Management basic concepts

1. Kfhikj;Jtk;
N.Umakanth
Lecturer
Faculty of Management Studies & Commerce
University of Jaffna

2. Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd tiutpyf;fzk;
Peter. F.Drucker vd;gth; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gij
gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
“Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ epWtdk; xd;wpd; Xh; cWg;G MFk;.
,t; cWg;Ng me; epWtdj;jpd; midj;J njhopw;ghLfisAk;
tpsf;FtJk; tiuaWg;gJkhFk;.”
R.Terry vd;gthpd; fUj;Jg;gb
“Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ jdpj;J kdpjh;fSld; njhlh;GilaJ
my;y. ,J xU nraw;ghL mjhtJ gbj;jy;> ePe;Jjy; my;yJ
XLjy; Nghd;wjhFk;. Kfhikj;Jtk; kf;fis nraw;gl
itj;J mjd; %ykhf mth;fis Kfhikahsh;fshf
jiyth;fshf khw;Wfpd;wJ.”

3. Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; ,d;iwa mtrpak;
 tsq;fis tpidj;jpwdhfg; ngw;W
gad;gLj;Jtjw;f;F
 khw;wkilAk; R+oy;fis epWtdk;
cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;s
 Nehf;fq;fis ntw;wpfukhf mile;J
nfhs;s
 gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;stjw;f;F
 nray; jpwd;fis mjpfupf;f
 r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;w

4. Kfhikj;Jt rthy;fs;
 cyf kakhf;fy; nraw;ghLfs;
 njhopy; El;g khw;wq;fs;
 ju epu;zak; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfs;
 kdpjtsk; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfs;
 r%f nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wy;
 khw;wy; Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfs;

5. A,J kw;Wk;; z epWtdq;fs;
TYPE A, J, and Z
ORGANIZATIONS
TYPE A ORGANIZATION (American)
• FWq;fhy Ntiytha;g;G
• mjpfsthd kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; Cf;fg;gLj;jy;fs;
• Gjtp cau;Tf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;
• jdp egu; jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;fs;
• jdp egu; nghWg;Gf;fs;
• ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk; Kiwahd fl;Lg;ghLfs;

6. TYPE J ORGANIZATION (Japanese)
• MAl;fhy Ntiytha;g;G
• nkJthd kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gjtp cau;T
• $l;Lg; nghWg;G
• Kiwrhuj fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
• KOikahd epWtd mf;fiwfs;
• FO mbg;gilapyhd nraw;ghLfs;
• Neu;fzpa mbg;gilapyhd eltbf;iffs;

7. TYPE Z ORGANIZATION (Modified American)
• ePz;lfhy Ntiytha;g;G
• nkJthd kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gjtp cau;T
• eLj;ju msthd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
tha;g;Gf;fs;
• gu];gukhd KbntLj;jy; eilKiwfs;
• jdpg; nghWg;Gf;fs;
• njspthd epWtdf; nfhs;iffs;
• Kiwrhuhf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
• Neu;fzpa KbntLj;jy;fs;

8. Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfs; / Kfhikj;Jt nra;Kiwfs;
Management Functions/ Process of Management
Newman and Summer vd;gth; Kfhikj;Jtk;
gpd;tUk; 4 njhopw;ghL my;yJ nra;Kiwfs; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Mit gpd;tUkhW
1. jpl;lkply;
2. xOq;fikj;jy;
3. newpg;gLj;jy;
4. fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

9. Luther Gulick Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfis 7
tiffshf tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ,jid “POSDCRB”
vd miog;gh;. ,jd; tpsf;fk; gpd;tUkhW
P – Planning
O – Organizing
S – Staffing
D – Directing
C – Coordinating
R – Reporting
B – Budgeting

10. Kfhikj;Jt nra;Kiwfs;
Kfhikj;Jt cs;sPLfs; (5M)
Materials - %yg; nghUs;
Machine - ,ae;jpuq;fs;
Money – gzk;
Methods – Kiwfs;
Men – kdpju;fs;
Gjpa tsq;fshf ,izf;fg;gl;lit
Knowledge – mwpT
Information – jfty;
Time – Neuk;

11. Kfhikj;Jt ntspaPLfs;
,yf;Ffis miljy;
J}u Nehf;F
,yl;rpa Nehf;F
Nehf;fk;
Fwpf;Nfhs;
,tw;wpd; %ykhf kf;fSf;fhd nghUl;fSk;
NritfSk; ngwg;gLk;

12. Inputs (tsq;fs;)
Management Process (Kfhikj;Jt
nra;Kiwfs;)
Outputs(ntspaPLfs;)

13. jpl;lkply; (Planning)
jpl;lkply; Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfspd; mbg;gilj;
njhopw;ghlhFk;. ,J epWtdq;fspy; Copah;fs; Fiwthf
gzpGhptjw;Fj; Njitahd tpidj;jpwd; jd;ikfis
toq;Ftjhf cs;sJ. jpl;lkply; vjid? ahH? vt;thW?
vg;NghJ? nraw;gLj;JtJ vd;gjw;fhd tpilapid
toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J epWtdnkhd;wpd; J}uNehf;Fld;
njhlh;GilajhfTk; epWtd nray;jpwDld; kpf neUf;fkhd
njhlh;GilajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• Nehf;fj;jpid cUthf;Fjy;
• Kd;Ddu;jy;
• R+oy; fhuzpfisf; fz;lwpjy;
• jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;

14. R+oy; fhuzpfs;
1. mfr;R+oy; fhuzpfs;
gyk;
gytPdk;
2.Gwr; R+oy; fhuzpfs;
tha;g;G
mr;RWj;jy;fs;

15. jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; nra;Kiwfs;
gpur;ridfis milahsk; fhzy;
khw;Wtopfis fz;lwpjy;
khw;W topfis kjpg;gply;
nghUj;jkhdij Nju;e;njLj;jy;
Nju;e;njLj;jij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

16. jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; tiffs;
jdpj; jPu;khdk;
gzpj;jy;
jpzpj;jy;
FOj; jPu;khdnkLj;jy;
fye;jhNyhrpf;Fk; ,ay;G
gq;Fgw;Wk; ,ay;G

17. xOq;fikj;jy; (Organizing)
xOq;fikj;jy; vd;gJ epWtdk; xd;wpd;
nraw;ghLfis milahsk; fhz;gJld; njhlh;GilaJ. ,J
Fwpg;ghf epWtdk; xd;wpd; gy;NtW tpjkhd tsq;fis
epWtdj;Njitf;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;JtJld;
njhlh;GilaJ. Fwpg;ghf xt;nthU KfhikahsUk; xt;nthU
gFjpfSk; vt;thwhd njhopw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
vd;gij milahsk; fhzTk; mtw;Wf;fhd tsq;fis
xJf;fPL nra;aTk; cjTfpd;wJ.

18. xOq;fikj;jy; jj;Jtq;fs;
Ntiyg; gfpu;T
jpizf;fsg;gLj;jy;
mjpfhuKk; nghWg;Gk;;
gbr;rq;fpyp
Fl;lisaplypy; xw;Wik
Fl;Lg;ghl;bd; tprhyk;
XUq;fpizj;jy;

19. mikg;G tiuglk;
NkypUe;J fPohdJ
fpilahdJ
tl;lkhdJ
caukhd mikg;G
jl;ilahd mikg;G

20. newpg;gLj;jy;
newpg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ epWtdk; xd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis
miltjw;fhd gy;NtW tpjkhd topfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,j;
njhopw;ghL gpd;tUk; cgnjhopw;ghLfis nfhz;ljhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
epWtdq;fs; itj;jpUf;Fk; ,yf;fpid miltjw;fhf
Copau;fis topg;gLj;Jfpd;w fUkk; newpg;gLj;jy; MFk;. ,f;
fUkj;jpNyNa epWtdj;jpd; ntw;wp jq;fpapUg;gjhff; nfhs;tu; mjd;
fhuzkhfNt ngsjpf tsq;fspy; fhl;Lfpd;w mf;fiwapid tpl kdpj
tsj;jpy; fhl;Lfpd;w mf;fiw cau;tile;Js;sJ. ,t; kdpj tsj;jpid
• jiyikj;Jtk;
• njhlh;ghly;
• Cf;fg;gLj;jy;

21. Mfpa 3 fUkq;fSk; Kf;fpak; ngWtJld; mtw;wpd;
%yNk Copau;fsJ njhopy; jpUg;jpapidAk; ,yf;F
miltpidAk; jq;fpAs;sd.
njhopy; jpUg;jp vd;gNj Copau;fs; jkJ njhopypy;
nfhz;Ls;s rhjfkhd kddpiyahFk;. jpUg;jp vd;gJ
Copau; jdJ njhopypy; vjid vjpu; ghu;f;fpd;whu;
vd;gjidAk; vjid ngWfpd;whu; vd;gjpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ.
Copau; vjpu;ghu;j;jJ milag;gLk; NghJ mtu; Ntiyapy;
jpUg;jp milfpd;whu;. jpUg;jp FiwtilAk; NghJ
Copau;fSf;Fk; Kfhikf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ> ,jd; fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpjpwd; tPo;r;rp
milfpd;wJ.

22. jiyikj;Jtk;
jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ gpwiu topelj;jp
mth;fsplkpUe;J jd;dpr;irahd xj;Jiog;gpidg; ngw;W
mjd; %ykhf epWtd ,yf;fpid milar; nra;fpd;w Xh;
,aq;Fk; nraw;ghlhFk;.
jiyth; epWtdj;jpd; kf;fis topfhl;b
nraw;glr; nra;fpd;whh;. ,th; jdf;F fPo;g;gl;lth;fspd;
Kaw;rpfis epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;Nfw;g ,af;Ffpd;whh;.
vdNt jiyik Vw;wy; vd;gJ xU kdpjdpd; elj;ijapd;
jukhFk;. mjd; %yk; mth; jdf;F fPo;g;gl;lth;fis
epWtdj;jpf; ,yf;if Nehf;fp Mh;tj;Jld; nraw;gl
itf;fpd;whh;.

23. jiyikj;Jtk;
epWtdnkhd;wpd; ,yf;fpid miltjw;fhf jdp
egupid my;yJ Fotpd; kPJ nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jjy; jiyikj;Jtk; MFk;.
mj; jiyth;fs; jk;kplkpUf;Fk; tYtpidg;
gad;gLj;jp VidNahu; kPJ nry;thf;fpid
gpuNahfpj;J mtu;fspd; elj;ijapy;
khw;wj;jpid vw;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.

24. jiyikj;Jtf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;;

25. jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;F
Leadership Style
jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;Ffs; epWtdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; FOf;fspy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp mjd; %ykhf epWtd ,yf;fpid
mile;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ. epWtdq;fspy;
fhzg;glf;$ba gy;NtWtpjkhd jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;Ffs;
gpd;tUkhW

26. 1) rh;tjpfhu jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;F
,j; jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fpy; jiyth; epWtdj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; midj;J nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; nghWg;ghff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k; Kiwapd; %yk; midj;Jj; jpl;lk;>
jPh;khdnkLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jiythpd; jPh;khdNk
fhuzkhf mikAk;. ,g; ghq;fpy; jdp xUthpd; nry;thf;F
mjpfsT fhzg;gLk;.
,J fPo;g;gl;lth;fSf;F fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
jz;lidfis toq;fp mth;fSld; vjph;kiwahd
njhlh;Gfisg; NgZtjd; %ykhf topelj;Jfpd;w xU
jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fhFk;. ,j; jiyikj;Jtk;
fPo;g;gl;lth;fSld; neUf;fkhd cwTfisg; Ngzhj
fhuzj;jpdhy; FWq;fhy tho;Tj;juj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

27. 2) Idehafj; jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;F
,j; jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fhdJ fPo;kl;lj;jtUld;
fye;Jiuahb mth;fsJ MNyhridiag; ngw;W mjd;
%ykhf epWtd nraw;ghLfis nraw;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,k;
Kiwapy; $l;Lj;jPh;khdq;fs; Nkw;f;nfhs;tjdhy;
midtuJ xj;Jiog;igAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJld;
Copah;fis Kfhik nra;tJk; RygkhFk;. ,k; Kiw
ntFkjpfs;> rd;khdq;fis fPo;kl;lj;jth;fSf;F toq;fp
mjd; %ykhf mth;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp
Nkw;f;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy; ePba fhy tho;Tj;jd;ik
cilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.

28. 3) vNjr;rjpfhu jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;F
,j; jiyikj;Jt Kiwapy; jiyth;
fPo;g;gl;lth;fspd; elj;ijapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjw;F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mstpyhd rh;tjpfhuj; jd;ikiag;
gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdh;. ,J Fwpg;ghf Kfhikahsh;
CopaUld; xU mzpahf ,ize;J nraw;gLtjidf;
fhzyhk;. ,k; Kiwapy; Copah;fs; kPJ Ra
Cf;fg;gLj;jypidf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs.;
jiytdpd; nry;thf;F jpzpf;fg;gLk; jiytd; jPu;khdq;fis vLj;J mjid
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; mOj;jj;jpid gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

29. fl;Lg;ghlw;w jiyikj;Jt ghq;F
Laissez faire Style
,J jiytd; cjtpahsu;fs; kPjhd
fl;Lg;ghl;bid kpff; Fiwe;j mstpy;
itj;jpUg;gjhFk;. FO mbg;gilapy;
Copau;fis ,aq;f itg;gNj ,j;
jiyikj;Jt gz;ghFk;. jiytd;
FOtpdUld; ,ize;J fUj;Jf;fis gupkhwp
jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;. mzp Ntiyf;F tif
nra;tNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

30. jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
• jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; gz;G vd;gJ gpwuJ elj;ijapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
xU eltbf;if
,J xU FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F jiytuhf ghapw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
xU ntw;wpfukhd jiyth; jd;Dila elj;ij> kdg;ghq;F %ykhf
fPo;kl;lj;jthpd; elj;ijapy; khw;wq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
• jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; gzpahFk;.
,J mikg;GUthf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F gzpahsh;fis
KOkdJld; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; eltbf;ifahf nraw;gLfpd;wJ. xU ntw;wpfukhd
jiyth; vd;gth; xU jdpeghpd; Mh;tj;ij xU FOtpd; Mh;tkhf
khw;wf;$bath;.
• nghJthd Nehf;fq;fSf;F gq;fspf;Fk; Xh; czh;Nt jiyik
xU ntw;wpngWk; jiyth; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ey;y gzpr; #oiy
Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F cjTfpd;whh;.
• jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyAld; cs;s njhlh;G
xU Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyf;Fk; Neuj;jpw;Fk; njhlh;Gila xU gzp.
jiyikNaw;wy; ghzp xU #o;epiyf;Fk; kw;nwhd;wpw;Fk; khWgl;lJ.

31. • jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ gq;fpl;Lf;nfhs;Sk; czh;T
xU ey;y jiyth; jdJ vz;zq;fisAk; mDgtq;fisAk;
nry;thf;ifAk; jdf;F fPo;g;gl;lth;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhs;fpd;whh;. Mth;
jd;Dila elj;ijahy; Jizg; gzpahsh;fspilNa khw;wj;ij
Vw;g;gLj;Jtjdhy; ,e;j tifahd jiyikapy; xU jpUg;jp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
• jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ ehl;lhikNah mjpfhuNkh my;y
ehl;lhik vd;gJ Kiwahd mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;
Fwpf;Fk;. jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ gpd; njhlh;e;J tUk; fPo;g;gl;lth;fis
elj;ijahy; ftUk; xU cs;shh;e;j <LghL
• jiyikNaw;wy; vd;gJ fPo;kl;lk; tiu epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;Ak;
eltbf;if
xU jiyth; jd;Dila nry;thf;if gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ Jizg;
gzpahsh;fs; jiythpd; mjpfhuj;ij xOq;FgLj;jp jiyikNaw;wypd;
nray;Kiwfis rhj;jpakhf;Ffpd;wdh;.
• ntw;wp ngwf;$ba jiyikahdJ Nehf;fj;ij milaNtz;Lk;.
jiyth;fspd; Kaw;rp xU Fwpg;gpl;l nray; epiwNtw;wj;ij Nehf;fp
nray;gLtjhFk;.

32. jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
njhhopy; El;g gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;;
njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
khdplj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
gapw;Wjy; jd;ikfis Nkk;gLj;jy;
Cf;fg;gLj;jy; jpwid mjpfupj;jy;
ifaspf;Fk; Mw;wiy nfhz;LtUjy;; Neu
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jy;
Kuz;ghLfis Kfhik nra;jy;
FO nra;Kiwfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;

33. kpf;rpf;fd; gy;fiyf;fof Ma;T
m) cw;gj;jpia ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T
(Production Oriented)
M) Copau; ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T
(Employee Oriented)

34. elj;ijf; Nfhl;ghL
1)Nfl; nyndpd; Ma;T
m) ru;tjpfhuj; jiyikj;Jtk;
M) Vfhjpgj;jpaj; jiyikj;Jtk;
,) [dehafj; jiyikj;Jtk;
<) jiyaPlw;w jiyikj;Jtk;

35. vfpNah khepy gy;fiyf;fof Ma;T
m) ,yf;F Nehf;fpaJ
M) Copau; Nehf;fpaJ

36. Resis Linkert Ma;tpd; %yk; gpd;tUk;
jiyikj;Jt khjpupfs;
m) Mjuthd jiyikj;Jtk;
M) gq;F gw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtk;
,) newpg;gLj;Jk; jiyikj;Jtk;
<) mjpfhukw;w jiyikj;Jtk;

37. R+o;epiyf;Nfw;w jiyikj;Jtk;
ntt;NtW re;jh;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;jNtz;ba
jiyikj;Jt ghq;fpid ikakhff;
nfhz;ljhFk;. epiyikf;Nfw;w jiyikj;Jtk;
gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; Kf;fpak;
ngWfpd;wJ.
Blenchard vd;gtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Copau;fspd; mDgtk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ
jiyikj;Jt ,ay;Gk; NtWgLk;.

39. jiyikj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
 Mc gregor vd;gthpd; x,y Nfhl;ghL
 Kfhikj;Jt tiyg;gpd;dy; Nfhl;ghL (Management grid)

40. Douglas Mc gregor ,d; x,y Nfhl;ghL
Mc gregor vd;gth; epWtdq;fspy; Copah;fis topelj;j
,uz;L tpjkhd mZFKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh; vd
jdJ Ma;tpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,t; ,uz;L
mZFKiwfSk; xd;Wf;F kw;nwhd;W Kuz;ghlhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd mZFKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW
x Nfhl;ghL (jb /rTf;F Nfhl;ghL)
y Nfhl;ghL (ful; Nfhl;ghL)

41. x Nfhl;ghL
,f; Nfhl;ghL epWtdq;fspy; Copah;fis
vjph;kiwahf J}z;Ltjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpufhuk;
epWtdq;fspy; Copah;fSf;F jz;lidfis toq;fp
gaKWj;jy;fis Vw;gLj;jp Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,jd; gpufhuk;
epWtdq;fspy; Kfhikahsh;fs; Fwpj;j xU vLNfhis
vLj;Jf;nfhs;fps;wdh;. mjhtJ Fjpiuaplk; Ntiyapid
thq;Ftjw;F Fjpiug;ghfd; vt;thW jbiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whNdh
mt;thNw epWtdq;fspYk; ,f; Nfhl;ghL gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpufhuk; gpd;tUk;
gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l Copah;fSf;F ,jidg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
a. epWtd ,yf;fpy; mf;fiw mw;wth;fs;
b. epWtd nrhj;Jf;fis J];gpuNahfq;fis nra;gth;fs;
c.mjpfsT tutPdk; nfhz;lth;fs;
d. mjpf Gus;T tPjj;ij nfhz;lth;fs;
e. epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikf;F xj;Jiog;ig toq;fhjth;fs;
f. njhopyw;rq;f Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLgth;fs;
g. mjpf Nkw;ghu;it Njitg;gLgtu;fs;

42. y Nfhl;ghL
,f; Nfhl;ghL epWtdq;fspy; Neuhd Kiwapy;
Copah;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; epWtdq;fspy;
Copah;fs; cstpay; hPjpahd jpUg;jpiag; ngw;W mjd; %ykhf
Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,J Copah; jpUg;jp> kfpo;tpg;G kw;Wk;
nfsutg;gLj;jy; %ykhf Copah;fis Cf;fg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,f;
Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpufhuk; Copah;fs; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;lth;fshff; fhzg;gLth;.
a. Ntiyapy; Mh;tKilath;fs;
b. epWtd nrhj;jpid chpa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jgth;fs;
c.mjpfsT tuTtPjj;jpidf; nfhz;lth;fs;
d. epWtd Kfhikf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Fgth;fs;
e. epWtdj;jpy; epiyahfg; gzpGhpgth;fs;
f. epWtdj;jpd; rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffSf;F fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs;
g. jd;dpr;irahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy;fis nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs;

43. Kfhikj;Jt tiyg;gpd;dy; Nfhl;ghL
Management grid
Robert blake and jane mouton vd;gth;fshy; tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,f; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpufhuk;
epWtdq;fspy; Kfhikahsh;fs; fPo;g;gl;lth;fis
topelj;Jtjw;F gpd;tUk; 5 Kiwfis gad;gLj;j KbAk;
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jd; gpufhuk; 81 gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l jiyikj;Jt
Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

45. Nkw;f;fhl;lg;gl;l tiuglj;jpd; gpufhuk; mr;rhdJ cw;gj;jp
Nehf;fpa jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; mr;rhdJ Copah; Nehf;fpa
jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; nfhz;ljhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
gpufhuk; epWtdq;fspy; gpd;tUk; 5 tpjkhd jiyikj;Jtk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

46. jiyaPlw;w Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 1.1)
jiyaPlw;w Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; epWtdq;fs;
Copa eyd; kw;Wk; epWtd eyd; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; kpff;
Fiwe;jsthd mf;fiwiar; nrYj;JtjhFk;. ,J
Fwpg;ghf fPo;g;gl;lth;fs; ve;jtpjkhd cjtpfisAk;
toq;Ftjpy;iy. khwhf Kfhikahsh;fSk; Copah;fSk;
ve;jtpjkhd jiyaPLfSkpd;wp jkJ Ntiyfis kpff;
Fiwe;j mf;fiwiar; nrYj;jpf; fhz;gjhFk;.

47. Copah; Nehf;fpa Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 1.9)
,k; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; Kfhikahsh;fs; cw;gj;jp
Nehf;fpy; Fiwe;j mf;fiwapidr; nrYj;jp Copah;
Nehf;fpy; mjpf mf;fiw nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy;
Copah; NjitfSf;Fk; eyd;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;jtk;
tow;Ffpd;wikapdhy; Copah; jkJ Ntiyfis
nrsfhpakhf Mw;Wfpd;wdh;. Fwpg;ghf nefpo;thd
jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; eph;thf eilKiwfspy;
Fiwe;jsthd fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w tplaq;fs; Copah;fis
jpUg;jpahfTk;> rpNdfg+h;tkhfTk;> kfpo;thfTk; gzpGhpa
itf;fpd;wdh;.

48. mzp Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 9.9)
,k; Kfhikj;Jt mZFKiwapy; epWtdq;fs; Copa
eyd;> epWtd eyd; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; cah;e;jstpyhd
mf;fiwapidr; nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,J Fwpg;ghf
epWtdq;fs; Copah;fis kpfr;rhpahd xOq;fpy; elj;jp
mjd; %ykhf cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Copa elj;ijfspy;
jpUg;jpahd ngWNgWfis mile;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,k;
Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwia kpf mjpfsT jdpahh; Jiw
epWtdq;fspYk;> INuhg;gp ehLfspYk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

49. eLepiyahd Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 5.5)
,k; Kfhikj;Jtk; nghJthf Copa eyd;> epWtd
eyd; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; ruhrhpahd mf;fiwia toq;fp
mjd; %ykhf jiyikj;Jt eilKiwapid
Nkw;f;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,j; jiyikj;Jtk; epWtdq;fisg;
nghWj;j tiuapy; gf;fr;rhh;Gfspd;wp epWtd Nehf;fpid
mila cjTfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; epWtdq;fisg;
nghWj;j tiuapy; ve;j tpjkhd eph;thfr; rpf;fYkpd;wp
Ntiyfis Kfhik nra;a cjTfpd;wJ.

50. rh;tjpfhu Kfhikj;Jtk; (Style 9.1)
,k; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; epWtdq;fs; nghJthf
cw;gj;jp my;yJ epWtd eydpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jp
Copa eydpy; Fiwe;jsT mf;fiwiar; nrYj;JtjhFk;.
jiyikj;Jtk; nghJthf mjpfsthd mjpfhuq;fs;>
tYf;fis gpuNahfpj;J jiyikj;Jt eyd;fis
Nkw;f;nfhs;fpd;wd. vdNt ,j; jiyikj;Jtk; nghJthf
epWtdq;fspy; cah;kl;lk;> fPo;kl;lj;jpw;F vt;tpjkhd
mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fis toq;fhJ KOikahd
fl;Lg;ghl;il jd;trk; itj;jpUe;J mjd;%yk;
epWtdq;fis Kfhik nra;fpd;w eilKiw MFk;.

52. Tannenbaum and Schmidt - Continuum of Leader
Behaviour
Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l Nfhl;ghlhdJ gpd;tUk; 5 jiyikj;Jt ,ay;Gfis
vtspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
1) gzpf;Fk; ,ay;G
2) jpzpf;Fk; ,ay;G
3) fye;JiuahLk; ,ay;G
4) gq;F nfhs;Sk; ,ay;G
5) ifaspf;Fk; ,ay;G
Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ,ay;Gfis gpd;tUk; tiuglk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

53. eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; jiytu; (Transactional Leader)
,j; jiytu; jdJ cjtpahsu; rpwg;ghf gzpahw;Wk;
nghUl;L mtu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp ,yf;fpid miltjw;fhf
ek;gpf;ifAld; nraw;gl itg;ghu;. Copau;fSf;F
nghWg;Gf;fis toq;fp mit njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s cupikfisAk; toq;Fthu;.

54. khw;wk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jiytu; (Transformational Leader)
,j;jiytu; Copau;fis toikahd vjpu;ghu;g;igtpl
cau;thd ,yf;fpid milAk; nghUl;L mfj;J}z;Ljy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,tu;fs; jkf;F nfhilahf fpilj;j
jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Copau;fSf;F Njitg;gLk;
MNyhridfs; gapw;rpfis toq;fp fbdkhfg; gzpahw;Wk;gb
J}z;Ltu;.

55. Cf;fg;gLj;jy;

56. Cf;fg;gLj;jypd; tiutpyf;fzk;
W.G ];fhl; vd;gthpd; fUj;jpd; gpufhuk;
“xU epWtdj;jpd; eph;zapj;j ,yf;fpid milag;
gzpahsh;fis J}z;Lk; nrayhFk;.”
vl;tpd; gp.gp. fpspg;Ngh vd;gthpd; fUj;jpd; gpufhuk;
“Cf;fg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ fPo;kl;lj;jtiu Kaw;rp nra;aj;
J}z;Lk; xU nraw;ghlhFk;. ,jd; %ykhf Kfhikahsh;fs;
jhk; epidj;jtw;iw nra;J Kbj;J mjw;f;fhd
rd;khdq;fis fPo;kl;lj;jtUf;F toq;fy;”
uhgl; ba+g;gpd; vd;gthpd; fUj;jpd; gpufhuk; “ xU kdpjid
nray;gLj;jTk; Vw;fdNt Muk;gpj;J itj;j nraw;ghLfisj;
J}z;lTk; Nkw;f;nfhs;sTk; nraw;gLj;Jk; eilKiw
Cf;Ftpj;jyhFk;.”

57. uhgl; ba+g;gpd; vd;gthpd; fUj;jpd; gpufhuk;
“ xU kdpjid nray;gLj;jTk; Vw;fdNt Muk;gpj;J itj;j
nraw;ghLfisj; J}z;lTk; Nkw;f;nfhs;sTk; nraw;gLj;Jk;
eilKiw Cf;Ftpj;jyhFk;.”

58. Cf;fg;gLj;jypd; %yq;fs;
mDgtkhd epWtd Kfhikahsh;fs;
kw;Wk; epGzh;fs; Cf;fg;gLj;jy;fSf;fhd mgpg;gpuhaj;ij
Nkw;f;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; rpy ntspafr; #oy; fhuzpfs;>
cs;sf #oy; fhuzpfis Copah;fis Cf;fg;gLj;j rpwe;j
fhuzpfshf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,t;thwhd %yfq;fshf
gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 Neh;Kiwahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Positive motivation)
 Vjph;kiwahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Negative motivation)
 ntspaf Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Extrinsic motivation)
 cs;sf Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Intrinsic motivation)

59. Neh;kiwahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Positive motivation)
Neuhd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Copah;fspd; Ntiyfis
mq;fPfhpj;J mth;fisg; ghuhl;b mjd;%ykhf Copah;fspd;
gq;fspg;gpid epWtd ,yf;fpid mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,jd; %ykhf Copah;fs; kfpo;r;rpahfTk;
rpwe;j mzpahfTk; gzpGhpa itf;f J}z;Lfpd;wJ.
,t;thwhd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; topfs; gpd;tUkhW
1. Copah;fSf;fhd ghuhl;Ljy;fis mth;fspd; xt;nthU
epiwNtw;Wjypd; NghJk; toq;Fjy;
2. mjpfhuf; ifaspg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; ifaspg;gjd;
%yk;
3. epWtd jPh;khdnkLj;jypy; Copah;fis gq;fspg;G nra;tjd;
%yk;
fPo;g;gl;lth;fSf;F eyd;Ghpr;Nritfis toq;Ftjd; %yk;

60. Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfs;
Theories of motivation
nghJthf epWtdq;fspy; vt;thW
Copah;fSf;fhd Cf;fg;gLj;jiy Cf;Ftpf;fyhk; vd;gjid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,U Nfhl;ghLfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,f;
Nfhl;ghLfs; epWtdq;fspy; rpwg;ghd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; cUthf
cjTfpd;wJ.
a)cs;sf;f Nfhl;ghLfs; (The content theories of work
motivation)
b) nra;Kiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; (The process theories of work
motivation)

61. vjph;kiwahd Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Negative motivation)
,t; Cf;fg;gLj;jy;; Copah;fis tw;GWj;jp
tYf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gak; mr;RWj;jy;fs; %ykhf
Copah;fis mth;fsJ gzpfis Nkw;f;nfhs;s
Kaw;rpg;gjhFk;. ,t; Cf;fg;gLj;jyhdJ jz;lidfis
toq;fp mth;fspd; elj;ijfspy; khw;wj;ij
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t; Cf;fg;gLj;jyhdJ Copah;fisg;
gaKWj;jp jz;lidfis toq;fp Copah;fspd; midj;J
nraw;ghLfisAk; epWtdj;Jf;F Vw;w tifapy; khw;wpf;
nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb vjpu;ghu;j;j tpisT Vw;gl Kbak;
vd;whYk; $ba tpisit ngw;Wj;ju khl;lhJ.
kWGwj;jpy; Copau; cw;gj;jp jpwd; mjpfupf;Fk; tha;g;G
fhzg;gl khl;lhJ.

62. njhlh;ghly;

63. njhlh;ghly; jd;ikfs; - rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
• ,Utopj; njhlh;ghly; Kiwahff; fhzg;gLjy;
Fiwe;jsT ,U egh;fs; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk jfty;
ghpkhw;wk; eilngWk;. xU egh; nra;jpiaj;
njhptpf;fpd;whh;. kw;iwath; mijg; ngWfpd;whh;.
• ,yFthd nkhopeil
xU njhlh;ghlypd; ntw;wp mijg; ngWgth; mr;
nra;jpapidg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sjypy; jq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt
nra;jpia mDg;Ggth; ngWgth; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf; $ba
tifapy; nkhopeilapy; mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• vz;zq;fspy; Xhpdj;jd;ik
nra;jpia mDg;Ggth; vt;thW nra;jpia
mDg;gpdhNuh mijg; ngWgth; mt;thNw
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F ,f; fUj;J xUikg;ghL Ntz;Lk;.

64. njhlh;ghly;
njhlh;ghliy Communication vd
Mq;fpyj;jpy; miog;gh;. ,J Communis vd;w
,yj;jPd; nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jjhFk;. ,jw;Fg;
nghJthdJ vd;W nghUs;. vdNt jfty;
njhlh;ghdJ xUth; jd;dplKs;s nghJthd
cz;ikfs;> vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fis
ghpkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwahFk;. xU egh;
nra;jpfis kw;nwhU eghplk; njhptpj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; NghJ jfty; njhlh;G
eilngWfpd;wJ.

65. • nra;jp xU nghUisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Fwpj;j xU nra;jp xU nghUis
nfhz;bUe;jhy;jhd; mijg; ngWgth; $wg;gLk;
nra;jpapy; Mh;tk; fhl;Lthh;. mjhtJ nra;jp
ngWeUf;F gaDilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• jfty; njhlh;G vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; CLUTk;
jd;ik
jfty; njhlh;G vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
epiwe;Js;sJ. ,J Kfhikapd; vy;yh
,lq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk;. ,J cah;> eLj;juk;>
fPo; vd;w kl;lq;fSf;fpilapy;
ghpkhw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

66. njhlu;ghly; nra;Kiwfs;
,J njhlu;ghly; %yk; nra;jpfs;
gupkhw;wg;gLtjid ntspf;fhl;Lk;. ,jpy; 6
nra;Kiwfs; fhzg;gLk;.

67. epWtdq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; njhlh;ghly;
tiffs;
1)cs;thhpahd njhlh;ghly;
2)ntspthhpahd njhlh;ghly;

68. cs;thhpahd njhlh;ghly;
cs;thhpahd njhlh;ghly; vd;gJ
epWtdq;fspy; epWtd Kfhikapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fl;gl;l epWtd vy;iyfSf;Fs;
,lk;ngWk; njhlh;ghly; MFk;. ,j; njhlh;ghly;
nghJthf epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffs;> tpjpfs;>
Nehf;fq;fs;> Kiwikfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
ghpkhwpf;nfhs;s mtw;iw cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s
cjTtjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J
epWtdq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdhdJk;
gaDWjpj;jd;ikAilaJkhd Kfhikj;Jt
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;f;nfhs;tJld;

69. ntspthhpahd njhlh;ghly;
,J epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F mg;ghw;gl;l Gwr;#oYld;
njhlh;GilajhFk;. ,J epWtdr; #oy;>
thbf;ifahsh; Njit> vjph;ghh;g;G> re;ijapd;
Nfs;tp> epuk;gy; Nghd;w tplaq;fis
ghpkhwpf;nfhs;s mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

70. njhlh;ghlypd; gpujhd Kiwfs;
njhlh;ghlyhdJ vt;thW
ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ vd;w mbg;gilapy;
mijg; gpd;tUk; 3 tifahf
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
• vOj;J %ykhd njhlh;ghly;
• tha;nkhop %ykhd njhlh;ghly;
• iriffs; %ykhd njhlh;ghly;

71. vOj;J %ykhd njhlh;ghly;
vOj;J %ykhd njhlh;ghly; vd;gJ
epWtdq;fspy; nra;jpfshdJ vOj;J %ykhd
fbjq;fs;> Rw;wwpf;iffs;> nra;jpf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;>
mwpf;iffs;> ifNaLfs; Nghd;wd %ykhf
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ed;ikfs;
 njspthdjhf fhzg;gLjy;
 gaDilajhff; fhzg;gLjy;
 kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cgNahfpf;f $bajhff; fhzg;gLjy;
 nryTr; rpf;fdkhff; fhzg;gLjy;
 mjpfsthd nra;jpfis mDg;gf; $bajhff;
fhzg;gLjy;

72. njhlh;ghlypd; jilfs;
njhlh;ghlypd; jilfs; vd;gJ nra;jp
mDg;GNthhpdhy; mDg;gg;gLk; nra;jpapidg;
ngWgth; chpa mh;j;jj;jpy;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tij ghjpf;fpd;w fhuzpfs;
MFk;. ,j; jilfs; epWtdq;fSf;F
epWtdk; nra;jpfis ghpkhwpf; nfhs;tjpy;
ntt;NtW tpjkhd jilfis cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;fpd;wd. mj; jilfs; gpd;tUkhW

73. • rj;jk;
njhlh;ghlypy; rj;jk; vd;gJ njhlh;ghlypd;
chpa mh;j;jk; nrtpkLg;Nghiu nrd;wilahJ
jLf;Fk; fhuzpahFk;. ,J #oy;fhuzpfshYk;
kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; rhjdq;fspdhYk;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• nkhophPjpahd jilfs;
epWtdq;fspy; jw;NghJ gy;Kfhikj;Jtk;
fhzg;gLtjdhy; gynkhop NgRNthh;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. vdNt njhlh;ghlypd; gpujhd
jilfahf nkhop fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;
nkjopfspy; fhzg;glf; $ba gy;NtW tpjkhd
rpf;fy;fs; cs;sf> ntspafj; njhlh;ghlypy;
ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

74. • fyhr;rhuj; jilfs;
,d;W epWtdq;fspy; tpahghur; #oypy;
cyfkakhf;fy; fhuzkhf gy;NtW tpjkhd
kj> nkhop> fyhr;rhuq;fisf; nfhz;l kf;fs;
fhzg;gLtjdhy; ,d;W njhlh;ghlypy; fyhr;rhu
hPjpahd jilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• epWtd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs;
epWtdq;fs; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs;
njhlh;ghlYf;fhd nghUj;jkhd topfis
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. mdhy; rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
njsptpy;yhj nfhs;iffs;> tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
eilKiwfs; njhlh;ghlypy; jilfis
cUthf;Fk;.

75. • epWtdf; fl;likg;G
epWtdq;fspy; cah;e;j fl;likg;G>
jlilahd fl;likg;G vdg; gy;NtW
fl;likg;Gf;fs; epWtdq;fspy; gt;NtW
tpjkhd jilfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

76. fl;Lg;gLj;jy; CONTROLLING
Kfhikj; njhopw;ghLfspy; xd;whd fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
epue;jukhdJk; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
njhopw;ghlhFk;.
nudpw; Nghg; vd;gtu; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ eilngWk;
nray;fs;. Vw;nfdNt tiuag;gl;l jpl;lj;jpd;gbAk;
gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mizfspd;gbAk; eilngWfpd;wjh
vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;SjYk; FiwghLfs; kPz;Lk;
tuhkYk; jLj;jYf;fhd xU gzpahFk; vd
tiuaWf;fpd;wdu;.
,jd; %yk; jpl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; nraw;ghLfs;
eilngWtjw;Fk; mjD}lhf epWtd ,yf;if ,yFthfTk;>
tpiuthfTk; miltjw;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; cjTfpd;wJ.

77. fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nra;Kiw
epakq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpjy;
epakq;fis cz;ikfSld; xg;gpLjy;
NtWghl;bid fz;lwpjy;
NtWgl;bUg;gpd; gupfhuq;fisj; NjLjy;

78. fl;Lg;ghl;L tiffs; Type of control
epWtdq;fs; jkJ tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Kiwfisj;
Nju;e;njLf;f KbAk;. toikapy; epWtdq;fshy; %d;W
tifahd fl;Lg;gLj;jyfs; filg;gpbf;fg;gly; KbAk;.
1. jLg;Gf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Preventive Control)
2. jpUj;jf; fl;Lg;ghL (Corrective Control)
3. gzpj;Jiwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Bureaucratic Control)

79. jLg;Gf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Preventive Control)
epWtdq;fs; vj;jifa jtWfisAk; Kd;$l;b ePf;fptpl
vLf;Fk; eltbf;if jLg;Gf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhFk;. ,e;j
eltbf;ifapd;gb jtW cz;ikapy; Vw;glNtkhl;lhJ. jtW
vq;F Vw;gl KbAk; vd Kd; czug;gl;L jtWfis
Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;gjhf mit ePf;fg;gLk;.

80. jpUj;jf; fl;Lg;ghL (Corrective Control)
epWtdq;fspy; jtW Vw;gl;ljd; gpd;G mjidj;
jpUj;Jtjw;F vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffs; vy;yhk; jpUj;jf;
fl;Lg;ghL vdg;gLk;. ,jd;gb epaj;JKk; cz;ikf;Fk;
,ilNa tpyfy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;ff; fhuzk; vd;d vd;gij
Muha;e;J gupfhuq;fisj; NjLtNj ,f; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhFk;.

81. gzpj;Jiwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Bureaucratic Control)
epWtdj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; tpjpfSf;Fk;
gpukhzq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g mike;jpUf;fpwjh vd;gijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jpg; ghu;g;gJ ,JthFk;. ,f; fl;Lg;gLj;jypd;gb
gpukhzq;fisAk; kPwhjpUg;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gLk;.

82. fl;Lg;ghl;L El;gq;fs; (Control Techniques )
1. ,Ug;Gf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
2. juf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
3. ghjPl;Lf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
4. ,yhg el;l Ma;T
5. tpfpjg; gFg;gha;T
6. tiyg;gpd;dy; Ma;T
7. fzf;fha;Tf; fl;Lg;ghL

83. fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (Importance of control)
1. jpl;lj;jpd; eilKiwapid kjpg;gpl cjTfpd;wJ.
2. FiwghLfis cupa fhyj;jpy; fz;lwpe;J jPu;T fhz
cjTfpd;wJ.
3. Vjpu;fhy jpl;lq;fs; vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. Kfhikapd; Vida gzpfs; vt;thW eilKiwg;glj;jg;gLk;
vd mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ.
5. epWtdr; nray;fspd; epakj;jpw;Fk; nraw;ghl;L mstpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd NtWghl;il fz;lwpa cjTfpd;wJ.
epWtd tsq;fs; cr;r Kiwapy; gad;glj;jg;gl cjTfpd;wJ.

84. rpwe;j fl;lg;ghl;L Kiwapd; jd;ikfs;
1. nghUj;jKilik (Suitability)
2. tpiuthd mwpf;if (Quick Reporting )
3. Ntwghl;bw;fhd mwptpj;jy; (Reporting Deviations)
4. Kd;Nehf;fp mwpjy; (Forward Looking )
5. Nehf;fq;fs; (Objectives )
6. nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik (Flexibility)
7. rpf;fdk; (Economy)
8. vspikaha; ,Uj;jy; (Simple)
9. Cf;fkspj;jy; (Motivating)
10.jpUj;j eltbf;if (Corrective Action)