1. {io ]pjv]I tkhm-kw-Lw: hf¿®-bn-eqsS
{io ]pjv]I tkhm-kw-Lw F∂ ΩpsS kwL-S al-Ømb 45-˛mw P∑-Zn-m-tLmjØns‚ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏n-em-Wn∂v. ΩpsS
tI{µ hm¿jnI BtLm-j-߃ CXc kap-Zmb kwL-S--Iƒ°v IqSn amXr-Im-]-c-am-Ipw hn[w {it≤-b-ambn hcn-I-bm-Wv. kap-Zm-
b-Øn-I-Øp-≈h¿°pw ]pd-Øp-≈-h¿°pw ΩpsS kwL-S--bpsS Dt±i e£y߃ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kaql a[y-
Øn¬ ΩpsS AkvXn-Xzhpw i‡nbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂Xv IqSn-bmWv Cu HØv tN-c-en-eqsS D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv.
t£{X-ßsf B{ibn®v tkhI h¿§-amb ]pjv]I kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ne-n¬∏v ]n¬°m-eØv `qhp-Sa k{º-Zm-b-tØmSv IS-s∏-´n-
cn-°p-∂p. {_m“-W-cpsS ssIhi `qan-Iƒ {_m“kzhpw tZhs‚ t]cn-ep≈Xv tZh-kz-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. t£{X-sXm-gn¬ ]pjv]-I¿
]mc-º-cym-h-Im-i-ambn am‰p-Ibpw {]Xn-^e-ambn ImW-`qan Ah-Im-ihpw a‰pw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-∂p. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ `qD-S-a-
ÿ-X-bn-eqsS tSnb kmº-ØnI ÿnc-X-bmWv ]pjv]I kaq-l-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d. Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´
kaq-l-Øn¬ B¿°v th≠n [¿Ωw sNøp∂p F∂v tm°msX ssZho-I-amb Nn¥-I-fm¬ Xs‚ [¿Ωw sNøp-∂-Xv aqewnt{i-b-
pw A`yp-Xbpw sI´n-∏-Sp-°m≥ ]pjv]-I¿°v km[n-®n-´p-≠v.t£t{Xm-]m-k-]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ Ωƒ Nn´-tbmSv IqSn Pohn-°p-∂-h-cm-
Wv. {_“ aplq¿Ø-Øn¬ Fgp-t∂‰v nXym-p-jvTm-ßfn¬ apgp-Ip∂ Ω-fn¬ kvarXn miw Gsd-Ip-dhm-Wv. kmXzn-Icmb ]pjv]I
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kaq-l-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-]-c-ambpw, tPymXn-jw, Bbp¿t∆-Zw, t£{X Ie-Iƒ, kwkvIrX A≤ym-]w XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-epap≈ kw`m-h-
-Iƒ hne-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. n m-c-amb {]Xn-^ew kzoI-cn®v AXn-s-°p-dn®v bmsXmcp ]cn-`-hhpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°msX tZhs‚ DZbm-kvX-
a ]qPbv°v kzbw ]qPm-]p-jv∏-ß-fm-Ip-∂-h-cmWv ]pjv]I¿. Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn kzPo-hnXw IrXy-n-jvT-XtbmsS Pohn-®vsIm-≠mWv
C∂sØ Xe-ap-d-bnse ΩpsS kap-Zm-b-Ønse ]ecpw kaq-l-Øns‚ D∂X taJe-Iƒ FØn-∏n-Sn-®-Xv. Btflm≥ap-J-ambn a-
n-sbpw _p≤n-tbbpw D∂X Xe-Øn-te°v hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hmpw {]Im-in-∏n-°mpw hnhn[ BNm-c-hn-[n-Ifpw Ap-jvTm ]≤-
Xn-Ifpw AS-ßnb sshZo-I-amb Hcp kwkvIm-cnI ss]XrIw ΩpsS kap-Zm-b-Ønv [-ambn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Cu km-X kwkvImcw
Pohmfl ]c-amfl Z¿i--Øn¬ n∂pw DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv. ]pjv]I {_m“-W¿ Ap-jvTn®v hcp∂ tjmUi I¿Ω-߃ sshZoI
Ime-L-´-Ønse h¿Æ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bp-ffXmWv. thZ Ime-Ønv apºp≈ {]IrXn i‡n-Isf Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xnpw
{]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnpw th≠n-bp≈ BZna ap-jys‚ BNm-c-ß-fn¬ b⁄ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw Xm{¥nI {Inb-I-fp-tSbpw
thcp-IƒIm-W-hp-∂-XmWv. C{]-Imcw sshZo-I-ambpw Xm{¥o-I-hp-ambh tN¿∂p≈ tjmVi I¿Ω-߃ tIhew Hcp aX-]-c-amb
NStßm PmXym]-c-amb BNm-ctam A√, adn®v DØa ap-jysc hm¿sØ-Sp-°phm≥ Bh-iy-sa∂v Ejo-iz-c≥am¿ imkv{X-ZrjvSym
Is≠-Ønb Nne kwkv-Imc {Inb-I-fm-Wv. a{¥-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-°ƒ a{¥Zr-jvSm-°-fm-Wv. thZ-Øn¬ ]d-bm-ØtXm tIƒ°m-ØtXm
Bb bmsXm∂pw Cu `qapJØn-en-√. Aß-s-bp≈ thZ-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n D≠m-b-XmWv tjmUi {Inbm-Nm-c-߃. Pohn-XsØ
{Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ CØcw BNm-c-Øn-eqsS K¿`-Zmw apX¬ At¥ymjvSn hsc-bp≈ {Iob-Iƒ Pohn-X-L-´-ßsf BNm-c-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏-SpØn {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. {_m“-W-kw-kvImcw q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn CXc PmXn kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ n∂pw thdn´v n¬°p-
hm≥ CS-bm-bXpw Cu BNmc -{I-a-^-e-amWv
Imem-p-kr-X-amb am‰-ß-fn-eqsS Iq´m-bva-bpsS Bh-iy-IX Dƒs°m≠v ºoi kap-Zm-b-Ønse bmYm-kvXn-I IpSpw_
AwK-ß-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bm-bn-cp∂p ]n¬°m-esØ Im¿ØnI kam-Pw. kmap-Zm-bn-I-ambn Gsd apt∂-dm≥ klm-bn® Cu Iq´m-
bvabv°v 1970 apX¬ ""Ipkp-am⁄en'' F∂ Hcp ss{Xam-kn-Ibpw kz¥-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ime-L-´-Ønv Ap-kr-X-ambn bmYm-
ÿn-Xn-Ifpw ]ptcm-K-a Bi-b-߃°v hgn-amdn sImSp-Øp. AtIw kmc-Yn-I-fp-sS-Z¿i--Øn-s‚bpw Bfl-ss[-cy-Øn-s‚bpw
XymK-Øns‚bpw ]ptcm-K-a Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw A-¥-c-^-e-amWv {io ]pjv]I tkhm-kw-Lw. ]ckv]c hnizm-k-tØmSpw kl-
h¿Øn-Xz-tØmSpw ]pe-cp∂ Hcp sslµh P-k-aq-lsØ hm¿sØ-Sp-t°-≠Xv Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-sW∂p≈ Dƒ°m-gv®-
tbm-sS-bmWv ΩpsS ap≥Km-an-Iƒ {io ]pjv-]I tkhm-kw-L-Ønv cq]w ¬In-b-Xv. ]pjv]I kap-Zm-bmwKß-fpsS k¿t∆m≥ap-
J-amb ]ptcm-KXn e£y-am°n nkzm¿∞cpw kap-Zmb kvtlnIfpamb GXmpw hy‡n-Iƒ tUm. Fkv. hmkp-tZ-hv, Bd-∑pf
F≥.hn oe-I-WvT-pÆn XpSßn kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°-fpsS tXr-Xz-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm-SpØ ΩpsS kwL-S 1968 Pqsse
28mw XoøXn 42˛m-w {ºmbn dPn-kv{S¿ sNbvXv {]h¿Øamcw-`n-®-XmWv. ]e {]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw XcWw sNbvXv
]ptcm-K-Xn-°p≈ {]bm-W-Øn¬ ΩpsS kwL-S Ct∏mƒ 45 h¿jw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kh¿Æ apt∂m° kap-Zm-
b-ambn ap{Z-Ip-Øn-bn-cp∂ Ωƒ kwkvIm-c-Øn-sem-gnsI as‰√m cwKØpw A[x-ÿn-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. kwÿm--Øn--IØpw ]pdØpw
]e t]cn-embn NnX-dn-°n-S-∂n-cp∂ tjmVi {Inb-I-fp≈ {_m“W kap-Zmbw cmPy-Ønv th≠n thZ-Imew apX¬°v XymKw sNbvX-
h-cm-Wv. kz¥w `qhn-`m-K-߃ s]mXp kaq-l-Ønp ¬In hnπ-h-I-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø--߃ sNbvX-h-cmWv Chn-SpsØ {_m“W

2. kaqlw. B[p-nI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ H´p-an° Bh-iy-ßfpw ndth-‰-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kwL-S--bn¬ IqsSbm-Wv. F√m-h¿°pw hnZym-`ymkw,
sXmgn¬, kmº-ØnI kzm{i-bXzw F∂n-h-bmWv kwL-S--bn-eqsS Ωƒ {][m--ambpw e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. ""kXyw ]cw [oaln'' F∂
BZ¿i hmIy-Øn-eqsS D≈ B≤ym-fln-I-amb Hcp ASn-Ø-d-bn-emWv ΩpsS kwL-S ne-n¬°p-∂-sX∂pw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
C∂v temIØv ne-hn-ep≈ B≤ym-flnI XXz imkv{X-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ]pcm-X-hpw al-Ø-chpw, imkv{Xo-bhpw kPo-h-hp-ambn
ne-n¬°p∂ thZ-ßfn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb {_“-hnZy ]Tn-°p-hmpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-p-ap≈ ]cn-{i-a-߃ kwL-S XpS-°w-ap-
Xte S-Øn-h-cp-∂p-≠v. kap-Zm-bsØ Hcp htcWy kwL-ambn Xo¿°p-I-sb∂ kmwkvIm-cnI e£yw km[y-am-°p-hm≥ Hmtcm
kap-Zm-bmw-Khpw Xs‚ aueo-I-amb I¿Øhy-߃ bYm-i‡n nd-th-‰n- hcp-∂p. kam kwkvIm-chpw KpW-I¿Ω-ßfpw GI-cq-]-
amb kwtbm-PI kz`m-h-hpap≈ PmXn-˛-D-]-Pm-Xn-I-fpsS kwtbm-P-hpw hnime `mc-Ønse XØpey kap-Zm-b-ß-fp-ambn GIo-I-c-
Whpw ΩpsS kwL-SbpsS ÿm]I e£y-am-bp-≈XmWv. kap-Zm-bØns‚ kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-KXn°v th≠Xv sNøp-Ibpw A¿l-
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X-bp≈ F√m-h¿°pw D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-mbn kmº-ØnI ]nt∂m° ne-bn-ep-≈-h¿°mbn kvtImf¿jn∏pw [-k-lm-bhpw
sNøp-I-sb-∂Xpw ΩpsS kwL-S--bpsS ÿm]I e£y-ambp≈Xm-Wv. Xß-fpsS kap-Zm-b-Ønse Zp¿_e hn`m-K-ßsf klm-bn-
°p-∂-Xnpw Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xp-a-√msX CXc kap-Zm-b-߃°v lmn-I-c-amb Hcp {]hr-Ønbpw sNøp-
∂-X-s√∂v ]pjv]I tkhm-kw-L-Øns‚ {]Xn-⁄-bn¬ FSpØp ]d-bp∂ Imcy-am-Wv. ]eÿ-e-ßfn-ep-ambn hym]n®p InS-°p∂
ºo-i≥, ºn-Sn, ºo-, ÿm-n-I¿, DÆn, Ipcp-°ƒ, ºym¿ XpS-ßnb hn`m-K-°m¿ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-Wv {io ]pjv]I tkhm-kw-Lw.
{]Xn-k-‘n-bn-eqsS ]e ]S-hp-Iƒ Ib-dn-h∂ ΩpsS kwLS 1995 Pp-hcn apX¬ kwL-Øns‚ apJ-]-{X-ambn ]pjv]-I-
[zn amknI {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v XpS-ßn-bXv Ct∏m-ƒ 216-˛mw e°-Øn-se-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv Hmtcm ]pjv]-Ipw A`n-am-m¿l-am-
bp-≈-Xm-Wv. kz¥-ambn Bÿm--an-√m-Xncp∂ ]pjv]-I-[zn 2012 sabv 27 apX¬ kz¥-am-bp≈ Bÿm--Øn¬ Xncp-h--¥-]p-
cØv n∂pw {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v hcn-I-bm-Wv. sI´nepw a´nepw D≈-S-°-Ønepw Gsd sa®-s∏´ ]pjv]-I-[znbn¬ hn⁄m{]Z-am-
bp≈ kwkvIr-X-]m-Tw, ka-kym-]q-c-Ww, _me-]w‡n XpSßn {it≤-b-amb ]w‡n-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. Iºyq-´¿ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-
bn-eqsS kap-Zm-bmw-K-ßsf Hcp-an-∏n-°m-p≈ km[y-X-bp-abn temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap≈ kap-Zm-bw-K-ßsf Hcp IpS-°o-gn¬
AWnncØm≥ km[n-®p-sh∂v ImWmw. C‚¿s‰v hgn C∂v ]pjv]-I-[zn temI-sØ-hn-sS-bn-cp∂pw hmbn-°p-hm-p≈ kuI-cy-
ap-≠v. 14 Pn√-I-fn-embn tIc-f-Øn¬ 100 {]mtZ-inI k`-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv kwL-S--bpsS e£yw. 13˛10˛1996p
IqSnb tI{µ `cW kanXn tbmK-Øn¬ kwL-S--bpsS Hcp ]XmIbv°v cq]w ¬Ip-Ibpw 1997 apX¬ kwLw hI Ie-≠¿ A®-
Sn®v hnX-cWw XpS-ßn-bXpw kwL-S--bpsS mgn-I-°-√p-I-fm-Wv. 1998¬ tIc-f-Ønv ]pd-tØ°v kwL-S hf-cp-Ibpw sNss∂-
bn¬ BZy-ambn Hcp {]mtZ-inI k` DZbw sIm≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2001 sk]vXw-_¿ 8v kwL-S--bpsS Nnc-Ime kz]v-am-bn-cp∂
""]pjv]-I-a-µncw'' {io Kpcp-hm-bq-¿ t£{X k∂n-[n-bn¬ km£mXv°-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n®p sh∂Xpw {]kvXpX Bÿm aµn-c-
Øns‚ hnI-k ]≤Xn ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb tijw 2010 Pp-hcn 14v ho-I-cn® sI´n-Sw D-ZvLm-Sw sNø-s∏-´Xpw kwLmw-K-ß-fnƒ
BXvahn-izmkw hf¿Øp-hm-n-Sbm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. 2006¬ tImgn-t°mSv sh®v S∂ tI{µ-hm-¿jnI ktΩ-fw tLmj-bm-{Xbv°v XpS°w
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Ipdn-°p-Ibpw AXp hgn ΩpsS i‡n s]mXp-P-- at≤y Adn-b-s∏-Sp-hm-n-S-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIhew Hsc-gpØv ]pkvX-I-
Øn--∏pdw AwK-߃°v Gsd {]tbm-P--s∏-Sp-Øpw-hn[w ]pjv]-I-[zn Ubdn 2010 apX¬ A®-Sn®v hnX-cWw sNbvXp hcp-∂p-
s≠-∂Xpw ap-t°-h¿°pw A`n-am-n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Imivao¿ apX¬ Iym-Ip-amcn hsc hym]n®v InS-°p∂ C¥y-bnse Htc-sbmcp kaq-l-amWv Ejn-am-cpsS tKm{X-]-c-º-c-
bn¬s]´ {_m“-W¿. Ncn-{Xm-Zn-Imew apX¬°p≈ Cu tKm{X-]m-c-ºcyw C∂pw mw kvacn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ap-°-`n-am-n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
`mc-Xob Z¿i--ß-fpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-°-fmb Ejn-am-cpsS ]mc-ºcyw Pn-X-I-amb ΩpsS al-Xz-amWv. Htcmtcm CS-ß-fn¬ {_m“-
W¿ Fß-ssb√mw Pohn®v hcp-∂p-sh∂v Atymyw a- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS BNm-c-߃, hnizm-k-߃, Pohn-X-coXn F√mw ]cvk-
]-c-a-dn-bp∂ Hcp kulr-Z-Ønv cq]w sImSp-Ø-Xn-eqsSbpw 2008emWv hnime `mc-X-Øn¬ NnX-dn°nS°p∂ 29 tImSn-tbmfw hcp∂
AJn-te¥ym Xe-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[ {_mlvaW kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ sFIy km£m¬°m-c-am-bp≈ ""AJn-te¥ym {_mlvaW s^U-td-
j≥'' cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv. hnhn[ kwÿm--ß-fn-ep≈ {_m“W hn`m-K-߃ tN¿∂p-≠m-°nb AJnte¥ym {_m“W s^U-td-j-≥,
tIm¨s^-U-td-j≥ Hm^v tIcf {_m“n¨kv, tIcf sshZnI ]cn-jØv F∂n-h-bn-se√mw AwK-Xz-ap≈ ]pjv]-I-tkhm kwL-
Ønpw AXn-t‚-Xmb kw`m-h--Iƒ ¬Ip-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
]pjv]-I-cpsS Iq´m-bva-bn-eqsS ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb arXyp-RvPb C≥U-kv{Sn-b¬ Uh-e-∏vsa‚v Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ""anUmkv
''F∂ Bbp¿thZ hyh-kmb kwcw`w ]pjv]-I-cpsS A`n-am ÿm]--am-Wv. ΩpsS F√m {]mtZ-inI LS-I-ßsfbpw kl-I-cn∏n-
®v F√m tI{µ-ß-fnepw hyh-km-bnI D¬∏-∂-߃°v Unt∏m Xpd-∂p, IΩo-j≥ {]mtZ-in-I k`bv°v sImSpØv hn¬∏ S-Øp-I-
sb∂ e£y-tØmsS XpS-ßn-b-XmWv Cu kYm-]-w. √ ne-bn-ep≈ Huj-[-Ønpw S-Øn-∏n-p-ap≈ Pn.-Fw. ]n. k¿´n-^n-°‰v
e`n® 16 h¿jw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb Cu ÿm]--Ønv C∂v 20e£-Øn-tesd hne-a-Xn-°p∂ BkvXn-bp-≠v. A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb bph-P-

3. -߃ n›b Zm¿Uy-tØmsS hymh-km-b-cw-KØv IS∂v hc-W-sa∂pw AXp-hgn kmº-Øn-I-ambn kmap-Zm-bnI apt∂-‰-ap-≠m-°p-
hmpw e£y-an´v hymh-km-bnI kwc` skan-m-¿, in¬]-im-e-Iƒ, taJem ktΩ-f--߃, tXrXz ]cn-io-e Iymºp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh
SØn hcp-∂p-≠v. ΩpsS kwL-S {]h¿Ø--߃°v 2010 apX¬ Hcp am¿K tcJ-bv°v cq]w sImSpØv hcp-Ibpw {]mtZ-in-I-k-
`, Pn√m kan-Xn, tI{µ {]Xn-n-[n-k` F∂o {XnXe k{º-Zm-b-Øn-eqsS kwL-S C∂v Icp-Øp‰ kmc-Yn-I-fpsS tXr-Xz-Øn¬ √
ne-bn¬ {]h¿Øn®v hcp-∂pap≠v Hmtcm {]mtZ-inI k`-bnepw hn-Xm-th-Zn, _me-th-Zn, bph-P--thZn F∂nh cq]o-I-cn®v {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂p-ap-≠v. kwL-S {]h¿Ø--Øns‚ GIo-I-c-W-Øn-mbn DØc, a[y, Z£nW taJ-e-Xe {]h¿Ø-hpw kpK-a-ambn S-∂p-h-
cp∂p≠v. XßfpsS {]h¿Ø--ta-J-e-I-fn¬ tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb AwKo-Im-c-߃ tSn kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A`n-am--ambn
Xo¿∂ alXv hy‡n-Iƒ°v ]pjv]I-c-Xvw, ]pjv]-I{io F∂n-ß-s-bp≈ _lp-a-Xn- ¬In BZcn-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.
kmº-ØnI ]cm[o-Xsb∂Xv ΩpsS kwL-S-sb Ae-´p∂ {][m {]iv-am-sW∂ Xncn-®-dn-hns‚ ^e-am-bmWv ΩpsS
kwL-S-bpsS Bin¿hmZtØmsS ""]c-kv]c klm-b-n[n'' Bhn-jv°-cn®v S-∏n-em-°n-bXpw kmº-Øn-I-cw-KØv kzbw ]cym-]vX-X-
bn-eqsS ap°v Db¿® ssIh-cn-°p-hm-m-b-Xpw. PmXn-b-Sn-ÿm--Øn-ep≈ ne-hn-ep≈ kwh-cW k{º-Zmbw Agn®v ]Wn-tb≠
Imew AXn-{I-an-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]nt∂m° kap-Zm-b-Ønse ]n∂m°w n¬°p-∂-h¿°pw apt∂m° kap-Zm-b-Ønse kmº-Øn-I-ambn
]n∂m°w n¬°p-∂-h¿°p-ambn am{Xw kwh-cW Bp-Iqeyw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂p BWv kwL-S--bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sv. apt∂m°
hn`m-K-߃ tcn-Sp∂ kmº-Øn-I-˛-sXm-gn¬, kmaq-lnI hnj-b-߃°v ]cn-lmcw ImWp-I-sb∂ e£y {]m]vXn-°mbn tIc-f-Ønse
{][m--s∏´ 15-Hmfw apt∂m° kap-Zm-b-߃ tN¿∂p-≠m-°nb ""apt∂m° kap-Zmb kwc-£W ap∂-Wn-bn¬'' ΩpsS kwL-S--
bpsS kPoh km∂n[yw {it≤-b-am-bp-≈-Xm-Wv.
kmº-Øn-I-ambn IjvSX Ap-`-hn-°p-∂-h-cpsS hnZym-`ym-k-Ønv [-k-lm-bhpw kvtImf¿jn∏pw ¬In hcp-∂p. CXn-
te°p th≠ [-k-am-l-c-W-ambn 2 h¿jw sIm≠v 10 e£hpw 5 h¿jw sIm≠v 50 e£hpw 10 h¿jw sIm≠v 100 e£w cq]-bpsS
hnZym- ` ym- k - n- [ nbpw n¿[- - c mb kap- Z m- b mw- K - ß ƒ°v NnIn’m klm- b - Ø nv th≠n- b p≈ 10 e£w cq]- b psS BXpc
NnIn¬kn[nbpw kºm-Zn-°pI F∂ e£yw ]q¿Øo-Ir-X-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv. kwL-S {]h¿Øw IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-
am-°p-∂-Xnpw AXns‚ Dt±i e£y-߃ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xnpw hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-I-fn-te°v {]h¿Øw hym]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xnpw
th≠n `cW kanXn AwK-߃ tN¿∂p≈ ]e k_v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®v {]h¿Øn®v hcp-∂p-≠v. kmwkvIm-cnI IΩn-‰n, _me-bp-
hP-thZn IΩn-‰n, hn-Xm-th-Zn, hnZym-`ymk hnI-k-w, BXp-c-tk-hw, ]pjv]-I-a-µn-cw, Iem-km-lnXyw XpS-ßn-bh CXn¬ {][m--am-
bp-≈-Xm-Wv.
Xncp-h--¥-]pcw tI{µo-I-cn®v ]pd-Øn-d-°p∂ tIcf t{_°nwKv yqkv F∂ BgvN-∏-{X-Ønse Hcp t]Pv ΩpsS kwL-S-
-hm¿Ø-Iƒ°mbn o°n-sh-®Xpw kwL-S {]h¿Ø--Øn-ep≈ AwKo-Im-c-am-Wv. C∂sØ bph-t-XrXzw Ht´sd I¿Ω-]-≤-Xn-
Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn®v S-∏n-em-°m-p≈ {ia-Øn-em-Wv. AXn-m¬ 45-˛mw tI{µ hm¿jnI ktΩ-fw _me-bph P-X-bv°mbn ka¿∏n-
°p-Ibpw ]pjv]-I-tk-hm-kwLw 2013 h¿jw "_me-bp-h-P' h¿j-ambn BN-cn-°p-I-bp-am-Wv. _me-bp-h-P--߃°v hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-
sm∏w tN¿∂v B≤ym-flnI t_m[w ¬Ip-hmpw Nn¥m-tijn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hmpw AXp-hgn Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-∑msc hm¿sØ-
Sp-°mpw th≠ I¿Ω ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v cq]w sImSp-°p-I-bmWv CXn-eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. Imk-d-tKmUv Pn√ Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚
Xmfp-I-fn¬ kph¿Æ- en-]n-I-fn¬Fgp-X-s∏-tS≠ ΩpsS alm ktΩ-f--Ønp km£yw hln-°p-hm≥ Hcp-ßp-I-bm-Wv. XZ-h-k-c-
Øn¬ kwL-Sbn¬ kPoh km∂n-≤y-Øm¬ ΩpsS kmc-Yn-Iƒ°v Du¿÷w ]I-cp-hm≥ F√m-hcpw AWn-tN-cpI
kºm: {]Im-i≥ ºo-i≥
45˛mw tI{µ-hm¿jnI kzmK-X-kwL IΩn‰n {Sj-d¿
Im™-ßm-Sv, Imk-d-tKmUv Pn√
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