Factors affecting selection of equipment's Size required for a given job. Kind of job for which it will be used Type of footing over which it will travel or its requires high or low tractive efficiency Firmness of haul road Smoothness of haul road Slope of haul road Length of haul road Tractors are machines that converts engine energy into tractive energy ( Pull or push) Types 1. Crawler Type Tractors 2. Wheel Type Tractors 1. Two wheel type tractors 2. Four wheel type tractors

1. Prepared by, Sujith Velloor S
Lecturer
Civil Engg. Dept
Topic:-
Tractors & Related Equipment's
Subject:- ACE (2160602)
Gujarat Technological University

2. Tractors & Related Equipment's
Tractors are machines that converts engine energy into tractive
energy ( Pull or push)
Types
1. Crawler Type Tractors
2. Wheel Type Tractors
1. Two wheel type tractors
2. Four wheel type tractors

3. Factors affecting selection of equipment's
Size required for a given job.
Kind of job for which it will be used
Type of footing over which it will travel or its requires high or
low tractive efficiency
Firmness of haul road
Smoothness of haul road
Slope of haul road
Length of haul road

4. Crawler Tractors.
They are more compact and powerful and
can handle heavier job of hauling and
digging
They are costly due to their expensive track
system
They have slow speed of about 12kmph
Purposes
-A prime mover for pulling or pushing loads
-A power unit for winches and hoists
-A moving mount for bull dozer

5. Wheel Tractor
Wheel tractors equipped with pneumatic tyres, have been used
since 1938
They have speed about 50kmph.
There are two types.
Two wheel type
Four wheel type

6. Bull Dozer
A bulldozer is a tractor unit which has a blade attached to its
front. A blade is used to push, shear cut and roll the material
ahead of tractor.
Purpose
To Clean the site
Opening up temporary roads
Moving earth for haul distance up to 100m
Levelling earth works
Back filling trenches

7. Classification
According to direction of blades
Bulldozer- Machine mounted with blades perpendicular to
direction of travel
Angledozer- Machine mounted with blades set at an angle
with to direction of travel
According to mountings
Crawler mounted
Wheel mounted
According to method for raising & lowering blades
Cable Control
Hydraulic Control

8. Cable Control Hydraulic Control
It is simple in installation and
operation
It is easy to repair and
operation
There is less chance to
damage as blade can move up
and ride over rigid
obstruction
It is difficult in installation
and operation
It is difficult to repair and
operation
More precise settling of blade
can be maintained
It can produce high pressure
on the blade

10. Crawler Mounted Wheel Mounted
It can travel over muddy surface
It is able to operate in rocky formation
It can deliver greater tractive effort
even operating on soft footing or soft
loose mud
Travelling cost is Higher compared to
wheel mounted for considerable
distance
It has high travel speed
It can travel over paved
highway
It can deliver less tractive
effort even operating on
soft footing or soft loose
mud
Greater output is received
when considerable
travelling is necessary

11. Blade Adjustments
Tilting:- The vertical movement of blade end is known as tilt.
This movement is within the vertical plane of blade
Pitching:- The control which allow the operation to vary the
angle of attack to blade cutting edge with ground is pitch
It is movement of top of blade towards or away from tractor
Angling:- Turning the blade so that it is not perpendicular to
the direction of tractor travel is angling

13. Types of Blades
1. Straight S blade
2. Angle A blade
3. Universal U blade
4. Cushion C blade

14. Straight S blade
These are the blades used
primarily for excavation work.
They have no curvature in their
length.
The blade is normally heavy
duty and can be titled, Thus
facilitating penetration into
hard materials.
It may be equipped to pitch.

15. Angle A blade
An angle blade is wider
by 30 to 60cm than an S
blade.
It can be operated
straight or angled up to
maximum 25 degree left
or right

16. Universal U blade
It is wider than
straight blade and
outside edges are
canted forward about
25 degree. This
canting of edge
reduce the spillage of
loose material
making U blade
efficient for moving
big load overlong
distance.

17. 4.Cushion C blade
 The cushion blade are mounted
on large tractors which are used
primarily for push-loading
scrapers.
 The rubber cushion and spring in
mounting allow dozer to absorb
the impact of contracting the
scraper push block.
 The cushion blade has limited
utility in pushing material and
should not be used for
production bulldozing. It cannot
be titled, pitched and angled.

18. Rippers
Ripper attachments for tractors
are generally rear mounted.
The ripper are used to tear and
split hard ground, weak rocks
or old pavements and base
The heavy ripping can be done
with crawler tractors, because
of the power and tractive force
available from such machines.

19. Factors affecting increase in utilization
1. Heavier and more powerful
2. Improvement in size and
performance of rippers
3. Better instruments for
determining the rippability
(Rocks which propagate
sound waves at low
velocity) of rocks.
4. Improved techniques in
using instruments and
equipment's

20. Types
The mounted may be either radial , hinged or
parallelogram.
The vertical piece which may be forced down
into material to be ripped is known as shank.
At lower cutting end of shank a tooth (detachable)
is mounted.
There are straight(used for Blocky formation) and
curved shanks(used for laminated rocks or
pavements) available.

21. Scrappers
Tractor-pulled
scraper are used to
scrap load, haul and
dump materials
They are used in wide range of material type, including shot rocks and
are economical over a wide range of haul length and haul conditions.

22. Types
1. Push loaded scrapers
Single power axle
Tandem power axle
Push-pull, Tandem-power axle
Elevating scrapers

23. Types
 1. Push loaded scrapers
The wheel type tractor scraper has high travel speed up to 45kmph on
favorable haul roads.
1. Single power axle: Only 50 to 55% of total loaded weight comes on
driving wheel.
2. Tandem powered units: initial cost 25% > single power axle,
therefore they are considered as a specialized unit.
 2. Push-pull scraper: these are Tandem powered units having a
cushioned push block and bail on front and hook on rear above the
usual push block.
 3. Elevating scraper: It is equipped with horizontal flight which are
operated by two and less elevator chain to which the ends of flight
are connected.

24. Scraper Operations
1. Loading : A scraper is loaded by lowering the front end of
bowl until the cutting edge enter the ground surface.
 As the scraper moves forward a horizontal strip of material is forced
in to bowl.
Hauling: The loaded scraper unit is hauled to a place where
material is dumped.
Dumping: This consists of lowering the cutting edge, raising
the apron and forcing the material out by means of movable
ejector mounted at rear of bowl.

25. Thanking you
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