1. Encryption involves encoding messages so their meaning is obscured, while decryption is the reverse process of decoding encrypted messages.
2. Classical encryption techniques include symmetric key encryption where senders and receivers share a common key, and asymmetric key encryption which uses public and private key pairs.
3. Symmetric ciphers like the Caesar cipher and Vigenere cipher use substitution or transposition of letters to encrypt messages, while transposition ciphers rearrange letters in the message. Modern algorithms like Triple DES and Blowfish are also summarized.
this presentation is on block cipher modes which are used for encryption and decryption to any message.That are Defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology . Block cipher modes of operation are part of symmetric key encryption algorithm.
i hope you may like this.
A brief discussion of network security and an introduction to cryptography. We end the presentation with a discussion of the RSA algorithm, and show how it works with a basic example.
this presentation is on block cipher modes which are used for encryption and decryption to any message.That are Defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology . Block cipher modes of operation are part of symmetric key encryption algorithm.
i hope you may like this.
A brief discussion of network security and an introduction to cryptography. We end the presentation with a discussion of the RSA algorithm, and show how it works with a basic example.
CS8792 - Cryptography and Network Securityvishnukp34
this is an engineering subject.this consist of
pgno: 5 - Information security in past & present
pgno: 7 - Aim of Course
pgno: 8 - OSI Security Architecture
pgno: 9 - Security Goals – CIA Triad
pgno: 13 - Aspects of Security
pgno: 17 - ATTACKS
pgno: 22 - Passive Versus Active Attacks
pgno: 23 - SERVICES AND MECHANISMS
Slides for a college cryptography course at CCSF. Instructor: Sam Bowne
Based on: Understanding Cryptography: A Textbook for Students and Practitioners by Christof Paar, Jan Pelzl, and Bart Preneel, ISBN: 3642041000 ASIN: B014P9I39Q
See https://samsclass.info/141/141_F17.shtml
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
CS8792 - Cryptography and Network Securityvishnukp34
this is an engineering subject.this consist of
pgno: 5 - Information security in past & present
pgno: 7 - Aim of Course
pgno: 8 - OSI Security Architecture
pgno: 9 - Security Goals – CIA Triad
pgno: 13 - Aspects of Security
pgno: 17 - ATTACKS
pgno: 22 - Passive Versus Active Attacks
pgno: 23 - SERVICES AND MECHANISMS
Slides for a college cryptography course at CCSF. Instructor: Sam Bowne
Based on: Understanding Cryptography: A Textbook for Students and Practitioners by Christof Paar, Jan Pelzl, and Bart Preneel, ISBN: 3642041000 ASIN: B014P9I39Q
See https://samsclass.info/141/141_F17.shtml
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
The Roman number system was very cumbersome because there was no concept ... Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as ...
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. • Encryption: a process of encoding a message
so that its meaning is not obvious
• Decryption: the reverse process
3. Encode(encipher) vs.
Decode(decipher)
• Encoding: the process of translating entire
words or phrases to other words or phrases
• Enciphering: translating letters or symbols
individually
• Encryption: the group term that covers both
encoding and enciphering
4. Basic operations
• plaintext to ciphertext: encryption
C = E(P)
• ciphertext to plaintext: decryption:
P = D(C)
requirement: P = D(E(P))
6. Symmetric Key Encryption
• Sender and recipient share a common key
• Was the only type of cryptography, prior to
invention of public-key in 1970’s
• All traditional schemes are symmetric / single
key / private-key encryption algorithms, with
a single key, used for both encryption and
decryption, since both sender and receiver are
equivalent, either can encrypt or decrypt
messages using that common key.
8. Requirements
• Two requirements for secure use of symmetric
encryption:
– a strong encryption algorithm
– a secret key known only to sender / receiver
Y = EK(X)
X = DK(Y)
Here, plaintext X, ciphertext Y, key K, encryption
algorithm Ek, decryption algorithm Dk.
• Assume encryption algorithm is known
• Implies a secure channel to distribute key
10. Classical Substitution Ciphers
• A substitution cipher replaces one
symbol with another.
• Substitution ciphers can be categorized
as either monoalphabetic ciphers or
polyalphabetic ciphers.
11. Monoalphabetic Ciphers
• In monoalphabetic substitution, the
relationship between a symbol in the
plaintext to a symbol in the ciphertext is
always one-to-one.
12. • The simplest monoalphabetic cipher is
the additive cipher. This cipher is
sometimes called a shift cipher and
sometimes a Caesar cipher
13. Caesar Cipher
• Earliest known substitution cipher
• First attested use in military affairs
• Replaces each letter by 3rd letter on
• example:
meet me after the toga party
PHHW PH DIWHU WKH WRJD SDUWB
14. • Note: when letters are involved, the following
conventions are used in this course: Plaintext
is always in lowercase; ciphertext is in
uppercase
15. • can define transformation as:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C
• mathematically give each letter a number
• then have Caesar cipher as:
C = E(p) = (p + k) mod (26)
p = D(C) = (C – k) mod (26)
16. When the cipher is additive, the plaintext, ciphertext, and key are integers
in Z26
17. • This mathematical description uses modulo
arithmetic (ie clock arithmetic). Here, when
you reach Z you go back to A and start again.
Mod 26 implies that when you reach 26, you
use 0 instead (ie the letter after Z, or 25 + 1
goes to A or 0).
• Example: howdy (7,14,22,3,24) encrypted
using key f (5) is MTBID
18. Example
• Use the additive cipher with key = 15 to
encrypt the message “hello”.
19. • Use the additive cipher with key = 15 to
decrypt the message “WTAAD”.
20. Cryptanalysis of Caesar Cipher
• only have 26 possible keys, of which only 25
are of any use, since mapping A to A etc
doesn't really obscure the message.
• Advantage : easy to use
• Disadvantage: simple structure and easy to
break
21. Polyalphabetic Ciphers
• another approach to improving security is to
use multiple cipher alphabets
• called polyalphabetic substitution ciphers
• makes cryptanalysis harder with more
alphabets to guess and flatter frequency
distribution
• use a key to select which alphabet is used for
each letter of the message
22. Vigenere Cipher
• Vigenere key stream does not depend
on the plaintext characters; it depends
only on the position of the character in
the plaintext
23.
24. Example
• encrypt the message She is listening using the
6-character keyword “PASCAL”.
• The initial key stream is (15, 0, 18, 2, 0, 11).
The key stream is the repetition of this initial
key stream (as many times as needed
26. TRANSPOSITION CIPHERS
• A transposition cipher does not
substitute one symbol for another,
instead it changes the location of the
symbols.
27. Keyless Transposition Ciphers
• Simple transposition ciphers, which were
used in the past, are keyless.
• Text is written into a table column by
column and then is transmitted row by
row.
• Text is written into a table and row by row,
then is transmitted column by column.
28. Example: Rail fence cipher.
• The ciphertext is created reading the
pattern row by row.
• For example, to send the message “Meet
me at the park” to Bob, Alice writes
She then creates the ciphertext
“MEMATEAKETETHPR
29. Example
• Alice and Bob can agree on the number
of columns and use the second method.
Alice writes the same plaintext, row by
row, in a table of four columns.
She then creates the ciphertext
“MMTAEEHREAEKTTP”.
30. Keyed Transposition Ciphers
• Divide the plaintext into groups of
predetermined size, called blocks, and
then use a key to permute the characters
in each block separately.
31. Steganography
• an alternative to encryption
• hides existence of message
– using only a subset of letters/words in a longer
message marked in some way
– using invisible ink
– hiding in LSB in graphic image or sound file
• has drawbacks
– high overhead to hide relatively few info bits