Food provides nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals that are essential for life. It provides energy for metabolic activities, supports growth and development, and aids tissue repair. Key food sources include cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables. Common crops include wheat, rice, maize, bajra, pigeon pea, urad, lentils, soybean, groundnut, and fruits/vegetables. Sustainable agriculture practices involve crop rotation, mixed cropping and intercropping to maintain soil fertility and prevent pest/disease outbreaks. Proper cultivation techniques including soil preparation, sowing, irrigation, fertilizing, weeding and harvesting are needed to produce crops.

2. FOOD
It is the basic requirement of life to survive.
It is made up of various kind of energy rich substances
like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and
minerals, which are known as nutrients.

3. FUNCTIONS OF FOOD
Food provide energy for various metabolic activities.
It helps in growth and development of body.
It helps in the replacement of worn out tissues, repair
of damaged cells and healing of wounds.
It provide protection against diseases.

4. SOURCES OF FOOD
Cereals
Pulses
Oil seed crops
Fruits and vegetables

5. CEREALS
 WHEAT RICE

6. MAIZE BAJRA


7. Jowar

8. PULSES
Pigeon pea (arhar) Urad

9. Lentil (masoor) Pea

10. Black gram

11. OIL SEED CROPS
Soyabean Groundnut

12. Sunflower Niger

13. Sesame Castor

14. Mustard Linseed

15. ROOT CROPS
Turnip Carrot
Sweet Potato

16. SUGAR CROPS
Sugarcane Beet

17. FIBRE CROPS
Cotton Jute

18. PLANTATION CROPS
Tea Coffee
Coconut Rubber

19. FODDER CROPS
Berseem Elephant Grass

20. AGRICULTURE
It is the branch of science which deals with the
productions of plants and raising of animals useful to
man
Involves soil cultivation, breeding and management of
crops and livestock.

21. CROP
When plants of same kind are grown and cultivated at
one place on a large scales, it is called a crop.
Different types of crops require different climate
conditions.

22. TYPES OF CROP
KHARIF/RAINY SEASON
CROP
RABI / WINTER
SEASON CROP
ZAID CROP
Grown during
monsoon/rainy season
Grown during winter
season
 grown during mainly
summer season
Require warm and wet
weather
Require cold and dry
weather
Require warm dry
weather
 sown in june/ july and
harvested in
september/october
Sown in
october/november and
harvested in march/april
Sown in march and
harvested in june
Eg…rice, jowar, urad,
bajra, cotton, pea, moong,
groundnut
Eg…wheat, barley, gram,
mustard, potato
Seasonal fruits and
vegetables

23. AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTS
NAME OF IMPLEMENT USES
 KHURPA FOR WEEDING
 SPADE FOR DIGGING AND BUNDS
FORMATION
 WOODEN PLOUGH FOR TILLING
 SOIL PLANK FOR BREAKING CRUMBS
 SEED DRILL FOR SOWING
 HARROW FOR WEEDING
 SICKLE FOR HARVESTING
 SPRAYER FOR SPRAYING INSECTICIDES
 COMBINE FOR HARVESTING AND THRESHING

24. Khurpa Spade
Soil Plank Harrow

25. CROP PRODUCTION PRACTICES
PREPARATION OF SOIL
SOWING
ADDING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS
IRRIGATION
PROTECTION FROM WEEDS
HARVESTING
STORAGE

26. PREPARATION OF SOIL
Includes ploughing and levelling
PLOUGHING / TILLING
process of loosening and turning of soil
 done by using a plough
 ploughs are made of wood or iron
 allows the roots to penetrate deeper easily
 soil is overturned and properly aerated by ploughing

27. PLOUGH
Wooden Plough Iron Plough

28. TRADITIONAL PLOUGHING

29. MODERN PLOUGHING

30. LEVELLING
process to make soil surface in level for sowing seeds
Done by using a leveller , made of wood or iron
Wooden leveller Iron leveller

31. TRADITIONAL LEVELLING

32.  MODERN LEVELLING

33. SOWING
 Done by broadcaster and seed drill
 Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected
Broadcasting Seed Drill

34.  MANUAL SOWING

35.  SOWING BY SEED DRILL

36. APPLYING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS
MANURE FERTILIZER
 Organic natural substances , derived
from decomposition of biological
materials.
 organic or inorganic substances.
 contain organic matter in large
quantities.
 organic matter not present.
 contain nutrient in small quantities
& are needed in large quantities.
Contain much higher amount of
nutrients & are required in very small
quantities.
 they are not nutrient specific.  they are nutrient specific.
 they are prepared in fields & villages.  they are manufactured in factories.
 manures are bulky substances. So
these are inconvenient to store, use and
transport
 these are available in concentrated
form . So these are easy to store, use and
transport.
 do not cause pollution  cause water pollution

37. Manure Manure Spreader

38.  MANURE SPREADING

39. Fertilizer Sprayer

40. FERTILIZERS SPRAYING

42. IRRIGATION
 Process of supplying water to crop plants growing in
the fields by means of canal, reservoir, wells, tube
wells, etc.
Water provide essential macronutrients to crop ---
hydrogen and oxygen

43. TYPES OF IRRIGATION
SOIL BASED IRRIGATION
Eg - crop grown in sandy soil require more frequent
irrigation than crop grown in clayey soil
CROP BASED IRRIGATION
Eg – paddy crop is transplanted in standing water
requires more water supply as compared to wheat,
gram, cotton.

44. METHODS OF IRRIGATION
TRADITIONAL METHODS :-
 Moat (pulley system)
 Chain pump
 Dhekli
 Rahat (level system)

45. Moat System Chain Pump

46. Rahat System Dhekli System

47.  RAHAT SYSTEM

48. CHAIN PUMP

49. DHEKLI SYSTEM

50. MOAT SYSTEM

51.  MODERN METHODS:-
 Drip Irrigation Method
 Sprinkler System
 Fertigation

52. Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation

53. DRIP IRRIGATION

54. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

55. REMOVAL OF WEEDS
 WEEDS :- undesirable plants with the main crop,
compete with the main crop for water, nutrients,
space, light.
 WEEDING :- removal of weeds.

56. WEEDING METHODS
METHODS EXAMPLES
BIOLOGICAL METHODS Cassia plant against Parthenium weed
Herbivorous fish in paddy fields
CHEMICAL METHODS 2,4-D, Nitrofen, Atrazine
CULTURAL METHODS Crop rotation, Mixed Cropping,
Intercropping
MECHANICAL METHODS Ploughing, Flooding, Burning

57. WEEDING IN BANANA CROP

58. HARVESTING
Cutting of crop after its maturation
Done by sickle or by a machine called harvester
Grains are separated from chaff by a process called
threshing
Threshing is carried out by combine (harvester +
thresher)

59. SICKLE HARVESTER

60. COMBINE

61. MANUAL HARVESTING

62.  MODERN HARVESTING

63. STORAGE OF GRAINS
After threshing, grains are dried in sun and then
packed.
Farmers store food grains in jute bags or metallic bins
Large scale storage is done in silos and granaries and
stored in godowns
At domestic level, dried neem leaves are also used

64. SILOS

65. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR GRAINS LOSS
DURING STORAGE
BIOTIC (LIVING) FACTORS:- insects, rodents, birds,
mites
ABIOTIC (NON LIVING) FACTORS:- Temperature,
moisture, humidity, material of container

66. MEASURES TO PREVENT GRAIN LOSS
Drying before storage
Maintenance of hygeine
Plant product treatment
Prophylactic treatment
Improved storage structures

67. DISEASES OF CROPS
CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE
AGENT
SYMPTOMS
Seed borne
diseases
Ergot of Bajra Claviceps perpuria Fungus infect
florets and
develops in ovaries,
producing sticky
liquid called honey
dew.
Leaf Spot of Rice Bipolaris oryzae Brown leaf spots
occur which are
small and circular

68. Ergot of Bajra Leaf Spot of Rice

69. CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE
AGENT
SYMPTOMS
Soil borne diseases Tikka disease of
groundnut
Cercosporidium
personatum
Spots are reddish
brown to black on
upper surface and
light brown on the
lower surface of
leaf.
Smut of bajra Tolyposporium sp. In affected ears,
some of grain
become deep
green which
becomes black.

70. Tikka disease of groundnut Smut of Bajra

71. CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE
AGENT
SYMPTOMS
Water borne
disease
Bacterial blight of
rice
Xanthomonas
oryzae
Leaves of young
plant become pale
green , whole leaf
become whitish,
greyish and then
die.

72. Bacterial Blight of Rice

73. CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE
AGENT
SYMPTOMS
Air borne disease Rust of wheat Puccinia triticana Brown pustules on
the stalk and
leaves. These
pustules burst and
release brown
powder which
consist of spores.
Blast of rice Magnaporthe
grisea
White to green
lesions with dark
border appear on
all parts of shoot.
Internodal
infection also
occur which result
in the breakdown
of stem.

74. Rust of wheat Blast of rice

75. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Agriculture practices that can continue for very long
time without damaging the natural resources
Can be done by:-
Mixed farming
Crop rotation
Mixed cropping
Intercropping

76. Intercropping

77. Mixed Cropping
Three Sisters(Bean+Squash+Corn)
The spreading, big-leafed squash shades the ground
conserving moisture, inhibiting weeds and deterring
pests.
The corn acts as a natural beanpole, while the beans
contribute nitrogen to the soil for the other crops to
use. Together, beans and corn provide a complete
protein. In this photo, you can see the light green
leaves of a bean plant growing at the base of the
cornstalk.

78. Three Sisters

79. GREEN REVOLUTION
 Started in 1960 by Dr.
M.S. Swaminathan
(father of green
revolution)
 Main aim was to increase
production of wheat by
modern agricultural
practices
 High yield dwarf variety
of wheat “Sharbati
sonara” was developed in
1967.

80. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Science which deals with scientific management of
animals. It includes:-
Breeding
Feeding
Heeding
Weeding

81. THANKS
Biology Department
Udaipur Study Centre