Hull's Theory of Learning
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Clark Hull developed a drive-reduction theory of learning that stated drives create arousal or tension that motivates behavior to reduce the drive, and learning occurs through conditioning when behaviors are associated with drive reduction. His theory proposed several concepts including habit strength, reaction inhibition, and effective reaction potential to explain learning quantitatively. Although influential, Hull's theory faced criticisms for not fully explaining real-world behavior and inconsistencies in its predictions.
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Similar to Hull's Theory of Learning
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In this module, you are expected to recognize great contributions largely developed throughout the history.
Introduction to Learning
Introduction to Learning The change that occurs during learning is a potential for behavior that depends on other conditions.
Learning is not always a permanent change.
What can be learned can be unlearned.
Changes also occur for other reasons – maturation, motivation.
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Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. Thorndike's puzzle box experiments with cats led to his laws of learning, including the law of effect which states that behaviors paired with reward or reinforcement become strengthened through repeated associations. Pavlov's classic experiments demonstrated classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response. Classical conditioning forms the basis for understanding how fears and phobias can develop in humans and animals.
Behavior
The document discusses learning theories including behaviorism. Behaviorism defines learning as a change in behavior due to experience and conditioning. There are two types of conditioning - classical and operant. Classical conditioning involves linking a stimulus to a response, as shown in Pavlov's dog experiments. Operant conditioning occurs when a response is reinforced or punished, shaping behavior. Later theorists like Skinner expanded on operant conditioning principles through positive and negative reinforcement. While behaviorism provided a framework for understanding learning, it has also received criticism for disregarding internal mental processes.
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This document provides an introduction to learning by defining learning, discussing its roots in behaviorism, and summarizing key studies. Learning is defined as an experiential process resulting in a relatively permanent change not explained by other factors. Thorndike's puzzle box experiments established the laws of effect, exercise, and readiness. Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments showed how a neutral stimulus can acquire the ability to produce a response through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. Watson and Raynor's Little Albert study demonstrated human fears can be conditioned.
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This document provides an introduction to learning by defining learning, discussing its roots in behaviorism, and summarizing key studies. It defines learning as an experiential process resulting in a relatively permanent change not explained by other factors. It then discusses Thorndike's puzzle box experiments, Pavlov's classical conditioning research, and Watson and Raynor's conditioning of "Little Albert" to demonstrate early behaviorist theories of learning through associations and conditioning.
CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCELearning is defined
CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCE
Learning is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience but are not caused by fatigue, maturation, drugs, injury, or disease.
Memory is simply a process of encoding, storing, and retrieving pieces of information.
Everything we are, in our conscious experience, is dependent upon memory. Without memory we would live in a constant state of rediscovery, whereby every instance would be newly learned. Learning and memory are also intricately connected to intelligence.
Intelligence is the overall capacity to think and act logically and rationally within one’s environment.
What is Learning: Approaches to Learning
Learning, psychology tells us, consists of changes in behavior. But not all changes in behavior are examples of learning.
In the most brief explanation, learning is a change in behavior (or the potential for behavior) as a result of experience.
Learning:
A process resulting in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavioral potential and is based on experience.
Learning is difficult to assess because it cannot be observed directly; instead, inferences are made about learning based on changes in performance.
Learning is not easily separated from other major topics in psychology. Changes in behavior are centrally involved in many aspects of psychology, including motivation, personality, development, and even mental disorders.
Cognitive Theories:
Theories that look at intellectual processes such as those involved in thinking, problem solving, imagining, and anticipating.
Behavioristic Theories:
Theories concerned with objective evidence of behavior rather than with consciousness and mind. Sometimes these are referred to as S-R or associationistic theories because they deal mainly with associations between stimuli and responses (muscular, glandular, or mental reaction to a stimulus).
Stimulus:
Any change in the physical environment capable of exciting a sense organ. Stimuli can also be internal events such as glandular secretions or even thoughts.
Behavioristic Approaches:
Classical Conditioning and Pavlov’s Experiments
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To clarify the laws of classical conditioning, Pavlov devised a series of experiments (Pavlov, 1927). In the best known of these, a dog is placed in a harness-like contraption. The apparatus allows food powder to be inserted directly into the dog’s mouth or to be dropped into a dish in front of the dog.
The salivation that ...
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1) Behaviorism focuses on observable and measurable behavior and how behavior is learned through conditioning and reinforcement without consideration of internal mental processes.
2) Key figures in the development of behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, Thorndike proposed laws of learning, Watson conducted experiments on conditioning emotional responses, and Skinner developed operant conditioning.
3) Operant conditioning by Skinner built upon Thorndike's law of effect and involves reinforcement to shape behaviors through rewards or removal of unpleasant stimuli.
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This document discusses andragogy, or adult learning, as an approach to distance education. It defines andragogy as "the art and science of helping adults learn" and outlines key assumptions about adult learners, including that they are self-directed, draw on life experiences in learning, and are problem-centered in their orientation. The document also contrasts pedagogy and andragogy, noting differences in how they view the learner, readiness to learn, and motivation.
LEARNING CONCEPT.pptx
This document discusses different theories of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Classical conditioning, introduced by Ivan Pavlov, is learning through repeated associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Operant conditioning, proposed by B.F. Skinner, is learning through consequences after a response. Social learning theory is learning through observing and interacting with others in a social environment.
Theories of learning
The document discusses several theories of learning:
1) Behavioral theories including Pavlov's classical conditioning, Thorndike's law of effect, and Skinner's operant conditioning which use reinforcement and consequences to shape behavior.
2) Social learning theory developed by Bandura which emphasizes learning from observing and modeling others, involving attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
3) Definitions of learning focus on acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes through experience that enables better adaptation. Learning is explained as a reflective process that develops understanding or changes mental processes.
classical conditioning.pptx
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated this, where he rang a bell before giving food, causing the dogs to salivate to the bell alone over time. The document outlines the procedure of classical conditioning, including establishing conditioning through pairing a neutral and unconditioned stimulus, and testing for the conditioned response to the now conditioned stimulus. It also discusses concepts like generalization, discrimination, and extinction.
THEORY.docx
Clark Hull was an American psychologist known for developing a theory of learning and behavior based on mathematical formulas. He proposed that all behavior is motivated by biological drives to reduce states of tension. When an action reduces a drive, it is reinforced and becomes more likely in the future. Though influential at the time, Hull's drive-reduction theory has been criticized for failing to explain behaviors not related to biological needs or that increase tension. While no longer dominant, understanding Hull's work provides context for later psychological theories.
Module 7- Behaviorism
This lesson talks about the Behaviorism from the perspective of Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike. The theory of behaviorism focuses on the study of observable and measurable behavior. Pavlov and Thorndike's theory on Behaviorism are presented in this presentation.
Behaviorism
This document discusses the theory of behaviorism in education. It describes the key proponents of behaviorism including Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov studied classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs. Thorndike proposed the law of effect and connectionism, believing learning occurs through stimulus-response associations that are strengthened by rewards. Watson conducted experiments on conditioning emotional responses. Skinner expanded on operant conditioning, believing that learning is based on changes in behavior from responses to environmental stimuli and reinforcement. The document provides examples of reinforcement and non-reinforcement in behaviorism theory.
Skinner operant conditioning
This document provides an overview of B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. It defines operant conditioning as changing behavior through reinforcement or punishment. There are three types of operants: neutral, reinforcers, and punishers. Reinforcers increase behavior and punishers decrease it. Schedules of reinforcement like continuous, fixed ratio, and variable interval are also discussed. The document contrasts operant conditioning with classical conditioning and explains how shaping is used to successively reinforce closer approximations of a desired behavior through reinforcement.
Learning
This document defines learning and discusses various theories of learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. Theories of learning discussed include stimulus-response theories like Thorndike's law of effect and Pavlov's classical conditioning, as well as cognitive theories focusing on mental processes. Social learning theory emphasizes modeling and imitation. Different types of learning and schedules of reinforcement are also outlined.
Learning in Psychological Perspectives.pdf
In psychology, "learning" refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, or capability resulting from experience. Learning involves the acquisition of new information, skills, attitudes, or behaviors through various processes. Psychologists study learning to understand how individuals or animals acquire, retain, and apply knowledge or behaviors.
Behaviourist theory
The document summarizes several behaviorist theories of learning:
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov): Learning through associations between stimuli and responses. An example is Pavlov's dogs salivating to the sound of a bell after it was paired with food.
- Operant conditioning (Skinner): Learning through consequences that reinforce behaviors. Behaviors are strengthened if they produce positive reinforcement or reduce negative reinforcement.
- Social learning theory (Bandura): Extended Skinner by arguing learning also occurs through observation and imitation of others in a social environment. People can learn behaviors by watching others and processing the situation.
Similar to Hull's Theory of Learning (20)
CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCELearning is defined
CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCELearning is defined
Andragogical Approach to Learning And Training Processes
Andragogical Approach to Learning And Training Processes
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Transfer pricing
This document discusses transfer pricing, which refers to the price charged between divisions of the same organization for goods or services. The objectives of transfer pricing include evaluating divisional performance and profitability, improving profits, ensuring optimal resource allocation, and providing information to management. Common transfer pricing methods are total cost, marginal cost, standard cost, market price, and negotiated price. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to divisional incentives, profit measurement, and treatment of fixed and variable costs. Transfer pricing aims to balance divisional autonomy with overall organizational goals but can also cause conflicts between divisions.
Pragmatism on education
This document discusses the philosophy of pragmatism. It was founded by Charles Sanders Pierce in the late 19th century and its chief exponent was William James. Some key principles of pragmatism are that theories or beliefs are true if they work effectively, there are no absolute truths as values change over time and place, and the goal of education is to meet personal and social needs rather than have a single aim. Pragmatism advocates for an activity-centered and practically useful curriculum, discipline developed through self-experience, and teaching methods focused on experience.
Idealism on education
Idealism is one of the oldest philosophies that believes ideas are the true reality, not the material world which is imperfect and changing. The document discusses the key principles of idealism including that spirit and mind constitute reality, values are absolute, and truth cannot be found in the material world. It provides examples of important idealist philosophers from both Western and Indian traditions such as Plato, Descartes, and Aurobindo Ghosh. The metaphysics, axiology, and epistemology of idealism are also summarized.
Bruner on education
Jerome Bruner was an American psychologist known for his work on cognitive development and learning theory. He proposed three modes of cognitive development - enactive, iconic, and symbolic. Bruner advocated for discovery learning, where students learn through active engagement by exploring and experimenting. However, discovery learning also presents some challenges like ensuring students test hypotheses properly.
Bruner developed an instructional theory model called the Concept Attainment Model. This model involves presenting students with positive and negative examples (exemplars) of a concept and having them determine the attributes and rules that define the concept. It follows three phases - presentation of data, testing concept attainment, and analyzing thinking strategies. The teacher guides students in evaluating different strategies
Indian constitution and education
1) The document discusses key aspects of constitutional law as it relates to education in India, including the drafting of the Indian constitution after independence, fundamental rights to education, and directives for states on education policy.
2) It outlines the fundamental right to free and compulsory education for children ages 6 to 14 that was added to the constitution in 2002.
3) The document also summarizes various articles that address minorities' rights to establish educational institutions, the use of mother tongues in primary education, and the development of a national language.
Swami vivekananda _ Life
Narendra Nath Dutta was born between 1863-1902 in India. He received education at Metropolitan School and Presidency College in Calcutta. He encountered a spiritual crisis in his youth but found guidance under Sri Ramakrishna. After his father's death in 1884, he took on responsibility for his family. In 1886, Sri Ramakrishna passed away and in 1887 Narendra formally became a monk, renaming himself Swami Vivekananda. He meditated at Kanyakumari before traveling to the US in 1893 to represent Hinduism at the World's Parliament of Religions, where he received appreciation. In 1897 he founded the Ramakrishna Mission. Before his death in 1902
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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The Unbelievable Tale of Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping: A Riveting Saga
Introduction
The notion of Dwayne Johnson kidnapping seems straight out of a Hollywood thriller. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, known for his larger-than-life persona, immense popularity. and action-packed filmography, is the last person anyone would envision being a victim of kidnapping. Yet, the bizarre and riveting tale of such an incident, filled with twists and turns. has captured the imagination of many. In this article, we delve into the intricate details of this astonishing event. exploring every aspect, from the dramatic rescue operation to the aftermath and the lessons learned.
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The Origins of the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping Saga
Dwayne Johnson: A Brief Background
Before discussing the specifics of the kidnapping. it is crucial to understand who Dwayne Johnson is and why his kidnapping would be so significant. Born May 2, 1972, Dwayne Douglas Johnson is an American actor, producer, businessman. and former professional wrestler. Known by his ring name, "The Rock," he gained fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) before transitioning to a successful career in Hollywood.
Johnson's filmography includes blockbuster hits such as "The Fast and the Furious" series, "Jumanji," "Moana," and "San Andreas." His charismatic personality, impressive physique. and action-star status have made him a beloved figure worldwide. Thus, the news of his kidnapping would send shockwaves across the globe.
Setting the Scene: The Day of the Kidnapping
The incident of Dwayne Johnson's kidnapping began on an ordinary day. Johnson was filming his latest high-octane action film set to break box office records. The location was a remote yet scenic area. chosen for its rugged terrain and breathtaking vistas. perfect for the film's climactic scenes.
But, beneath the veneer of normalcy, a sinister plot was unfolding. Unbeknownst to Johnson and his team, a group of criminals had planned his abduction. hoping to leverage his celebrity status for a hefty ransom. The stage was set for an event that would soon dominate worldwide headlines and social media feeds.
The Abduction: Unfolding the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping
The Moment of Capture
On the day of the kidnapping, everything seemed to be proceeding as usual on set. Johnson and his co-stars and crew were engrossed in shooting a particularly demanding scene. As the day wore on, the production team took a short break. providing the kidnappers with the perfect opportunity to strike.
The abduction was executed with military precision. A group of masked men, armed and organized, infiltrated the set. They created chaos, taking advantage of the confusion to isolate Johnson. Johnson was outnumbered and caught off guard despite his formidable strength and fighting skills. The kidnappers overpowered him, bundled him into a waiting vehicle. and sped away, leaving everyone on set in a state of shock and disbelief.
The Immediate Aftermath
The immediate aftermath of the Dwayne Johnson kidnappin
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Early Life and Backgrounds
Orpah Winfrey: From Humble Beginnings to Media Mogul
Orpah Winfrey, often known as Oprah due to a misspelling on her birth certificate. was born on January 29, 1954, in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Raised in poverty by her grandmother, Winfrey's early life was marked by hardship and adversity. Despite these challenges. she demonstrated a keen intellect and an early talent for public speaking.
Winfrey's journey to success began with a scholarship to Tennessee State University. where she studied communication. Her first job in media was as a co-anchor for the local evening news in Nashville. This role paved the way for her eventual transition to talk show hosting. where she found her true calling.
Dwayne Johnson: From Wrestling Royalty to Hollywood Superstar
Dwayne Johnson, also known by his ring name "The Rock," was born on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California. He comes from a family of professional wrestlers, with both his father, Rocky Johnson. and his grandfather, Peter Maivia, being notable figures in the wrestling world. Johnson's early life was spent moving between New Zealand and the United States. experiencing a variety of cultural influences.
Before entering the world of professional wrestling. Johnson had aspirations of becoming a professional football player. He played college football at the University of Miami. where he was part of a national championship team. But, injuries curtailed his football career, leading him to follow in his family's footsteps and enter the wrestling ring.
Career Milestones
Orpah Winfrey: The Queen of All Media
Winfrey's career breakthrough came in 1986 when she launched "The Oprah Winfrey Show." The show became a cultural phenomenon. drawing millions of viewers daily and earning many awards. Winfrey's empathetic and candid interviewing style resonated with audiences. helping her tackle diverse and often challenging topics.
Beyond her talk show, Winfrey expanded her empire to include the creation of Harpo Productions. a multimedia production company. She also launched "O, The Oprah Magazine" and OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, further solidifying her status as a media mogul.
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Dwayne Johnson's wrestling career took off in the late 1990s. when he became one of the most charismatic and popular figures in WWE. His larger-than-life persona and catchphrases endeared him to fans. making him a household name. But, Johnson had ambitions beyond the wrestling ring.
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https://www.theurbancrews.com/celeb/matt-rife-cancels-bloomington-show/
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The television landscape in the UK has evolved significantly with the rise of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). IPTV offers a modern alternative to traditional cable and satellite TV, allowing viewers to stream live TV, on-demand videos, and other multimedia content directly to their devices over the internet. This review provides an in-depth look at the top IPTV UK providers, their features, pricing, and what sets them apart.
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Hull's Theory of Learning
- 1. Presented by Rathi K. N. M Ed. I st Sem (2010-11) N. S. S. Training College Ottapalam HULL'S THEORY A Seminar on
- 6. Drive Reduction Food Drive Reduction Organism Physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis – maintenance of steady internal state, e.g., maintenance of steady body temperature. Stomach Full Empty Stomach (Food Deprived)
- 7. Clark L Hull Drive Reduction Theory
- 28. MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HULL’S 1943 AND 1952 THEORIES
- 31. Hull’s Model
- 35. SUMMARY OF HULL’S THEORY OF LEARNING AFTER 1952
- 36. Hull on Education Anxiety is a drive in human learning. Students who are mildly anxious are in the best position to learn and therefore are easiest to teach. Practice would be carefully distributed so that inhibition would not be built up. Drive : The learner must want something Cue : The learner must attend to something Response : The learner must do something Reinforcement : The learner's response must get him/her something he/she wants
- 39. Thank You for coming along today THE END
Editor's Notes
- We do things to arouse our curiosity and to increase or decrease arousal (like watching a scary or sexual movie). OBJECTIVE 34-3 | Explain how drive-reduction theory views human motivation.