By Ani Adiwinata Nawir, PhD SLF –Sustainable Landscape & Food System Team, CIFOR JFCC Panel Discussion on Indonesia and its environmental record, 28 November 2016, Inter-Continental Hotel Midplaza, Jakarta

1. THINKING beyond the canopy
Operationalizing landscape approach in Indonesia:
The socio-economic perspective and policy framework in facilitating
an integrated and sustainable landscape-based forest management
JFCC Panel Discussion on Indonesia and its environmental record
28 November 2016, Inter-Continental Hotel Midplaza, Jakarta
Ani Adiwinata Nawir, PhD
SLF – Sustainable Landscape & Food System Team, CIFOR

2. THINKING beyond the canopy
1. Background
2. Integrated landscape approach
3. Opportunitis & challenges for applying integrated
landscape approach in Indonesia
4. Operationalizing landscape approach:
case study
5. Moving forwards for applying integrated
landscape approach in Indonesia
Scope of the presentation

3. THINKING beyond the canopy
1. Background
(1) Globally, the landscape-based approach:
Increasingly promoted to overcome the multi-faceted direct and indirect
problems of forest deforestation and land degradation.
(2) However, key challenge:
Moving toward operationalising integrated landscape management
approach in practice.
(3) The operationalisation encompasses:
integrated aspects of policy framework, institutional arrangements and
management approaches.
(4) Indonesia:
 a much bigger challenge for an effective implementation of the
landscape-based approach in Indonesia,
 a lack of integrated planning at the landscape level.

4. THINKING beyond the canopy
1. Aiming to harmonize / synergize the different land use
(agriculture, conservation/forestry, plantations and other
competing land uses)
2. As the reference approach for:
 a clear division of roles & responsibilities between different
stakeholders (at the district, provincial, and national level)
 in managing different land uses
(e.g. forestry, agriculture, estate, etc)
2. Integrated landscape approach

5. THINKING beyond the canopy
1. Ecosystem type:
Forest Management Unit approach
Forest & land covers
Ecosystem fuction
(E.g. Watersheds)
Timber
Non-timber forest
products (NTFPs)
Stakeholders
(including local communities)
Pemukiman
Various components in a landscape

6. THINKING beyond the canopy
1. Continual learning and adaptive management
2. Common concern entry point: shared objectives & values
3. Multiple scales: external influences & constraints
4. Multi-functionality: multiple uses by different stakeholders
5. Multi-stakeholders: at various levels
6. Negotiated and transparent change
7. Clarification of rights and principles: negotiated & accepted
8. Participatory and user-friendly monitoring
9. Resilience: recognizing of threats & vulnerabilities
10. Strengthened stakeholder capacity
Ten principles for a landscape approach
(≈ Adaptive Collaborative Management)
Sources: Sayer et al., 2012 & National GPFLR (the Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration), 2009

7. THINKING beyond the canopy
3. Opportunitis & challenges for applying
integrated landscape approach in Indonesia

8. THINKING beyond the canopy
Opportunities for various programs to be complementarily
implemented at the landscape level
(within the MoE&F)

9. THINKING beyond the canopy
(1) Program on Forest Management Unit Model or KPH-Kesatuan Pengelolaan
Hutan (i.e. KPHP, KPHL & KPHK)
(2) Ecosystem Restoration Concession (Konsesi Restorasi Ekosistem):
Target 1.7 million ha;
by September 2016: 573 thousand ha (15 cons. in Sumatra & Kalimantan)
(3) Social Foretry Program: 12.7 million ha
(schemes: community forestry-HKm, village forest-HD, customary forest-HA,
community plantations-HTR, & partnership-kemitraan)
(4) Integrated watersheds management (PP No. 37 of 2012):
2.5 million ha in 108 watersheds, DAS 2010-2014 (Pratiwi et al., 2013)
(5) Farm forestry-Hutan rakyat (on privately-owned lands)
(6) Non-forestry programs:
 Agriculture/Estate crops: food crops self-reliance (swa-sembada
pangan), small-scale oil palm plantations (10 million ha) & rubber
plantations
 Mining concessions (legal & illegal)

10. THINKING beyond the canopy
Challenges for applying integrated landscape
approach in Indonesia

11. THINKING beyond the canopy
Kawasan hutan hak milik
Sectoral-based landscape approach
Areal pertanian
Hutan lindung
Hutan
konservasi
Hutan
produksi
Tujuan
khusus
Areal perkebunan
APL APLAPL
Kawasan Hutan Negara
Pemukiman

12. THINKING beyond the canopy
(1) Various programs implemented by different government
agencies with a lack of coordination (forestry and non-forestry):
a. Set of target areas: 'ambitious' – for budget allocation
b. Extensification > Intensification (increased productivity)
E.g. rubber & palm oil plantations
c. Policy framework prioritising each program: overlapping and
contradictory regulations at the landscape level.
(2) The management objectives of different stakeholders:
a. Priority targets of the government in various sectors:
forestry, agriculture, plantation, mining, residential, and industrial
b. Commercial interests (private companies)
c. Conservation: the urgency of restoring ecosystem function, &
d. Improving the livelihoods of local communities.

13. THINKING beyond the canopy
(3) The absence of integrated planning at the landscape level
based on ecosystem function:
ensuring synergy of the various forestry & non-forestry
programs (social capital: one-map based).
(4) The application of Law 23, 2014 (UU No. 23/2014):
the transition period: some uncertainties on the continuation of
supports from the district governments.
(5) The dynamics of changes in the global economy:
provides opportunities and new challenges, especially for small
businesses involving local communities
≈ ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) - December 2015

14. THINKING beyond the canopy
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
1. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC): the
goal of regional economic integration by 2015
2. AEC foresees the following key characteristics:
(a) a single market and production base
(b) a highly competitive economic region
(c) a region of equitable economic development, and
(d) a region fully integrated into the global economy.
Not only directly affecting smallholders in Indonesia &
in the region, but also the forestry-product trading
flows in the regional markets: China, Australia &
Europe

15. Commercialization: towards more market-oriented production
processes
Globalization: a close association between ‘global’ and ‘local’ or
‘glocalization’ (Robertson,1995 in Haan, 2000)
Promoted as a way to reduce poverty by creating new niche markets and
potential buyers of scarce forest products:
through multilateral agreements – MEA ≈ AFTA, NAFTA
There are challenges in translating opportunities under globalized
and commercialized economics that can benefit
local communities

16. Direct and indirect land use changes driven by foreign companies’
investments in agricultural and forestry plantations:
Moratorium in Indonesia: Oil palm companies look for lands in new regions
Source: Nawir et al., 2011

17. Due to low comparative advantages & lack of consideration for local
socioeconomic and sometimes stringent ecological concerns in
multilateral agreements, impacts might be:
1. Difficulties for smallholders to meet global market requirements
leading to low profits or restricting access to international markets
2. Unfair competition between local forest products with cheaper
imported products (e.g. timber & NTFPs)
3. Direct and indirect land use changes driven by foreign companies’
investments in agricultural and forestry plantations,
displacing smallholder and community forestry activities.

18. Outcomes & impacts:
Operationalizing landscape approach in Indonesia:
designing grand-strategy for integrated timber & NTFPs
management at the district level
‘Development of timber and non-timber forest products’ production
and market strategies for improvement of smallholders’ livelihoods
in Indonesia’ (ACIAR - FST/2012/039, April 2013-Dec. 2016)
CIFOR & Project collaborators
4. Operationalizing landscape approach: case study

19. THINKING beyond the canopy
Cases:
Sumbawa (West Nusa Tenggara) &
Timor Tengah Selatan (East Nusa Tenggara)

20. THINKING beyond the canopy
Landscape of community teak plantation
and rice fields in Pelat (Sumbawa, WNT)
NTFPs in the local outlet in the city
of Sumbawa (WNT)
Household income portfolio in West Nusa Tenggara (WNT) & East Nusa
Tenggara (ENT): NTFPs are important & limited trading of timber
Pinang (Areca catechu) for menyirih
(daily snacking) (TTS, ENT). Other products:
Tarum (Indigofera sp.) as natural dye material
Timber is not traded commercially and it is
limited for domestic uses (TTS, ENT)

21. Village level District
government
National level governmentRecommendation
on improved policy &
regulations
Improved policy &
regulations
Policy
Working
Group
Provincial
government
Policy Working Group

22. THINKING beyond the canopy
Findings from policy assessment:
lack of coordination and interconnectivity between local government
institution, private sector, and community groups in developing the
potentials of timber and NTFPs
Identified needs:
local government should have a strategic document describing the
policy framework for integrated management of timber and NTFPs
Aims:
the document will be the reference for local government institutions
(SKPD), processing industries and communities
≈ stakeholders involve in the development of timber & NTFPs along
the supply & value chains

23. THINKING beyond the canopy
Policy references: strategic development
National development policy on forestry
& NTFPs
Province development policy on forestry
Districs development policy on forestry
Forest Management Unit (KPHP/KPHL)
strategic planning

24. THINKING beyond the canopy
Management
aspect
Forest function & watersheds (Zonation)
Upstream Midstream Downstream
Area
management
Objective: Enforcing the conservation function of the area
as the buffer zone and/or rehabilitating the degraded
areas, while enhancing local livelihoods
Business
management
Objective: Promoting the establishment of small-medium
scale enterprises (UMKM-Usaha Mikro Kecil dan
Menengah)for value added processing activities both for
timber and NTFPs
Institutional
arrangements
and management
Objective: improving the coordination, synergy, and inter-
connectivity of various government agencies at the
district level (& prov), as well as between these agencies
and private market industries.
Grand strategy for integrated management of timber and
NTFPs at the landscape level

25. THINKING beyond the canopy
Spatial data analysis in deciding strategic development area:
Maps overlay: district forest area, watersheds, critical lands, provincial &
district level spatial planning (RTRW–Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah)
Sumbawa

26. THINKING beyond the canopy
 Clan-based customary land
ownership with strict
management rules
 More effective in guiding
day-to-day communal
forestry management
practices for NTFP
collection (i.e. Forest
honey)
 Maintaining the surrounding
nature reserve.
Nature
reserve
Protecte
d forest
Clan-based (SUF): Customary rules complementing state
regulations on limiting community access to protected forest:

27. Village Gov.
& community
Synergy: national social forestry program &
local gov. strategic forest management priorities
Grand Strategy Document for integrated
management: NTFP
West Nusa
Tenggara
Provincial Gov.
Timor Tengah
Selatan
District Gov.
Village Gov. &
community
Sumbawa -
District Gov.
Grand Strategy Document for integrated
management: Timber & NTFP
Adopted in RPJMDes
(training by Kanoppi)
Update: 8 villages
adopted & allocated
budget
Policy Working
Group
Policy Working
Group
Head of
District
Decree
Decree for adoption
at all villages Adopted in FMU
(KPHP) management
planning docs
East Nusa
Tenggara
Provincial Gov.
Recommendation to the national level government
Adopted for developing
policy framework for
NTFPs development
Adopted for developing
policy framework for timber
& NTFPs development
Adopted in RPJM
Bupati

28. 5. Moving forwards for applying integrated
landscape approach in Indonesia

29. 1. Utilizing the existing social capital from the priority programs.
2. The development of coherent and complementary policy framework:
a. Synergy between various national and local policy framework
and regulations.
b. technical guidelines that are tailored to specific local conditions
through multi-stakeholder engagement processes.
3. Facilitated through collaborative processes:
developing grand design & strategy for sustainable integrated
landscape-based management.
Landscape approach:
inter-sectoral coordination for promoting complementary
management options

30. (3) Favourable conditions:
creating the right incentives
Three components in designing & implementing sustainable
initiatives at the landscape level
to ensure local economies are improved
Sustainable
initiative & practice
(1) Addressing direct and
underlying causes of ecological
system & function
Multiple socioeconomic
benefits for local
stakeholders involved
(tangible & intangible)
Improvements
in ecological conditions
(2) Socioeconomically feasible
technical interventions
Clear land status & full access for
a community to manage the areas
Engaging with markets
(Tangible & intangible benefits)

31. Enabling
Incentives
(e.g. land tenure
and resource
security, market
development,
credit facilities)
Framework to develop incentives
Direct incentives
(e.g. seedlings, cost-
sharing arrangements)
Sectoral
(e.g. harvesting
restriction, trade
tariffs)
Macro-economic
(e.g. polices on
interest rates,
income taxes)
Indirect incentives
Variable incentives

32. Type of incentives Conditions to be considered for application
1. Subsidies provided
to a community
Physical assistance & creating employment opportunities:
For areas isolated from economic activities (or remote areas)
Monetary assistance: aims at creating revolving funds
(contract agreements may be necessary - penalty or sanction if
subsidies were used for non-rehabilitation activities.
2. Tax exemption With the aim of encouraging private companies to participate in
restoration/conservation/reforestation initiatives
3. Credit schemes Needs cooperative or business management unit with good capacity
4. Defined and secured
market for timber
production
Market for timber production: where tree harvesting is allowed
Market for NTFPs/environmental services:
on state forestland where tree harvesting is not allowed
5. Net revenue sharing
agreement
Essential for all initiatives involving shared investments (tangible &
intangible contributions) in any form from other parties, such as a
community & village government

33. Institutional arrangements:
promoting P4 (Public-Private-People-Partnership)
1. The integrated landscape approach could not be conducted
alone.
2. At the landscape level, each of this stakeholder group has
different roles, rights, and responsibilities that potentially can be
complementary.
3. Developing sustainable business model with a fair profit margin
for smallholders involved along the supply and value chains.
Empowerment of local communities & SME to be resilient:
 Improved land & financial management capacities
 Business knowledge and skills required to deal with international
investors and traders

34. THINKING beyond the canopy
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