The document discusses various defects associated with metal forming processes such as rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing. Key defects include wavy edges and cracks in rolling, surface and internal cracks in forging, and issues like wrinkling and tearing in drawing. Each defect is associated with specific causes and material conditions, highlighting the complexities in metal forming processes.

1. DEFECTS IN
FORMED COMPONENTS
FREDY JAMES J.
13MY03
JABIN MATHEW BENJAMIN
13MY04
DEPT. OF METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
PSG College of Technology

2. Forming or Metal forming
•Metalworking process
•Principle of plastic deformation
•Without adding or removing material
Processes:
a)Rolling
b)Forging
c)Extrusion
d)Drawing
a
b
c d
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3. ROLLING DEFECTS
 Wavy edges
 Result from concave roll bending and
 Thinner along its edges than at its center
 Cracks
 Result from poor material ductility
 Convex roll bending
 Severe conditions cause centre split
 Alligatoring
 Defects in the original cast material
 Only surface of work is deformed
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4. FORGING DEFECTS
 Surface crack
 Excessive working at low temperatures
 High sulphur concentration
 Crack at flash
 More prevalent for thinner flash
 Penetrates to work
 Internal cracks
 Secondary tensile stresses
 Cold shuts
 Lubricant residue
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5. DRAWING DEFECTS
 Wrinkling in the flange
 Occurs due to compressive buckling in the circumferential direction
(blank holding force should be sufficient to prevent buckling.
 Wrinkling in the wall
 Takes place when a wrinkled flange is drawn into the cup or if the
clearance is very large, resulting in a large suspended (unsupported)
region.
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6.  Tearing
 High tensile stresses that cause thinning and failure of the metal in the cup wall.
 If the die has a sharp corner radius.
 Earring
 When the material is anisotropic
 Varying properties in different directions.
 Surface scratches
 If the punch and die are not smooth
 If the lubrication of the process is poor.
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7. Defects in Extrusions
 Surface Cracking / Fir-tree cracking
 High friction or speed.
 Sticking of billet material on die land.
 Material sticks, pressure increases, product stops and starts to move again.
 produces circumferential cracks on surface, similar to a bamboo stem.(bambooing).
 Internal Cracking/ Chevron cracking
 Center of extrusion tends to develop cracks of various shapes.
 Center-burst, and arrowhead
 Center cracking:
 Increases with increasing die angle.
 Increases with impurities.
 Decreases with increasing R and friction. 7

8. REFERENCE
 George E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric
Edition, 1988
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