Unit 1 research/tamil

1. Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhs;tjpd; nray;Kiwfs;
(The Process of Conducting Research)
1.1. Muha;r;rpapd; tiuaiw (Definition of Research)
Muha;r;rp vd;gJ xU jiyg;G my;yJ rpf;fiyg; gw;wpa ekJ Gupjiy mjpfupj;J
jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;fTk;, gFg;gha;T nra;aTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gbfspd; xU
nray;KiwahFk;. xU nghJthd epiyapy; Muha;r;rpahdJ %d;W gbfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ:
1. xU Nfs;tpia vOg;Gjy;.
2. Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspf;f juTfis Nrfupj;jy;.
3. Nfs;tpf;F xU gjpiy Kd;itj;jy;.
,J xU gof;fkhd nray;Kiwahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk; xt;nthU ehSk;
gpur;rpidfisj; jPHg;gjpy; <LgLfpNwhk;. xU Nfs;tpAld; njhlq;fp> rpy jfty;fisr;
Nrfupj;J> gpd;dH xU gjpiy cUthf;FfpNwhk;. ,e;j %d;iwAk; tpl Muha;r;rpapy;
,d;Dk; rpy gbfs; ,Ue;jhYk;> ,JNt Muha;r;rpf;fhd xl;Lnkhj;j fl;likg;ghFk;.
kf;fs; ntspaplg;gl;l Ma;it MuhAk;NghJ> my;yJ jq;fs; nrhe;j Ma;it
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ> ,e;j %d;W gFjpfisAk; Kf;fpa $Wfshff; fz;lwpayhk;.
vy;yh fy;tpahsHfSf;Fk; Muha;r;rpiag; gw;wpa GupjYk; ghuhl;Lk; ,y;iy.
rpyUf;F> fy;Y}upfspYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; cs;s MrpupaHfSf;F kl;LNk
Muha;r;rp Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W Njhd;wyhk;. fy;Y}up kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fof MrpupaHfs;
Muha;r;rpia kjpg;gpLtJk;> Nkw;nfhs;tJk; cz;ikjhd; vd;whYk;> gpw fy;tp
mikg;Gfspy; cs;stHfSk;> gs;sp cstpayhsHfs;> Kjy;tHfs;> gs;sp thupa
cWg;gpdHfs;> %j;j fy;tpahsHfs;> fy;Y}up epHthfpfs; kw;Wk; gl;ljhup khztHfs;
Nghd;wtHfs; Muha;r;rpfisg; gbj;J gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
1.2. Muha;r;rpapd; nray;Kiwapy; cs;s MW gbfs;
(The Six Steps in the Process of Research)
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; xU Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ> mtHfs; xU jdpj;Jtkhd
gbfspd; topahf nry;fpwhHfs;. gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,e;j nray;Kiwfs;
1
UNIT

2. tprhuizapd; “mwptpay; Kiw" vd milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld (nfHypq;fH> 1972@ yPb
kw;Wk; MHk;Nuhl;> 2001). “mwptpay; Kiwia" gad;gLj;jp> Muha;r;rpahsHfs;:
 Muha;r;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhisf; Fwpf;Fk; xU rpf;fiy milahsk; fhzTk;
 cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> rpf;fiyj; jPHf;Fk; xU fzpg;ig cUthf;fTk;
 ,e;j fzpg;Gld; njhlHGila juitr; Nrfupf;fTk;
 juT fzpg;ig Mjupf;fpwjh kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp njhlq;fpa Nfs;tpiaj; jPHf;fpwjh
vd;Wk; gFg;gha;T nra;J tpsf;fTk; Muha;r;rpahsHfshy; ,d;Wk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
,e;j gbfs; fy;tp Muha;r;rpf;fhd mbj;jsj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. vy;yh Ma;TfspYk;
fzpg;Gfs; ,y;iy vd;whYk;> Muha;r;rpahsH xU Muha;r;rp Ma;it
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;Nghnjy;yhk; ,e;j nray;Kiwfspy; <LgLthH. Muha;r;rpapd; nray;Kiw
MW gbfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:
1. Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy milahsk; fhZjy;
2. rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;jy;
3. Muha;r;rpf;fhd xU Nehf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;
4. juT Nrfupj;jy;
5. juit gFg;gha;jy; kw;Wk; tpsf;Fjy;
6. Muha;r;rp mwpf;if kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLjy;
1. Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy milahsk; fhZjy; (Identifying a Research Problem)
nghJthf fy;tpapy; jPHf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU gpur;rpid my;yJ rpf;fiy Ma;T nra;a
xU jiyg;ig milahsk; fhz;gjd; %yk; Muha;r;rpahsH xU Muha;r;rp Ma;itj;
njhlq;FfpwhH. xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy milahsk; fhz;gJ vd;gJ Ma;Tf;fhd xU rpf;fiyf;
Fwpg;gpLtJ> mij Ma;tjw;fhd xU epahaj;ij cUthf;FtJ kw;Wk; mwpf;ifia thrpf;f
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l ghHitahsHfSf;F Ma;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gupe;Jiuj;jy; Mfpait
mlq;Fk;. xU “rpf;fiy" Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk;> Muha;r;rpahsH ghlg;nghUis tuk;Gf;Fl;gLj;jp>
Ma;tpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwhH. gpd;tUk; “rpf;fy;fis" ftdpj;jhy;>
mit xt;nthd;Wk; Muha;r;rpf;F jFjpahdit:
 ,sk;tajpdH jq;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; kw;wtHfSld; vt;thW ,iztJ vd;gijf;
fw;ftpy;iy
 ,sk;tajpdupd; Gifgpbj;jpLk; gof;fk; gy mfhy kuzq;fSf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
,e;jj; Njitfs;> rpf;fy;fs; my;yJ rHr;irfshdJ MrpupaHfs;> gs;spfs;>
nfhs;if tFg;ghsHfs; my;yJ Muha;r;rpahsHfshy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tpj;
NjitapypUe;J vOfpd;wd. mtw;iw ehk; Muha;r;rp rpf;fy;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.
Muha;r;rpahsH xU Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifapd; mwpKf gpupTfspy; mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthH
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;fhd xU fhuzj;ij toq;FthH. Kiwahd
mHj;jj;jpy;> ,e;jr; rpf;fy;fs; xU ngupa vOjg;gl;l gpuptpd; xU gFjp “gpur;rpidapd;
mwpf;if" vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,e;jg; gpuptpy; jiyg;G> rpf;fy;> gpur;rpidf;F
xU epahak; kw;Wk; MrpupaHfs;> epHthfpfs; my;yJ Muha;r;rpahsHfs; Nghd;w
Fwpg;gpl;l ghHitahsHfSf;fhf ,ij Muha;tjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cs;slf;FfpwJ.
2. rhh;gpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;jy; (Reviewing the Literature)

3. Muha;r;rpahsH jpl;lkpl;L Muha;tjw;F Ma;T rpf;fiy ahH Muha;e;jpUf;fpwhHfs;
vd;W mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ,J Kf;fpakhdJ. Ke;ija Muha;r;rpia gpujpgypf;Fk; xU
Ma;it mtHfs; Muk;gpj;J elj;JfpwhHfsh kw;Wk; mtHfs; ,Uf;Fk; mwpit
tsHj;Jf; nfhs;shj xU Ma;itj; jpl;lkpLfpwhHfsh vd;W Muha;r;rpahsH mQ;ryhk;.
NkYk; xU jiyg;gpy; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; jpul;lg;gLtjpy;iy vd;W MrpupaHfSk;,
MNyhrfHfSk; ngUk;ghYk; mQ;RfpwhHfs;. ,e;jf; ftiyfs; fhuzkhf>
rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;tJ Muha;r;rp nray;ghl;by; xU Kf;fpakhdg; gbahFk;.
rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;tJ vd;gJ xU jiyg;gpy; RUf;fq;fs;> Gj;jfq;fs;>
gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk; FwpaPl;L ntspaPLfspy; milahsk; fz;lwpjy; MFk;. ,tw;wpy;
mtHfspd; rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpy; vij NrHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; NjHe;njLj;jy; gpd;dH
xU vOjg;gl;l mwpf;ifapy; rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij RUf;fkhff; $WtJ MFk;.
rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpapy; cUthfpd;wd. gj;jpupf;if fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; ghl E}yfj;jpy; cs;s
Gj;jfq;fs;> fzpdp rhHe;j jfty; jpul;Lf;fis ,af;Fjy;> mtHfSila jiyg;gpy;
Ma;T juj;jpid NjHe;njLj;J kjpg;gpLjy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpid RUf;fkhf xU kPsha;tpy;
vt;thW fz;lwptJ vd;gjid xU Muha;r;rpahsH fw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. E}yf
tsq;fs; kpf mjpfkhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;> vdNt rhHgpyf;fpaq;fisj; NjLtjw;Fk;
kPsha;it vOJtjw;Fk; xU El;gj;jpid ngw;wpUg;gJ Kf;fpak;.
3. Muha;r;rpf;fhd xU Nehf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLjy; (Specifying a Purpose for Research)
Muha;r;rp rpf;fy; xU gue;j jiyg;ig cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ug;gjhy;> mjpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jpdhy; jhd; mJ Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;a KbAk;. rpf;fiy ftdkhf kWmwpf;if
nra;tJ vd;gJ Nehf;fk; mwpf;if MFk;. ,e;j mwpf;if Muha;r;rpapd; xl;Lnkhj;j
Fwpf;Nfhs; my;yJ Nehf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt> ,J Muha;r;rpapy; kpf
Kf;fpakhd mwpf;if MFk;. ,J KO Ma;itAk; mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ> juTfisr;
Nrfupf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfis eilKiwg;gLj;JfpwJ, kw;Wk; fz;lwptjw;fhd
KbTfspd; tiffis Fwpf;fpwJ. Muha;r;rpf;fhd Nehf;fk; xU Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa ,yf;F
my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhis milahsk; fz;L mij Fwpg;gpl;l Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ
fUJNfhs;fshf RUf;fp cs;slf;FfpwJ. Nehf;f mwpf;ifahdJ Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa
ftdk;> Ma;tpd; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; Ma;tpd; ,lk; my;yJ jsk; Mfpatw;iw
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Muha;r;rpapy; gjpyspf;fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l fzpg;GfSf;F Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fzpg;Gfis ,e;j Nehf;f mwpf;if gpd;dH FWg;gpLfpwJ.
4. juT Nrfupj;jy; (Collecting Data)
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fSf;fhd gjpy;fis toq;f rhd;Wfs;
cjTfpd;wd. ,e;j gjpy;fisg; ngw> juTfisr; Nrfupf;Fk; my;yJ ngWjy; gbapy;
<Lgl Ntz;Lk;. juitr; Nrfupg;gJ vd;gJ xU Ma;Tf;F jdpegHfis milahsk;
fz;L NjHe;njLg;gJ> mth;fis Muha;tjw;fhd mDkjpiag; ngWjy; kw;Wk; kf;fsplk;
Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; my;yJ mtHfspd; elj;ijfis cw;WNehf;Ftjd;
%yk; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy; MFk;. jdpegHfsplkpUe;Jk; ,lq;fspypUe;Jk;
Jy;ypakhd juitg; ngWtjw;fhd Njit ,e;j nray;ghl;by; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;.
,e;j gb xU vz;fspd; njhFg;ig (Nrhjid kjpg;ngz;fs;> elj;ijfspd; mjpHntz;)
my;yJ nrhw;fis (gjpy;fs;> fUj;Jfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs;) cUthf;Fk;. ,e;j egHfisAk;
,lq;fisAk; xUKiw milahsk; fz;lTld;> Muha;r;rp Ma;Tfspy; Kiw my;yJ
nray;Kiw gpupTfis vOj Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gpupTfs; juT Nrfupg;gpd; ,af;ftpay;
kw;Wk; epHthfk; gw;wpa tpupthd> njhopy;El;g tpthjq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;>
gy KbTfs; xU ey;y juT Nrfupg;G eilKiwia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

4. 5. juTfis gFg;gha;jy; kw;Wk; tpsf;Fjy; (Analyzing and Interpreting the Data)
juT Nrfupg;gpd; NghJ my;yJ cldbahf> Ma;tpy; jdpegHfs; toq;fpa
jfty;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gFg;gha;T vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l gjpy;fisj;
jPHkhdpf;f “juitj; jtpHj;J"> gpd;dH mijr; RUf;fkhf “xd;whf ,izg;gJ" MFk;.
juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;tJk; tpsf;FtJk; mijg; gw;wpa KbTfis vLg;gij
cs;slf;FfpwJ. mij RUf;fkhf ml;ltizfs;> Gs;sptptuq;fs; kw;Wk; glq;fspy;
Fwpj;jy; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fis toq;f thHj;ijfspy; KbTfis
tpsf;Fjy;. xU Ma;T mwpf;ifapd; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; tpsf;Fjy; gFjpahdJ
nghJthf KbTfs;> fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; my;yJ fye;Jiuahly;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpidf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
6. Muha;r;rp mwpf;if kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL (Reporting and Evaluating Research)
Muha;r;rpia elj;jpa gpwF> vOjg;gl;l mwpf;ifia cUthf;fp> jq;fs;
jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l ghHitahsHfSf;F (rf
MrpupaHfs;> epHthfpfs;> ngw;NwhHfs;> khztHfs; Nghd;wtHfs;) mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Muha;r;rp mwpf;if vd;gJ ghHitahsHfisj; jPHkhdpg;gJ> ,e;j ghHitahsHfs;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba xU tbtj;jpy; mwpf;ifia fl;likj;J> gpd;dH midj;J
thrfHfSf;Fk; czHjpwd; kpf;f tifapy; mwpf;ifia vOJtJ Mfpatw;iw
cs;slf;fpajhFk;. gj;jpupif fl;Liufis thrpg;gjpy; mtHfSila gq;fspg;ghdJ
KJepiy Ma;twpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufis kPsha;T nra;Ak; Mrpupa
MNyhrfHfs; kw;Wk; FOf;fs;> fy;tpapay; KftHfs; kw;Wk; gs;sp khtl;lq;fspy;
cs;s egHfs;> Muha;r;rp mwpf;iff;fhd rupahd jiyg;Gfsh vd;W ghHg;gjpy; fy;tp
Muha;r;rpahsHfsplkpUe;J Muha;r;rpf;fhd ghHitahsHfs; NtWgl;bUg;gH.
Ma;twpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Ma;Tf; fl;LiufSf;fhd xU Kiwahd tbtikg;gpypUe;J
gs;sp mwpf;iffSf;fhd Kiwrhuh Mtzk; tiu Muha;r;rp mwpf;iff;fhd fl;likg;G
xt;nthU ghHitahsHfSf;Fk; khWgLk;. vt;thwhapDk;> vy;yh tifahd
mwpf;iffspYk;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; kupahijf;FupatHfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;
ghypdk;> ghypay; Nehf;Fepiy> ,dk; my;yJ ,df;FO Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
ghFghL fhl;Lk; nkhopiaj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Muha;r;rpahsUila mwpf;ifapd; ghHitahsHfs; Muha;r;rpapd; juk; kw;Wk;
gad;ghl;il jPHkhdpg;gjw;fhd mjd; nrhe;j juq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdH. Muha;r;rpia
kjpg;gPL nra;tJ vd;gJ fy;tpapy; jdpegHfshy; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l juq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp xU Ma;tpd; juj;ij kjpg;gpLtij cs;slf;fpajhFk;. JujpH;ltrkhf>
fy;tp Muha;r;rp r%fj;jpy; fy;tpapay; Muha;r;rpia kjpg;gpLtjw;F khtl;l gs;spfspy;
my;yJ cs;Shpy;, khepy my;yJ $l;lhl;rp mikg;Gfspy; epiyahd juepiyfs;
,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> Ma;Tfspd; juj;ij jPHkhdpf;f ekf;F rpy topfs; Njit>
Fwpg;ghf ntspaplg;gl;l Muha;r;rp my;yJ gapw;rpahsH ghHitahsHfSf;F
toq;fg;gl;l mwpf;if.
1.3. MW gbfs; xt;nthd;wpYk; msThPjpapyhd kw;Wk; juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd;
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; (The Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research in each
of the Six Steps)
fy;tp Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ Muha;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa nray;fspy;
<LgLtij tpl mjpfk;. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp my;yJ juhPjpayhd Muha;r;rp: ,e;j

5. ,uz;L Kf;fpa jlq;fspy; xd;wpy; Muha;r;rpia tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; vOJjy;
MfpaitAk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
Muha;r;rp rpf;fypd; jd;ik kw;Wk; rpf;fiyj; jPHf;f Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfspd;
mbg;gilapy; kw;Wk; rpf;fypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpd;
kWMa;T> Muha;r;rpahsH msThPjpapyhd my;yJ juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp jlj;ij NjHT
nra;fpwhH. rpf;fy;> Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; rhHgpyf;fpa kjpg;Giufs; Muha;r;rpahsiu
msThPjpapyhd my;yJ juhPjpapyhd ghijapy; nfhz;L nry;y cjTfpd;wd. ,it>
Fwpg;gpl;l Muha;r;rp tbtikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy; cs;slf;fpa
eilKiwfs;> khjpup> juT Nrfupg;G fUtpfs; my;yJ newpKiwfs;> eilKiwfs;>
juT gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; KbTfspd; ,Wjp tpsf;fk; Nghd;wtw;iw $Wfpd;wd.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp gz;Gfs; (Quantitative Research Characteristics)
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfshtd:
 Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpa xU tpsf;fk; my;yJ khwpfs; ,ilNaahd cwTfspd; xU
tpsf;fj;jpd; Njit %yk; xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy tptupj;jy;.
 Nfl;fg;gl Ntz;ba Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfis gupe;Jiug;gjd; %yKk;> Muha;r;rp
rpf;fiy epahag;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk;> Ma;T jpirapd; (Nehf;f mwpf;if kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fs;) Njitia cUthf;Ftjd; %yKk;
rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpw;F xU Kf;fpa gq;if toq;Fjy;.
 Fwpg;gpl;l> FWfpa> mstplf;$ba kw;Wk; cw;WNehf;ff;$ba Nehf;f mwpf;iffs;>
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
 Kd;Gmikf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gjpy;fSld; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Vuhskhd kf;fsplkpUe;J vz; juit Nrfupj;jy;.
 Nghf;Ffisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> FOf;fis xg;gpLjy; my;yJ Gs;sptptu
gFg;gha;itg; gad;gLj;jp khwpfisj; njhlHGnfhs;tJ kw;Wk; KbTfis Ke;ija
fzpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fle;jfhy Muha;r;rpfSld; xg;gpLtjd; %yk; mtw;iw
tpsf;Fjy;.
 jukhd> epiyahd fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L cl;$Wfs; kw;Wk; xU Gwepiy>
gf;fr;rhHgw;w mZFKiwiag; gad;gLj;jp Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifia vOJjy;.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Gyj;jpd; Nghf;Ffs; my;yJ VjhtJ Vd; epfo;fpwJ
vd;gij tpsf;f Ntz;bajd; mbg;gilapy; xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy Gydha;thsH
milahsk; fhz;fpwhH. xU Nghf;if tptupg;gJ vd;gJ Ma;thsHfshy;
jdpegHfsplkpUe;J tUk; gjpy;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j Nghf;if mikf;f> ,e;j Nghf;F
kf;fspilNa vt;thW khWgLfpwJ vd;gijf; ftdpf;fTk; xU Ma;tpdhy; rpwe;j
Kiwapy; gjpyspf;f KbAk; vd;gjhFk;.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kWMa;T nra;tjpy;> Ma;thsH
nghJthf Ma;tpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; fzprkhd rhHgpyf;fpa kjpg;gha;itr; nra;thH.
vdNt> rhHgpyf;fpak; ,uz;L topfspy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. Muha;r;rp rpf;fypd;
Njitia epahag;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Ma;Tf;fhd rhj;jpakhd Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfis gupe;Jiuj;jy; MFk;. Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy epahag;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ
Ma;tpy; Muhag;gl;l rpf;fypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Mtzg;gLj;j Muha;r;rpahsH
rhHgpyf;fpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,ij epiwNtw;w> rhHgpyf;fpaj;ijj; NjLjy;>
rpf;fiy Muha;tJ Kf;fpak; vd;W milahsk; fhZk; Ma;Tfisf; fz;lwpe;J> gpd;dH
,e;j rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij xU Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifapd; njhlf;fg; gpupTfspy; Nkw;Nfhs;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.

6. Nehf;f mwpf;if kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fspy; Fwpg;ghf
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sgb> rhHgpyf;fpak; Ma;tpd; xU NjitiaAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
Muha;r;rpahsH rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa khwpypfs;> cwTfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ffspy;
milahsk; fhz;fpwhH> NkYk; mtw;wpd; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk;
fUJNfhs;fSf;fhd jpiria toq;f ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
fy;Y}up khztHfisg; gw;wpa xU rhHgpyf;fpa Ma;T> mjpfg;gbahd Fbg;gof;fj;ijg;
gw;wp ekf;F mjpfk; njupahJ vd;gijf; fhl;lf;$Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;> jw;NghJs;s
rhHgpyf;fpaq;fs;> rf FOf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> khztH rf FOf;fspilNa
njhlHG nfhs;Sk; ghzpiaAk; milahsk; fhzyhk;. MfNt> Kf;fpakhd Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfs; fy;Y}up tshfq;fspy; mjpf mstpy; Fbg;gij rfhf;fs; kw;Wk; mtHfspd;
,iltpid ghzpfs; vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;j topapy;> xU
msThPjpapyhd Ma;tpy; cs;s rhHgpyf;fpaq;fs; rpf;fiy Muha;tjw;F Njitg;gLk;
,uz;L Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;fhd jpiria toq;Ffpd;wd.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfspy;> khwpypfs; Fwpj;J mstplf;$ba kw;Wk;
cw;WNehf;ff;$ba juitg; ngw Fwpg;gpl;l> FWfpa Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. xU
Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; xU Ma;T jpirapd; Nfs;tpfs; Nehf;f mwpf;if>
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fs;-Fwpg;gpl;l kw;Wk; FWfyhdit> Vnddpy;
Ma;thsH Ma;T nra;a xU rpy khwpypfis kl;LNk milahsk; fhz;fpwhH. ,e;j
khwpypfs; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; ,Ue;J> Ma;thsH xU fUtpapd; mstPLfs; my;yJ
kjpg;gPLfisg; ngWfpwhH my;yJ cw;WNehf;fy; vd;w xU msTNfhypypUe;J
kjpg;ngz;fisg; gjpT nra;fpwhH.
msThPjpapyhd juT Nrfupg;gpy;> Ma;thsH Ma;tpy; khwpypfis msf;f xU
fUtpiag; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. xU fUtp vd;gJ msThPjpapyhd juit mstpLtjw;Fk;>
cw;WNehf;Ftjw;Fk; my;yJ Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd xU fUtpahFk;. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l
Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gjpyspf;Fk; rhj;jpaf;$Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mit Ma;tpid
Kd;$l;bNa epWTfpd;wd my;yJ cUthf;Ffpd;wd. fzf;nfLg;G Nfs;tpj; jhs;fs;>
jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Nrhjidfs; kw;Wk; xU khztH my;yJ Mrpupaupd; elj;ijfis
cw;WNehf;f Muha;r;rpahsH gad;gLj;jf;$ba rupghHg;G gl;bay;fs; fUtpfSf;F
cjhuzq;fshFk;. xU Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j fUtpia gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F toq;fp
vz;fspd; tbtj;jpy; juit Nrfupf;fpd;whH. cjhuzkhf> Muha;r;rpahsH xU gbtj;jpy;
fl;lq;fisr; rupghHf;Fk; khztHfs; my;yJ tFg;giwapy; xU khztH xU gzpiar;
nra;tijg; ghHf;Fk; KOikahd rupghHg;G gl;bay;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;thsH
gjpy;fisr; Nrfupf;fyhk;. ,e;j nray;Kiwapd; Nehf;fk; xU rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd
kf;fsplkpUe;J ngupa vz;zpf;ifapy; KbTfisg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapyhd jdpegHfspd; Ma;thdJ> xU mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fspd;
KbTfshfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tof;fk; cWjpahdJ.
msTuPjpapyhd juT gFg;gha;tpy;> xU Muha;r;rpahsH Gs;sptptuq;fs; vdg;gLk;
fzpj eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;fpwhH. ,e;j
gFg;gha;Tfs; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f juTfis gFjpfshfg; gpupfpd;wd.
FOf;fis xg;gpLtJ my;yJ jdpegHfSf;fhd kjpg;ngz;fs; njhlHghd Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fis eptHj;jp nra;tjw;fhd jfty;fis toq;Fjy;
Nghd;wit Gs;sptptu eilKiwfshFk;. ,e;j gFg;gha;tpd; KbTfis Muk;g
fzpg;Gfs; my;yJ Ke;ija Ma;Tfspd; ntspg;ghl;by; Muha;r;rpahsH tpsf;FfpwhH.
,e;j tpsf;fk; Vd; mtHfs; nra;j topia khw;wpaJ vd;gjw;fhd tpsf;fkhFk;> NkYk;
Ma;tpy; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; fzpg;Gfis KbTfs; vt;thW Mjupf;fpd;wd my;yJ
kWf;fpd;wd vd;gij ngUk;ghYk; Muha;r;rpahsH tpsf;FfpwhH.

7. msTuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia mwpf;ifapLjy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL nra;tjpy;> xU
Ma;tpd; xl;Lnkhj;j tbtk; xU fzpf;ff;$ba Kiwahd mwpKfk;> rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpd;
kPsha;T> Kiwfs;> KbTfs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahliyg; gpd;gw;WfpwJ. ,e;jg; gbtk;
msTuPjpapyhd Ma;TfSf;fhd xU jug;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;likg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.
$Ljyhf> ,J xU msTuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifapd; juj;ij jPHkhdpf;f
Muha;r;rpahsH gad;gLj;jf;$ba Fwpg;gpl;l msTNfhy;fSf;Fk; toptFf;fpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Muha;r;rpahsH msTuPjpapyhd Ma;thdJ xU tpupthd
rhHgpyf;fpa kPsha;itf; nfhz;bUf;fpwjh, ey;y Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk;
fUJNfhs;fis Nrhjpf;fpwjh> fLikahd> gf;fr;rhHgw;w juT Nrfupg;G eilKiwfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpwjh> nghUj;jkhd Gs;spapay; eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpwjh kw;Wk;
jutpypUe;J ,aw;ifahfNt gpd;gw;wg;gLk; tpsf;fq;fis cUthf;Ffpwjh vd;W
mwpf;ifapLfpwhH.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fsJ nrhe;j rhHG kw;Wk; kjpg;Gfs;
KbTfis ghjpf;fhJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j eilKiwfisAk; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. xU
Muha;r;rpahsH kjpg;ig ep&gpj;j kw;Wk; fle;jfhy gad;ghLfspypUe;J ek;gfkhd
kw;Wk; rupahd kjpg;ngz;fisf; nfhz;l fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. xU Ma;tpy;
rhHGfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F midj;J khwpypfis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ Muha;r;rpahsH
tbtikg;G Ma;Tfs; MFk;. ,Wjpahf> Muha;r;rpahsH mth;fis my;yJ mtHfspd;
jdpg;gl;l vjpHtpidfisf; Fwpg;gplhky; Muha;r;rpiag; mwpf;ifapLfpd;wdH.
juuPjpahd Muha;r;rpapd; gz;Gfs;
juuPjpahd Muha;r;rpapy;> Muha;r;rp nray;Kiwapd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; ntt;NtW
Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; cs;sd.
 xU rpf;fiy Muha;tJ kw;Wk; xU ika epfo;T gw;wpa tpupthd Gupjiy
tsHf;fpwJ.
 rhHgpyf;fpa kPsha;T xU rpwpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ> Mdhy; rpf;fiy
epahag;gLj;JfpwJ.
 gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; mDgtq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfs; nghJthd kw;Wk; gue;j Kiwapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ>
 xU Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd egHfsplkpUe;J nrhw;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
juitr; Nrfupg;gjhy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; fUj;Jf;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
 ciu gFg;gha;itg; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; fUg;nghUs;fSf;fhd juit
gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; ngupa nghUis tpsf;Fjy;.
 nefpo;thd> tsHe;J tUk; fl;likg;Gfs;, kjpg;gPl;L msTNfhy;fs; kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpahsHfspd; mfepiy epHge;jk; kw;Wk; rhHG cl;gl midj;ijAk;
gad;gLj;jp mwpf;ifia vOJjy;.
xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fiyj; jPHf;f juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ> ,jpy;
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F khwpypfs; Fwpj;J njupahJ Muha Ntz;Lk;. Ma;tpd; epfo;T gw;wp
rhHgpyf;fpak; rpwpa jfty;fisf; nfhLf;ff;$Lk;> NkYk; Muha;r;rpahsH
gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J Ma;T %yk; NkYk; mwpa Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
njhiyJ}u fy;tp gbg;Gfspy; irif nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jtij rhHgpyf;fpak;
NghJkhdjhff; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. njhiyJ}u fy;tp khztHfspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,e;j
epfo;it Muha xU juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Ma;T Njit. re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wp>
mj;jifa gbg;Gfspy; irif nkhopiag; gad;gLj;JtJ rpf;fyhdJ mjdhy; Ke;ija
rhHgpyf;fpaq;fspy; ,J Fwpj;J Muhag;gltpy;iy. xU ika epfo;T vd;gJ juuPjpapyhd

8. Muha;r;rpapy; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l Kf;fpa fUj;J> Nahrid my;yJ nray;Kiw MFk;.
,t;thW> fhJ Nfshj Foe;ijfSf;F fw;gpg;gjpy; cs;s rpukk; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp
rpf;fYf;fhd xU Ma;tpy; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy; nray;Kiwiag; gw;wpa Gupjy;
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> rhHgpyf;fpa kPsha;thdJ msTuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpiaf;
fhl;bYk; Ma;tpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Fiwthd fzprkhd gq;iff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy; Muha;tjd; mtrpaj;ij epahag;gLj;j
Muha;r;rpahsH rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;jhYk;> Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F
rhHgpyf;fpak; Kf;fpa jpiria toq;fhJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp
Ma;tpy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; fUj;Jf;fisNa mjpfk; ek;gpAs;sJ kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpahsuhy; rhh;gpyf;fpaj;jpy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l jpirapy; ek;gpf;if
FiwthfNt cs;sJ. vdNt> Ma;tpd; jpiria Kd;dwptpg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ
Fwpg;gpLtjw;Nfh rhHgpyf;fpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J fw;wy;
juuPjpapyhd mZFKiwAld; nghUe;jhJ.
juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Nehf;f mwpf;if kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs;
$wg;gLfpd;wd> ,jdhy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J Muha;r;rpahsH rpwg;ghf fw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbAk;. MHtKs;s xU epfo;it Muha;r;rpahsH Muha;r;rp nra;J ,e;j epfo;it xU
Nehf;f mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. MrpupaHfspd; “njhopy;Kiwia” MuhAk; xU
juuPjpapyhd Ma;T> cjhuzkhf caHepiyg; gs;sp MrpupaHfsplk;> “xU njhopy;Kiw
epGzH vd;why; vd;d?" vd;W Nfl;fpwJ. ,e;j Nfs;tp xU Nahridiag;
Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. xU njhopy;Kiw epGzuhf;FfpwJ kw;Wk;
mjw;fhd gjpy;fs; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Nghd;w juuPjpapyhd juit tpistpf;fpwJ.
juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Ma;tpy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;s
Muha;r;rpahsH juitr; Nrfupf;f Ma;it elj;Jk; juitg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhf
newpKiwfs; vdg;gLk; gbtq;fis cUthf;FfpwhH. ,e;jg; gbtq;fs; nghJthd
Nfs;tpfis vOg;Gfpd;wd> ,jdhy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpy;fis toq;f
KbAk;. juT Nrfupg;gpd; NghJ ngUk;ghYk; ,e;j gbtq;fspy; cs;s Nfs;tpfs;
khWgLk;. ,e;j gbtq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU NeHfhzy; newpKiwia $wyhk;.
,jpy; ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J Nfs;tpfs; cs;sJ> my;yJ xU cw;WNehf;F newpKiw
cs;sJ> ,jpy; gq;Nfw;ghsupd; elj;ijfs; Fwpj;J Muha;r;rpahsH Fwpg;Gfis gjpT
nra;fpwhH. NkYk;> Muha;r;rpahsH ciu (nrhy;) my;yJ cUtk; (glk;) juit
Nrfupf;fpwhH. vOjg;gl;l xypg; gjpTfs; nrhw;fshy; Md juTj;jsj;ij
cUthf;Ffpd;wd. cw;WNehf;fg;gl;l gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; jq;fs; Ntiy my;yJ FLk;g
mikg;gpy;> Muha;r;rpahsH xU juuPjpapyhd juTj;jskhf khWk; Fwpg;Gfis
vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhH. rpW Foe;ijfis jq;fs; vz;zq;fis xU ehl;Fwpg;gpy; vOJkhW
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; Nfl;Fk;NghJ> ,e;j ilup Fwpg;GfSk; ciu juTj;jskhf khWk;.
xt;nthU tifahd juT gbtj;ijf; nfhz;L> xU ,Wjp Muha;r;rp mwpf;iff;fhd
tpupthd fzf;Ffis Nrfupf;f Muha;r;rpahsH Kbe;jtiu jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghH.
juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; nghJthf Muha;r;rpahsH xU ciu juTj;jsj;ij
Nrfupg;ghH> vdNt ciuapd; juT gFg;gha;T mij thf;fpaf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fpwJ>
,J ciu gpupTfs; (text sesments) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; xt;nthU
thf;fpaq;fspd; mHj;jj;ijAk; jPHkhdpf;fpwJ. Gs;sptptuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;
gjpyhf> Ma;thsH ika epfo;it tptupf;f thHj;ijfs; my;yJ glq;fis gFg;gha;T
nra;fpwhH. ,jd; KbTfs; jdpg;gl;l egHfs; my;yJ ,lq;fspd; xU tpsf;fkhf
,Uf;fyhk;. rpy juuPjpapyhd Ma;Tfspy;> KO mwpf;ifAk; ngUk;ghYk; gy jdp

9. egHfspd; xU ePz;l tpsf;fkhFk;. ,jd; KbTfs; fUg;nghUs;fs; my;yJ mtw;wpd;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk; gue;j tiffisf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fyhk;. ,U jdpegHfis
tptupf;Fk; kw;Wk; fUg;nghUs;fis milahsk; fhZk; ,e;j juuPjpapyhd Ma;Tfspy;>
xU caHe;j> rpf;fyhd glk; ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j rpf;fyhd glj;jpypUe;J>
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; Muha;r;rpAld; vt;thW njhlHGgLfpd;wd vd;gijg;
gpujpgypg;gjd; %yk; Muha;r;rpahsH> Ma;tpd; NghJ fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp xU jdpg;gl;l gpujpgypg;igf; Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; my;yJ
ngupa> mjpf mHj;jKs;s RUf;fq;fis vOJtjd; %yk; juTfspd; nghUis
Muha;r;rpahshH tpsf;FfpwhH.
juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia mwpf;ifapLtjpy; mtHfspd; Ma;Tfis mwpf;ifapl
gue;j mstpyhd tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH. xl;Lnkhj;j nghJ tbtk; Muha;r;rp
nray;ghl;bd; epiyahd gbfisg; gpd;gw;WfpwJ vd;whYk;> Muha;r;rpapd; ,e;j
“gFjpfspd;" tupir xU juuPjpapyhd mwpf;ifapypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khWgLk;. xU
Ma;T fij tbtj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l xU ePz;l> jdpg;gl;l tptupg;Gld; my;yJ
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia xj;j xU Gwepiy> mwptpay; mwpf;ifAld; njhlq;fyhk;.
,j;jifa khWghl;Lld;> juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd juq;fSk;
nefpo;thdit vd;gjpy; Mr;rupakpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk;> Ma;T xU Jy;ypakhd kw;Wk;
ek;gfkhd fzf;F vd;gij thrpg;gtiu ek;gitf;f ey;y juuPjpapyhd mwpf;iffs;
ajhHj;jkhdjhfTk;> ,zf;fkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epfo;T my;yJ
nray;Kiwapd; rpf;fiy ntspg;gLj;j juuPjpapyhd mwpf;iffs; nghJthf tpupthd
juT Nrfupg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd. juT gFg;gha;T tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; fUg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk;
fUg;nghUs;fspd; njhlHG Mfpatw;iw gpujpgypf;fpwJ. $Ljyhf> Muha;r;rpahsH xU
Muha;r;rp Ma;tpy; mtHfspd; gq;F my;yJ epiyiag; gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwhH> ,J
gpujpgypg;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; nghUs;> Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs; nrhe;j rhHG>
kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mDkhdq;fis gpujpgypj;J mtw;iw Muha;r;rpapy; jPtpukhf
vOJfpwhH. jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpg;gJk;> Ma;T epiyfspd; NghJ
gq;Nfw;ghsHfSld; Muha;r;rpahsH vt;thW xj;Jioj;jhH vd;gijAk; milahsk;
fhz;gJk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. mtHfspd; mDgtq;fSk; fyhr;rhu gpd;dzpfSk; Ma;tpy;
tiuag;gl;l tpsf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; KbTfis vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd vd;gijAk;
Muha;r;rpahsH tpthjpf;fyhk;.
msTuPjpapyhd kw;Wk; juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd xw;Wikfs; kw;Wk;
Ntw;Wikfs; (Similarities and Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative
Research)
,e;j fl;lj;jpy; Muha;r;rpahsH msTuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; juuPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rp vt;thW xj;jjhfTk; NtWgl;ljhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W Nfl;fyhk;.
xw;Wikiag; nghWj;jtiu> ,uz;L tifahd Muha;r;rpfSk; Muha;r;rpapd;
nray;ghl;by; MW gbfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. xU Ma;tpd; mwpKfj;jpy; Muha;r;rp
rpf;fy; gpuptpy; rpwpa NtWghLfs; cs;sd. ,jpy; ,U gpupTfSk; gpur;rpidapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;bajd; Njit cs;sJ. msTuPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpapy;> Ma;tpy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fis ,af;f Muha;r;rp
rpf;fy; gpupT gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ> mNjrkak; juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; Muha;r;rp
rpf;fy; fye;Jiuahly; nghJthf ika Nahridapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mikf;f
gad;gLfpwJ. mwpKfg; gFjpia xg;gpLk; nghOJ msTuPjpapyhd Ma;T (ngw;Nwhupd;
<LghL) kw;Wk; juuPjpapyhd Ma;T (gs;sp Nfhl;ghl;by; jha;khHfspd; ek;gpf;if)
NtWgl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. juT Nrfupg;G eilKiwfspy; kw;nwhU xw;Wik cs;sJ.

10. msTuPjpahd kw;Wk; juuPjpapyhd juT Nrfupg;G ,uz;Lk; NeHfhzy;fs; my;yJ
cw;WNehf;fy; Nghd;w xj;j mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> msTuPjpapyhd mZFKiwfs; mjpf %ba-Kbthd
mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd> ,jpy; Muha;r;rpahsH mikf;fg;gl;l kWnkhop
tiffis milahsk; fhz;fpwhH. mNjrkak; jukhd mZFKiwfs; jpwe;j Kbthd
mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd> ,jpy; Ma;thsH gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; nghJthd
Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fpwhH> NkYk; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; kWnkhop rhj;jpaq;fis
tbtikf;fpd;wdH.
juitr; Nrfupf;Fk; tbtq;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l jdpj;Jtkhd NtWghLfs; cs;sd.
juT gFg;gha;tpy;> eilKiwfs; Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lit. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;>
Ma;thsH jutpd; Gs;sptptu gFg;gha;it ek;gpAs;shH> ,J nghJthf vz; tbtj;jpy;
cs;sJ. juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> juit gFg;gha;T nra;a Gs;sptptuq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf> Ma;thsH nrhw;fs; my;yJ glq;fis
gFg;gha;T nra;fpwhH.
Gs;spapay; eilKiwfis ek;Gtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> FwpaPL> gpupTfs; my;yJ
fUg;nghUs;fs; Nghd;w ngupa mHj;jq;fisg; Gupa mtw;iwf; FOthf;Ftjw;fhd
juuPjpapyhd gFg;gha;it Muha;r;rpahsH nra;fpwhH. mwpf;ifaply; tbtq;fSk;
nghJthf NtWgl;lit> tof;fkhd mwpKfk;> rhHgpyf;fpa kPsha;T> Kiwfs;> KbTfs;
kw;Wk; KbT gpupTfis msTuPjpapyhd fl;likg;G gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJ. juuPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpapy;> ,e;j gpupTfspy; rpy fhzhky; NghapUf;fyhk;> NkYk; ,e;j tbtk; xU
jdpg;gl;l RUf;fk; my;yJ gj;jpapy; xU ,yf;fpa jpwg;G> tpuptilAk; fij>
gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J tpupthd Nkw;Nfhs;fspd; gad;ghL kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpahsuplkpUe;J gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jdpg;gl;l gpujpgypg;Gfs; Nghd;witahf
,Uf;fyhk;. ,Utifapy; ,uz;L ,Wjp Gs;spfshf msTuPjpapyhf kw;Wk; juuPjpahf
ghHg;gij tpl> njhlHr;rpahf ntt;NtW Gs;spfshf ,Ug;gijAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
Ma;Tfs; msTuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; rpy $WfisAk;> juuPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpapd; rpy $WfisAk; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> Ma;Tfs; xU mZFKiw
my;yJ kw;nwhd;wpy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. NkYk; xt;nthU tif Muha;r;rpAlDk;
njhlHGila gz;Gfis mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;T msTuPjpapyhd my;yJ
juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia Mjupf;fpwjh vd;gij kjpg;gPL nra;a xU Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
cjTfpwJ.
msTuPjpapyhd my;yJ juuPjpapyhd mZFKiwiag; gad;gLj;jyhkh vd;gij
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; vt;thW NjHT nra;fpwhHfs;? %d;W fhuzpfs; Kf;fpakhf
,Uf;fpd;wd. Kjypy;> mtHfspd; Muha;r;rp rpf;fYf;fhd mZFKiwAld; nghUe;jf;
$bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. msTuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd
rpf;fy;fspd; Nghf;Ffs; my;yJ tpsf;fq;fs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;bajd; Njitia
epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpf;F> xU Mokhd Gupjiyg; ngw
rpf;fy;fis Muha Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> mtHfspd; mZFKiwf;F
ghHitahsHfs; nghUe;j Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;if tFg;ghsHfs;> Mrpupa kw;Wk; gl;ljhup
FOf;fs;> njhFg;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; kWMa;T thupaq;fs;> khdpa Kd;nkhopTfspd;
kjpg;gPl;lhsHfs; kw;Wk; gs;spfspy; my;yJ fy;tp mikg;Gfspy; cs;s egHfs; Nghd;w
gy ghHitahsHfSf;fhf fy;tpahsHfs; vOJfpwhHfs;. xU Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
mZFKiwia ghHitahsHfs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. %d;whtjhf>
mtHfspd; jdpg;gl;l mDgtk; kw;Wk; gapw;rpf;fhd mZFKiwia njhlHGgLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. xU msTuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsH nghJthf Nrhjidfs;> xl;LwT

11. tbtikg;Gfs; my;yJ fzf;nfLg;G El;gq;fs; Nghd;w mstPL> Gs;spapay; kw;Wk;
msTuPjpapyhd juT Nrfupg;G Mfpatw;wpy; rpy gbg;Gfs; my;yJ gapw;rpia vLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. juuPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;F fs Ma;Tfspy; mDgtk; Njit. mjpy;
mtHfs; xU mikg;gpy; jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gijAk; jdpegHfis cw;WNehf;Fk;
my;yJ NeHfhzy; nra;tjw;fhd jpwd;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tijAk; gapw;rp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ciu juit gFg;gha;T nra;tjpy; ghlnewp my;yJ mDgtk; cjtpahf
,Uf;Fk;. mj;Jld; mbj;jsf; Nfhl;ghL> ,dtpay; my;yJ fij Muha;r;rp Nghd;w
Muha;r;rp tbtikg;GfspYk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. fyg;G Kiwfs; Muha;r;rp my;yJ
nray; Muha;r;rp Nghd;w msTuPjpapyhd kw;Wk; juuPjpapyhd Kiwfs; ,uz;ilAk;
,izf;Fk; Muha;r;rpf;fhd mZFKiwfspy; rpy egHfSf;F mDgtKk; gapw;rpAk;
cs;sJ.
1.4 Muha;r;rpapd; tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; mjid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fs;
(Skills Needed to Design and Conduct Research)
xU Gjpa Muha;r;rpahsuhf> Muha;r;rpahsUf;F thrpg;G> kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; cz;ikapy;
Muha;r;rp elj;Jk; jpwd; ,Uf;fpwjh vd;W rpe;jpf;fyhk;. Muha;r;rpapd; nray;Kiwia
mwptJ> NghJkhd Muha;r;rp Ma;Tf;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fhJ vd;W Muha;r;rpahsH
$wyhk;.
Muha;r;rpahsH kdij njspthf mikj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; Vw;fdNt
jq;fs; tho;f;if mDgtq;fspd; %yk; kjpg;Gkpf;f Muha;r;rp jpwd;fisf;
fw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;shH. ,e;jj; jpwd;fspy; GjpHfisj; jPHg;gJ> xU ePz;l ftdj;ij
<Hg;gJ> xU E}yfj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; mtHfspd; vz;zq;fis vOJtJ
Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
GjpHfisj; jPHg;gJ (Solving Puzzles)
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; rpf;fy;fis jPHf;f mtw;iw GjpHfshfg; ghHf;fpwhHfs;. Muha;r;rp
nray;Kiwapd; gbfs; Ma;thsH NrHf;Fk; GjpH Jz;Lfspd; tupirahf
ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. GjpHfisj; jPHg;gjpy; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F Vw;fdNt jpwd;fs; cs;sd.
Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs; fhNrhiy Gj;jfj;ij rkg;gLj;j gw;Wfs; kw;Wk; tuTfis
xd;whf nghUj;JfpwhHfs;. xU ngw;Nwhuhf> Muha;r;rpahsH gfypy; gy Ntlq;fspy;
<LgLfpwhH. mit ntt;NtW gzpfisf; ifahSfpd;wd. ,it GjpHfs;> mtw;iw
epHtfpf;ff;$ba gFjpfshf cilj;J> ngwf;$ba Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mikj;J> mtw;iw
vOJtjd; %yk; ehk; nray;gLfpNwhk;. Muha;r;rpahsH Muha;r;rp Ma;Tfis
MuhAk;NghJ my;yJ tprhuiz nray;ghl;by; <LgLtjhy;> Gjpupd; ,e;j gFjpfis
xd;W NrHg;gJ Kjypy; xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fypy; gzpGuptJ> gpd;dH xU Ma;Tf;fhd
Nehf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLtJ md;whl tho;tpy; ehk; jPHf;Fk; gy GjpHfs; Nghd;wit
vy;yh gFjpfSk; xd;whf nghUe;j Ntz;Lk;.
mtHfspd; ftd <Hg;ig ePl;bj;jy; (Lengthening their Attention Span)
ehk; tpUk;Gk; gzpfis Kbf;f nghJthf Neuk; xJf;FfpNwhk; vd;whYk;> ek;
ftdj;ij <Hg;gJ gzpf;F gzp khWgLk;. Muha;r;rpapd; nray;KiwahdJ MW gbfis
nfhz;L 6 khjq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fhy ,ilntspiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
xU gj;jpupif fl;Liuiag; gbj;J> ,e;j xt;nthU gbfisAk; milahsk; fhz>
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nghWik kw;Wk; vijj; NjLtJ vd;gJ gw;wpa mwpT Njit. ehk;
midtUk; Muha;r;rp nray;Kiwf;F khWgl;l ftdePsj;ij nfhz;Ls;Nshk;. Mdhy;
ehk; tpUk;Gk; gzpfisAk; mtw;Wf;fhf ehk; xJf;Fk; Neuj;ijAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy;>

12. Muha;r;rpapy; fzprkhd Neuj;ij nrytpl NghJkhd ePz;l ftd <h;g;ig ehk;
nfhz;Ls;Nshk;.
E}yf tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ (Learning to Use Library Resources)
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;a Ntz;ba Muha;r;rp
nray;Kiwapd; gb vd;gJ xU fy;tp E}yfj;jpy; Neuj;ij nrytpLtjhFk;. ek;kpy;
ngUk;ghNyhUf;F> E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nry;tJ mNefkhf gs;spapy; fpNubw;fhf gs;sp
E}yfj;jpw;F nry;Yk; gazq;fSld; njhlq;fpaJ MFk;. Muha;r;rpapy; <LgLtjw;F
E}yf tsq;fSld; Neuj;ij nrytopf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,J tPl;L fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; E}yf
gl;bay;fSf;fhd ,iza ,izg;Gfshy; vspjhf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; Muha;r;rpapd;
nray;Kiwf;F Muha;r;rpahsH Ma;Tfis fz;Lgpbg;gJ> mtw;iwr; RUf;fkhff;
$WtJ kw;Wk; rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpd; kPsha;it vOJtjpy; jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;F Vw;fdNt> ,e;j jpwd;fs; ,y;iy vd;why; Muha;r;rpapd;
NghJ cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit xU E}yfj;Jld; ek;Kila mbkl;lj;jpypUe;J> ek;
gs;spg;gbg;gpd; Muk;gj;jpy; njhlq;fpa mDgtq;fSlDk; cUthfp> ,d;Wk;
njhlHfpd;wd.
vOJjy;> jpUj;Jjy; kw;Wk; NkYk; vOJjy; (Writing, Editing, and More Writing)
Muha;r;rpapd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhf vOj;J vg;NghJNk ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j
mk;rj;jpypUe;J Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jg;g KbahJ. vOj;jhsHfshfpa ehk; Vuhskhd
tiuTfs; %yk; Ntiy nra;fpNwhk;. kw;wtHfsplkpUe;J vjpHtpidfisg; ngWfpNwhk;.
Gjpa tiuTfis cUthf;FfpNwhk;. Muha;r;rp vd;gJ ghHitahsHfSf;fhf Ma;it
vOJtij cs;slf;fpaJ. Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jq;fs; vz;zq;fis vOJtijAk; mij
ntspg;gLj;JtijAk; tpUk;GfpwhHfsh? Muha;r;rpahsHfs; xU gj;jpupif my;yJ xU
ehl;Fwpg;gpy; vOj tpUk;GfpwhHfsh? jpl;lq;fis Kbg;gjpy; ,Ue;J
Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;F jpUg;jp fpilf;Fkh? Muha;r;rpahsH Vw;fdNt fy;Y}upapy; gy
fl;Liufis vOjpapUf;fyhk; my;yJ kw;w khztHfs; my;yJ Mrpupa cWg;gpdUld;
Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifapy; gzpahw;wpapUf;fyhk;. RUf;fkhf> Muha;r;rpahsUf;F vOj;jpy;
mDgtk; cz;L. vOJtJ vd;gJ fhfpjj;jpy; my;yJ fzpdp Nfhg;gpy; fUj;Jf;fis
gjpT nra;tij tpl mjpfk; vd;W Muha;r;rpahsUf;Fj; njupAk;. ,J rpe;jidfis
xOq;fikj;jy;> NeHfhzy; Nfs;tpfisj; jahupj;jy;> cw;WNehf;fypd; NghJ
Fwpg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gJ kw;Wk; NtnwhUtupd; Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fl;Liufisg;
gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;Nfl;L vOJtijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Mf;fg+Htkhd nray;Kiwapd; midj;J fl;lq;fspYk; vOj;J
cs;sJ.