This document provides information about different types of crops and crop cultivation techniques. It discusses kharif and rabi crops, which are sown and harvested in different seasons. The main steps of crop cultivation are described as preparation of soil through ploughing and leveling, selection and sowing of seeds, replenishing soil nutrients, irrigation, crop protection, harvesting, and storage. Traditional and modern methods are outlined for various cultivation activities.

1. CLASS-VIII
CHAPTER-1
MADE BY- MOHSINA KHAN(TGT SCIENCE)

2.  CROP- plants of the same kind grown at
one place on a large scale is called a crop.

3.  Kharif crop
 Crops sown in rainy
season.
 Sown in june/july
harvested in
september/october
 E.g.-
rice,maize,soyabean
etc.
 Rabi crop
 Crops sown in winter
season.
 Sown in oct./nov.
harvested in
march/april.
 E.g.-
wheat,gram,pea,must
ard etc.

5.  Preparation of soil a)ploughing b)levelling
 Selection and sowing of seeds
 Replenishment of nutrients in soil (manuring)
 Irrigation
 Crop protection
 Harvesting
 Storage

6. Manual ploughing and
ploughing by machine
levelling
 Ploughing-process of
loosening and turning
the soil.
 Levelling-to level the
field after ploughing.

7.  Ploughing
 More air spaces for roots
to breathe
 Holds more water
 Roots penetrate deeper
 Easily mixes manure and
fertilizer
 Removes weeds
 Promotes microbial
growth
 Nutrient rich soil comes
up.
 Levelling
 Soil crumbs are
crushed
 Prevents soil erosion
 Helps in uniform
distribuition of water
and manure.

8.  Selection means to
select healthy seeds
 Precautions while
selecting:-
 1)clean,healthy,and
disease free seeds.
 2)seeds should be
treated with
fungicides.
 Sowing means
placing seeds in the
soil
 Seeds have to be
sown-:
 1) at the right
depth
 2) at right intervals

9.  Broadcasting
 Traditional tool
 Seed drill
 transplantation

10.  Natural methods to restore soil fertility
 Fallowing
 Crop rotation
 Mixed cropping

11.  Manure
 Natural organic
 Man-Made in fields
 Provides humus
 Less nutrients
 Cheap
 E.g.- urea,potash etc.
Fertiliser
 Inorganic salt
 Prepared in factories
 Does not add humus
 Rich in nutrients
 Costly
 E.g.- cowdung,sesbania
etc.

12.  Time and frequency of irrigation depends
upon –:
 Nature of crop plants (crop-based irrigation)
 Nature of soil (soil-based irrigation)
 Season when the crop grows (season-based
irrigation)

13.  Traditional methods
 Moat,chain
pump,dhekli,rahat
 Modern methods
 Drip system
 Sprinkler system

15.  Drip system  Sprinkler system

16.  Protecion from weeds
 Weeds- the unwanted
plants that grow along
with a cultivated crop
in a field.
 E.g.
 1) amaranthus (chaulai)
 2) chenopodium
(bathua)

17.  Protection from pests
 Pests- are organisms
that attack and
damage crops.
 E.g. 1) rodents (rats)
 2) insects (locusts,
weevils & termites

18.  The process of cutting and gathering of crop
after its maturation is called HARVESTING.
 Methods-
 1) manually by sickle
 2) by machine (harvester)

19.  Separation of grain
from chaff.
 Methods-
 1) Manually
 2) by machine
Thresher and
combine (large
farms)

20.  Separation of grain from the husk with the
help of wind.
 Methods –
 1) manually
 2) winnowing machine

21.  SMALL SCALE
 Jute bags or
metallic bins
 LARGE OR
COMMERCIAL SCALE
 Gunny bags in
granaries or silos

22. technique used for
developing new
varieties of crops
by cross breeding
two different
varieties.

23.  Science that deals
with breeding
feeding and caring
of domestic
animals.