiles
- Serve as building materials
2.2.2 HOW CELLS USE
SUGARS
23. Sugars that contain just one
sugar unit or monomer
Examples:
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
2.2.3 MONOSACCHARIDES
24. “double sugars”
Produced in dehydration reactions
from two monosaccharides
Most common disaccharide is sucrose
– table sugar—formed by linking
glucose and fructose molecules
2.2.3 DISACCHARIDES
25. 3 common types all glucose polymers:
Starch: found in plant cells—glucose storage
molecule
Glycogen: found in animal cells—glucose
storage—abundant in muscle and liver cells
Cellulose: used by plant cells for building
material—makes up cell walls—not digestible
by humans forms ―bulk‖ in our diet
2.2.4 POLYSACCHARIDES
28. Commonly known as fats and oils
Are hydrophobic do not mix with water
Simplest fats are triglycerides
Chain of 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbon
molecules) bonded to a glycerol molecule
LIPIDS
30. Act as a boundary—they are a major
component of cell membranes
Circulate in the body acting as chemical
signals to cells—some are hormones
Used to store energy in the body
Act to cushion and insulate the body
FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
31. All the carbon atoms in fatty acid chains
contain only single bonds
Include animal fats such as butter
Solids at room temperature
SATURATED FATS
32. Have at least one double bond between the
carbon atoms in one of the fatty acid chains
Found in fruits, vegetables, fish, corn oil,
olive oil, and other vegetable oils
Liquids at room temperature
UNSATURATED FATS
35. Carbon skeleton forms four fused
rings
Classified as lipids are hydrophobic
Some act as chemical signals or
hormones estrogen and
testosterone
Some form structural components of
STEROIDS
37. Essential molecule found in all cell
membranes
Serves as base molecule from which other
steroids are produced
Has bad reputation cholesterol
containing substances in blood are
linked to cardiovascular disease
CHOLESTEROL
39. Form structures—hair, fur, muscles
Provide long-term nutrient storage
Circulate and defend the body against
microorganisms (antibodies)
Act as chemical signals—hormones
Help control chemical reactions in
cells--enzymes
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
40. Polymers formed from monomers
called amino acids
Amino acids bond together to form
chains called a polypeptides
Sequence of amino acids makes each
polypeptide unique
Each protein is composed of one or
more polypeptides
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
41. AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
Figure 5-12: All amino acids consist of a central carbon bonded to an
amino group, a carboxyl group, and a hydrogen atom. The fourth
bond is with a unique side group – called the “R” group. Differences
in side groups convey different properties to each amino acid.
42. Functional proteins consist of
precisely twisted, coiled, and shaped
polypeptides
Proteins cannot function correctly if
shape is altered
Sequence and types of amino acids in
the polypeptides affect protein shape
Surrounding environment—usually
aqueous—plays a role in protein shape
PROTEIN SHAPE
43. Denaturation: loss of normal protein shape
Changes in temperature, pH, or other
environmental conditions may cause
proteins to become denatured
If the protein shape is changed, protein
cannot function normally
DENATURATION
45. Activation energy: minimum energy
required to start chemical reaction
Chemical bonds in reactants must be
weakened to start most reactions
Catalysts: compounds that speed up
chemical reactions
Enzymes: proteins that act as catalysts for
chemical reactions in organisms
ACTIVATION ENERGY
46. Provide a way for reactions to occur at cell’s
normal temperature
Enzymes lower energy requirement for a
chemical reactions in cells so they can occur
at normal cell temperatures
Each enzyme catalyzes a specific kind of
chemical reaction
ENZYMES
47. Substrate: specific reactant acted on by an
enzyme
Active site: specific region of the enzyme that the
substrate fits into
Substrate binds to enzyme’s active
site where the substrate undergoes
a change
HOW ENZYMES WORK
48. Shape of an enzyme fits the shape of
only specific reactant molecules
As substrate enters, active site of
enzyme changes slightly to form snug
attachment
Attachment weakens chemical bonds
in substrate lowering activation
energy required for reaction to
proceed
HOW ENZYMES WORK
50. Once products of chemical reaction
are released, enzyme’s active site is
ready to accept another reactant
molecule
Recycling is a key characteristic of
enzymes—they are not “used up”
catalyzing a single reaction
HOW ENZYMES WORK