Calculating Reaction Rates Lab: Effect of Temperature

Reaction Rate Calculations Lab Report
Reaction Rates Calculations
Directions: Calculate the reaction rate for the following (reaction rate = volume ÷ time):
A. 300 mL of carbon dioxide gas were produced in 20 seconds after mixing baking soda and
vinegar.
B. 300 mL of carbon dioxide gas were produced in 15 seconds after mixing baking soda and
vinegar.
C. 300 mL of carbon dioxide gas were produced in 10 seconds after mixing baking soda and
vinegar.
D. 300 mL of carbon dioxide gas were produced in 5 seconds after mixing baking soda and vinegar.
E. Recall that temperature plays a role in the reaction rate between chemicals. Analyze problems A
through D and arrange them in order of increasing temperature.
Directions: Calculate the reaction rate for the following (reaction rate
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How Does Concentration Affect The Rate Of Reaction
The Effect of Concentration on the Rate of a Reaction
Introduction:
A chemical reaction is the process in which atoms of the same or different elements form a new
substance by rearranging themselves. The rate of reaction refers to the speed at which a chemical
reaction proceeds. The rate of almost every chemical reaction can be sped up or slowed down by
adding another variable. Factors such as, temperature, concentration of reactants, surface area,
agitation and catalysts affect the rate of a chemical reaction. Increasing the temperature of a
chemical reaction will usually speed up the rate of that reaction by causing the molecules to move
faster. The two effects of increasing temperature are greater collision intensity and more frequent
collisions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In our first attempt of the experiment, it was all going smoothly until we realised that we had no set
way of measuring the concentration's effect on the reaction until the experiment was over and we
were left with no results. After watching how the experiment worked and obtaining a better
understanding through that, we decided to measure the concentration by timing how long it took for
the water from the inverted test tube to drain. We made sure that for each test there was 30g of
marble chips and 20mL of hydrochloric acid. We tested each concentration three times and then
averaged them out in order to achieve an accurate result. The 0.5 M hydrochloric and marble chips
reacted much slower compared to the 2 M. It took an average of 36.16 seconds for the water to drain
from the tube with the lower concentration of hydrochloric acid. The 2 M acid reacted significantly
faster with the marble chips averaging at a mere 4.52 seconds. In order to solely test how the
concentration of a solution affects the rate of reaction, we made sure that everything else stayed
exactly the same except for the higher and lower concentrations of hydrochloric acid. The same
amount of marble chips and hydrochloric acid was used each time and the same test tubes were also
used. Increasing the concentration of hydrochloric acid increased the rate of the reaction such that
the water was emptied out of the inverted test tube in 4.52 seconds instead of 36.16

Enzyme Catalysis And Its Effect On The Reaction Rate Of An...
TITLE: ENZYME CATALYSIS
PURPOSE: Measure the effects of changes in catalase concentration, substrate concentration, and
salinity on the reaction rates of an enzyme.
RESEARCH COMPONENTS: What is being tested–what do you know about enzymes?
PRELAB QUESTIONS:
Explain how the structure of an enzyme is related to its function/activity.
All enzymes are structured to react with unique substrates. and each enzyme has an active site where
the substrate bonds to the enzyme. The active site of an enzyme is shaped to fit the specific substrate
it reacts with.
Explain how free energy (G) relates to activation energy and enzymes.
Free energy (G) is the amount of energy required to do work. Enzymes help speed up the process by
lowering the activation energy needed to complete a reaction.
Explain how temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration would affect
reaction rates.
Temperature affects the rate of which the enzyme reacts, enzymes react typically faster in hotter
temperatures than colder. Ph levels that are extremely low or high can stop enzyme activity
completely or slow them down.If there is more enzyme concentration the reaction is quicker
because enzymes become constant. Also if substrate activity increases, so the reaction time speeds
up until maximum is reached.
For each part of the lab (I, II, III) identify the control (if any), the independent variable, and the
dependent variable.
Part I
Part II
Part III
Control
type of enzyme,

Chemistry Practical on Rate of Reaction
Aim: The rate at which a reaction occurs, or takes place, is affected by various factors, such as the
temperature at which the experiment is conducted in, the pressure which is given, the surface area
which is exposed, use of catalysts, and the concentration. In this investigation, I would be
investigating the affect of surface area, or particle size, in the rate at which a reaction occurs.
Background Information: The more finely divided the solid is, the faster the reaction happens. A
powdered solid will normally produce a faster reaction than if the same mass is present as a single
lump. The powdered solid has a greater surface area than the single lump. Note: Why normally?
What exceptions can there be? Imagine a case of a very fine ... Show more content on
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And then take the powder of the same reactant and react it with equal amount of the liquid. This
factor will be manipulated by keeping the mass of both the stripe/ribbon and the powder constant.
As if the mass is different of the stripe/ribbon and the powder, the results won't be accurate.
Dependent Variable: The dependent variable in this investigation will be the time required for the
reaction between the liquid and the stripe/ribbon and the powder to be completed. Because, the
investigation is based on the affect of surface area in the rate at which reaction occurs. Constant
Variable: The constant variable in this investigation will be the temperature, pressure, concentration,
catalyst, and the amount of the reactants used. This is because, these are some of the other factors,
which affect the rate at which a reaction occurs. A rise in temperature will result in an increased rate
of reaction and vice versa. This is because the energy in the particles, which will react, will have
higher energy resulting in a higher frequency of effective collisions to take place. An increase in
concentration and pressure will also increase the rate of reaction. This is because, the reacting
particles become more crowded resulting in an increased chance of particles colliding. A catalyst is a
substance that speeds up a reaction without itself being used up. The amount of both the reactants
will also be kept constant by using the same mass of the ribbon/stripe for

Chemistry
Chemistry Coursework – Rates of Reaction Investigation
Introduction
In this investigation I am going to be investigating the reaction between marble chips and
hydrochloric acid, and to see what differences in the rate of this reaction arise when different
concentrations of acid are used. Below is the word equation for this reaction:
Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid = Calcium Chloride + Carbon Dioxide + Water Below is
the fully balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
CaCo3 + HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Aim
The aim of this investigation is to find out whether the concentration of the acid affects the rate of
reaction between the acid and marble chips.
Prediction
I predict that, as the concentration of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
0secs(3) 6 cm3 8 cm3 12 cm3 17 cm3 19 cm3 24 cm3 33 cm3
1min 11 cm3 20 cm3 22 cm3 30 cm3 35 cm3 50 cm3 54 cm3
1min(2) 12 cm3 19 cm3 24 cm3 31 cm3 38 cm3 51 cm3 57 cm3
1min30 17 cm3 31 cm3 35 cm3 50 cm3 55 cm3 73 cm3 76 cm3
1min30(2) 18 cm3 28 cm3 36 cm3 49 cm3 55 cm3 72 cm3 78 cm3

The averages of these results are shown below:
Time 0.5mol 0.75mol 1mol 1.25mol 1.5mol 1.75mol 2mol
30secs 6 cm3 9 cm3 10 cm3 17 cm3 20 cm3 24 cm3 31 cm3
Analysis
My graphs (following on separate sheets of graph paper) and results table show me that the rate of
reaction is greater when the

The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction Essay
The effect of temperature on rates of reaction
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to find out if the reaction rate of sodium thiosulphate solution and
hydrochloric acid will be affected by a temperature change.
Prediction:
I predict that as a result of increasing the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate, the rate of reaction
will be faster. Because of the increase in temperature, the particles will gain more kinetic energy.
This will therefore cause them to move faster and produce more successful collisions, causing the
rate to increase.
Plan:
Na S O + 2HCl S + SO + 2NaCl + H O
Before carrying out the experiment, I must first of all begin the preliminary work. This part of the
experiment will enable me to choose an appropriate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will also make sure the apparatus is thoroughly cleaned before repeating the experiment. The only
thing I will be changing for each reaction will be the temperature.
GRAPH
Diluted 5/5 with water
Apparatus:
For the experiment I will use:
* Sodium Thiosulphate solution
* Hydrochloric acid
* Water
* A test tube

* A beaker
* A hot plate
* A thermometer
* A stopwatch
* A glass bottle
* Ice
Preliminary work:
From my preliminary results graph, I could determine how I needed to change the scale and
concentration of my experiment. Using 10cm of sodium thiosulphate, I quickly discovered that at 45
C the reaction was too fast to measure and so for my scale to reach above that, I needed to dilute the
sodium thoisulphate. When I accordingly changed the concentration to 5cm distilled water and 5cm
sodium thoisulphate. I noticed that I would be able to conduct the experiment until 50 C because at
55 C it was only just measurable and this may be a source of error if I wasn't able to record the
results in time.
After analysing the data from my preliminary work, I decided to add in an extra temperature of
below room temperature at 10 C which would produce a more in depth experiment. I also cut out
some temperatures where the time taken for the black cross to be obscured was similar to other
temperatures. For example 35 C where there

Chemical Reactions And Factors That Affect The Rate Of A...
Reactions occur everywhere, and they may take decades, such as fossils, or only seconds, such as
lighting a match to occur. "Chemical kinetics concerns the rates of chemical reactions" and what
factors affects these rates (Iodine Clock, 2017). "Temperature, concentration, pressure of reacting
gases, surface area of reacting solids and the use of catalysts are all factors which affect the rate of a
reaction" (Bbc.co.uk, 2017). This is because they affect the reaction roles and yields of activation
energy, product management and reactant management (William, 2017). This is accomplished by
"making changes to the concentration, pressure or temperature of a reaction to alter the position of
the equilibrium" (Bbc.co.uk, 2017).
Accordingly, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was further identified that typically for every 10oC temperature rise, the reaction rate would
double (Del Mundo et al., 2016) (Clark, 2017).
Throughout the Landolt Iodine Clock Reaction, chemical equilibria are clearly demonstrated
through the delayed colour change of combining two colourless solutions to form a dark blue
solution. The overall chemical reaction for this is as follows:
2IO–3(aq) + 5HSO–3(aq) + 2H–(aq) → I2 + 5HSO–4(aq) + H20(l)
Iodate ions + Bisulfite ions + hydronium ions → Iodine + Bisulfate + water (Iodine Clock, 2017)
The individual steps of the reaction are:
(1) IO3–(aq) + 3HSO3–(aq) → I–(aq) + 3SO4–(aq) + 3H+(aq)
Iodate + Bisulfite → Iodide + Sulfate + Hydronium ions
(2) IO3– (aq) + 5I–(aq) + 6H+aq) → 3I2(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Iodate + Iodide + Hydronium ions → Iodine + Water
(3) I2(aq) + HSO3–(aq) + H2O(l) → 2I–(aq) +SO4–(aq) +3H+(aq)
Iodine + Bisulfite + Water → Iodide + Sulfate + Hydronium ions
(4) I2(aq) + I–(aq) + starch → dark blue starch–I3– complex
Iodine + Iodide + starch → dark blue starch–I3– complex
(Iodine Clock Reaction, 2015)
The first reaction is the rate determining step, and hence, determines the order of the reaction. The
equilibria is delayed in this reaction due to any of the iodine produced, immediately reacting with
any bisulfite still present, before then being converted into colourless iodide (reaction 2). Therefore,
to demonstrate this reaction, the

The Effect Of Fast Reactants On The Rate Of A Chemical...
Introduction:
The measure of how fast reactants are converted into products is the rate of a chemical reaction.
Some reactions occur more quickly than others, but the reaction rate can be made faster or slower
depending on certain factors. Concentration, surface area, temperature, and the presence of a
catalyst are all factors that can affect the rate of a reaction. A reaction is considered complete when
the entirety of at least one of the reactants has been converted into products. If the end of a reaction
is indicated by a color change or the formation of a precipitate, then the reaction rate can be found
by measuring the time from when the reactants were mixed to when the color change occurred or
the precipitate was formed.
A rate law ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The overall order of a reaction is calculated by finding the sum of the individual orders of the
reactants.
During the lab, while the concentration of one reactant varied, the concentration of the other reactant
was held constant. The experiment was completed in this particular manner because the
concentration of one reactant had to remain the same in order to discover how varying the
concentration of the other reactant affected the reaction rate. Learning how to control the rate of a
chemical reaction is a big advantage. For example, knowing that the rusting of iron can be slowed
by painting the metal or covering it with certain substances is beneficial. The purpose of this
experiment was to determine the rate law of a chemical reaction by calculating the change in the rate
of the reaction as the concentration of the reactants are varied.
Materials:
Safety goggles
30 mL of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution
100–mL graduated cylinder
Three 2–ounce disposable plastic cups
30 mL of 0.30 M sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) solution
Tap water
Six–well reaction plate
White paper
Black Sharpie
Two 3–mL syringes
Phone stopwatch
Pencil
600–mL beaker

Soap
Paper towels
Procedure: To begin the experiment, safety goggles were placed over the eyes of each experimenter
and all the necessary materials were gathered. Next, 30 mL of the 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution
was measured in a 100–mL graduated cylinder and poured into a 2–ounce disposable plastic cup.
Thirty

Factors That Affect The Rate Of The Chemical Reaction
Introduction
A chemical reaction is when two or more (different) substances, react with each other to form new
chemical substances(product). In a chemical reaction, the molecular structure is rearranged.When
the molecular structure is rearranged it can increased or decreased. The signs of a chemical reaction
include a colour change, temperature change, formation into a gas and odour change. The rate of
reaction can be increased by increasing the temperature, concentration and the expansion of the
surface area which is explained by collision theory collision theory. Collision theory is when the
kinetic energy increases the chance that the atoms and molecules collide. Kinetic energy is an
energy which a body possesses by virtue of being in motion. By increasing the temperature the
particles start to move around quicker because they have more energy. This means that it is more
likely to collide with the other substance making it easier than to collide with each other, making the
reaction rate higher. Changing the concentration of the solution the particles become more crowded,
therefore there is a greater chance of the particles colliding, increasing the rate of the reaction.
Lastly, by expanding the surface area the particles are more exposed to the reactant, there's will be
more constant so the rate of reaction increases.
Aim
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate three different variables(increase in surface area,
increase in temperature and increase in

Reaction Rate Of Clock Reactions
Introduction:
Investigations into the mechanics of chemical kinetics can reveal invaluable information relating to
the rates of reaction. There are numerable applications of reaction rates, knowledge in this area is
pivotal for industrial, commercial and research sectors. Thus, allowing them the ability to
manipulate a variety of factors of chemical reactions with the use of reaction rates. In the scope of
the kinetics of clock reactions, there is a range of information that can be obtained about reaction
rates (Shakhashiri, 1992).
A clock reaction is characterised by an abrupt colour change following an established time lag
(Lente et al, 2007). The induction period in a clock reaction is a result of low concentrations of the
clock chemical (i.e. the chemical that enables the final reaction). The induction period ends after the
total consumption of a limiting reagent, which initiates a short increase in the rate of product
formation, resulting in a visible colour change (Schmitz, 2010)(Lente et al, 2007). The reaction rate
of clock reactions is subject to factors including temperature, concentration, catalysis and inhibition.
These factors can be manipulated, thus changing the length of the induction period in a 'clock–like'
manner (Shakhashiri, 1992).
Changes in the rate of reaction can be described in terms of chemical equilibrium. "Chemical
equilibrium is a state in which the forward and reverse reactions take place at the same rate"
(Wilbraham et al, 2002). The

Investigating The Reaction Rate Of Crystal Violet
orah Albaiz
CHMY143–016
Katie Link
Lab Partner: Lydia Aman
Crystal Violet Kinetics
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment was studying the reaction rate of crystal violet with NaOH by
observing the concentration using the MicroLAB colorimeter, monitoring how the reactant
concentration affects reaction rate constant, determining the reaction order, and to calculate the
reaction pseudo rate constants and the true value rate constant. The rate of the reaction of crystal
violet with NaOH is given by the generalized rate law, rate = k [OH–]x [CV]y where k is the rate
constant for crystal violet and CV is crystal violet, C25H30N3+. Where x and y are the reaction
orders. The equation can be rewritten as:
Eq.1 k' = k[OH–]x
Since solutions of crystal violet obey Beer's law, absorptivity can be calculated using the following
equation:
Eq.2 At = ε l[CV]t
Where A is the initial absorbance when the experiment first starts, l is the path length of the cuvette
(2.54 cm), and [CV]t is the initial concentration of crystal violet.
Procedure:
Determination of Reaction Order in Crystal Violet
MicroLAB Kinetics program was opened, then the colorimeter was calibrated to a 100%
transmission by filling a marked, clean, clear cuvette, about ¾ full of deionized water. The cuvette
was wiped with a Kimwipe from the outside before putting it in the colorimeter. The cuvette was
inserted in the chamber, then the cap was closed, and the Read Blank button was clicked to start the
calibration.

Reaction Rate Lab
Introduction The reaction rates provide important information concerning the factors that control the
speed of a chemical reaction or the steps that occur in complex mechanisms of a chemical reaction
in a study called chemical kinetics. The most common factors that affect the reaction rate are
concentration, temperature and actions of catalyst. The rate of reaction is ( Rate=k[A]n[B]m) which
is written in rate law expression. Reaction rates may be determined by following the appearance of
disappearance of chemical substance or the change in a characteristic property. In the experiment
hydrogen peroxide will undergo decomposition and the product oxygen gas collected. Initial rate at
which the O2 is produced will be monitored to determine the rate 2H2O22H2O(l)+O2(g). Since the
reaction rates depend on reactant concentrations, the rate at which O2is produced on lt during the
initial few minutes of the reaction, the reaction concentrations should not decrease significantly.
This method of investigation is called the initial rate method. Experimental ... Show more content on
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Start LoggerPro program then set up bath of 500 mL of water in an a 800 mL beaker and heat to 60
celsius. Weigh a dry 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask, add 9g of lauric acid to the flask and weigh again
place the flask in the water bath until the acid is completely melted inside of the flask. Once the
solution is melted remove the flask from the water bath. Let the solution cool to 60 celsius then start
the data on LoggerPro the temperature will drop but once it gets to a set temperature for 2 minutes
stop the data collection. Then proceed to clean up by using removing the probe and cleaning it with
a paper

The Effect Of Concentration On The Rate Of Reaction
The hypothesis that as (the first variable being tested), the concentration in the solution is changed
and it becomes more dilute, this will result will be a slower rate of reaction. Therefore, it is also
hypothesised that the addition of a catalyst will cause the rate of those reactions to speed up, was
proven correct by the results of this experiment, in that the changing of the concentration and the
addition of a catalyst changed the speed at which the reaction occurred. The results from both Part 1
and Part 2 conclusively showing that the have a direct effect on the rate at which the reaction occurs.
In order to come to this conclusion, the data needs to be transformed into rate laws. In order to get a
complete rate law, the order of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using the results from the tables above (Table 1 and Table 3), the average reaction time for the
NaHSO4 can be seen dropping from 19.833 seconds to 2.23 seconds, a drop of 88.76%(Refer to
calculations in journal). Additionally, the NaHSO4 in the 10 ml solution dropped its average
reaction time by 81.52% down from 34.523 seconds to 6.38 seconds. Thus, the experimental data
proves that catalysts speed up the rate of reaction and thereby validates the hypothesis for this
investigation. Though the overall test results confirm both hypotheses, it can be seen that there is a
disparity between the experimental results and the accepted data results. The experiment produced
results that were within 5% of each other, thus within the acceptable margin of error. However, there
were still large variations between results both within the the same batches and different ones, thus,
calling into question the success of variable management within the experiment. Due to the array of
variables that could have affected the experimental data over the course of the experiment it is hard
to pinpoint with certainty the actual cause for the discrepancies. However, the reliability of the
experiment could be improved majorly with one change. The experiment was conducting using the
minimal amount of test repetition necessary to get the required results. If the test were to be
completed, several tests for each concentration

Investigating Temperature On Rates Of Reactions
INVESTIGATING TEMPERATURE ON RATES OF REACTIONS
STRAWBERRY KWAN, Yousof Nowrozi, Selena Ferguson, Isaac Kambouris, Lynn Peng, Elliott
Jones–Perrin CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 4
AIM 9
HYPOTHESIS 10
APPARATUS 10
PROCEDURE/METHOD 11
VARIABLES 12
RISK ASSESSMENT 14
DIAGRAM 15
RESULTS 16
DISCUSSION 16
CONCLUSION 19
REFERENCES 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY 20
APPENDIX 21
INTRODUCTION
Rate of reactions play a vital role in real life situations. Everyday situations, such as cooking,
require reaction rates to be increased. To bake some cookies, you place them inside an oven. But
why is that? Well, placing the cookies in the oven speeds up the rate of the reaction by heating it up.
When the cookies have more heat energy, they cook faster. Additives may be added to foods to
speed up the reaction. These are called catalysts. Likewise, we place milk in our fridges to slow
down the reaction rate by removing heat and preventing the milk from going bad. This is because
the milk would turn sour if we left it out near a window. (14)
Enzymes are used to speed up biological reactions. When digesting food, enzymes are used as
biological catalysts to speed up metabolisms. Excess heat from this is used to regulate the
temperature of endothermic animals' bodies. When a person is ill, their body temperature increases
as heat fights bacteria by slowing down the rate of bacteria production. Respiration is another
example of when reactions are sped up in biological systems. Rates of reactions

Reaction Temperature And The Rate Of Reaction
Discussion The experiment investigated the relationship between temperature and the rate of
reaction for the reaction of iron (III) nitrate with sodium thiosulfate. The results show that the rate of
iron (III) reacting forming iron (II) increases as the temperature of the solutions increases. Table 1
shows that when the temperature of the reactants is 4℃, it takes 54.173 seconds for the reaction to
occur to the stage that the cross to appears. The time taken for the solution to reach the same
transparency reduces to 16.37 seconds when the temperature is 25℃ and to 2.09 seconds when the
temperature is 65℃. The line of best fit in Graph 1 suggests that there is an inverse relationship
between temperature and reaction time. This indicates that as the temperature increases, the rate of
reaction also increases. The results for the rate of reaction, as seen in Table 2, suggest that as the
temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases at a progressively greater rate. When the
temperature increases 21℃ from 4℃ to 25℃, the rate of reaction increases from 1.846 s–1 to
6.1100 s–1 while a similar increase in temperature from 25℃ to 65℃ has a much more significant
difference in the rate of reaction: 47.85s–1 at 65℃. This supports the hypothesis, as the rate of
reaction increases as the temperature increases. According to collision theory, increasing the
temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles in the solution. This allows both a net
increase in the energy

Reaction Rates of Marble Chips
How can we speed up the reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid?
Contents
1. Plan
 Aim
 Equipment
 Variable Factors
 Prediction
 Method
 Trial Run
2. Results
 Results Tables
3. Analysis and Conclusions
 Graphs
 Conclusions
4. Evaluation
 Accuracy Of Results
 Reliability
 Improvements
 Extending the Investigation
1. Plan
Aim
I am doing this experiment to find out how I can speed up the reaction rate between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
Equipment
This is the equipment I will use:

 Gas Syringe
 Glass Flask
 Calcium Carbonate
 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. Evaluation
Accuracy of results
There is always some degree of inaccuracy in any experiment. I think that there were several factors
in my experiment that made the results slightly inaccurate. These were;
 The time taken to place the bung on the flask – This let out a small amount of carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere instead of the gas syringe.
 Weighing and measuring inaccuracy's – The weighing of the marble chips will always be
slightly inaccurate due to the scales inaccuracy. This is the same with the measuring of acid.
 The size of the marble chips – The size of the marble chips was not always the same,
some were larger or smaller than others. This would have made for a slight inaccuracy.
Reliability
No significant problems or difficulties were encountered when carrying out this experiment. The
accuracy and reliability of the results and conclusions are very good. Even though I have outlined
the inaccuracy's of the experiment, these are only t be expected and do not have much impact on the
overall conclusion.
Improvements
The procedure used was simple and straightforward and not many difficulties were encountered.
One difficulty was that the gas syringe was subject to humidity which made the syringe move not as
smoothly as it would have otherwise. A small improvement could be

How The Rate Of A Chemical Reaction
Title: How to increase the Rates of a chemical reaction
Introduction: In this experiment we will be investigating how changing the temperature of the made
up solution (copper chloride dihydrate and water) will impact the rate of a reaction when aluminium
foil is dropped into it. We will determine this by selecting five different temperatures: 26 degrees, 36
degrees, 46 degrees, 56 degrees and 66 degrees and seeing at which temperature the reaction
between the solution and aluminium foil produces the most heat. We will be recording the before
and after temperatures after 2 minutes when the aluminium foil has been placed in the solution and
also the average of the temperatures, this will help us determine if a hotter or colder ... Show more
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This needs to be present in order for a chemical reaction to take place.
A physical reaction is a reaction that rearranges the molecules but doesn't affect the original
structure. This means the reaction is reversible and therefore can be returned back to its original
state. When a physical reaction occurs, no new substances are formed but a change of state is
involved. Boiling water, crushing a can, melting an ice cube and moulding clay are all good
examples of physical reactions.
The collision theory predicts how different variables/molecules affect the rate of reaction and is used
to explain why chemical reactions occur at different rates. In this theory for a reaction to exist, the
molecules of a substance must collide together in order for the reaction to work. There are 2
characteristics that are needed in order to make a collision possible, these are correct orientation and
enough energy. With these characteristics a successful collision will happen and therefore new
substances are made and it is known as an effective collision.
The reaction rate is known as how fast or slow a reaction takes to convert to products, there are five
main factors that help increase the rate of a reaction. These five factors are; lowering the volume and
increasing the pressure, increasing the concentration, increasing the temperature, increasing the total
surface area and adding catalyst. By using one or more of these factors, will increase the chances

The Effect Of Concentration Of A Substance On The Rate Of...
The Effect Of The Concentration Of A Substance On The Rate Of Reaction
Year 9 Chemistry Assignment Term 3
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment was to measure and interpret the effect of a chemical concentration
on a reaction rate. A collision theory is a theory proposed by Max Trautz and William Lewis that
states: qualitatively explains how chemical reactions occur and why reaction rates differ for different
chemical reactions (Wikipedia, 2015). An example of collision theory is when two motor vehicles
collide with one another creating a large impact as the particles combine with one another due to the
large impact created. A chemical reaction is a process that involves the rearrangement of the
molecular and ionic structure of a substance when the interaction of two or more chemicals is
compounded to create a new substance (Middle School Chemistry, 2015). An example of a chemical
reaction is when a bike begins to rust or when photosynthesis takes place (Uen.org, 2015). The
different types of Molars used in the experiment affected the speed of the reactions of the acid.
These times varied on the amount of concentration used in the molars. This was shown in the results
of the experiment as the 2Molar gave an average time of 23.88 seconds, for the water to decrease to
30 ml in the test tube. The 1Molar gave an average 54.94 seconds to reach 30 ml of water in the test
tube, and the 0.5Molar displayed an average time of 3 minutes 13 seconds to reach 30 mL.
A chemical

Rates Of Reaction Investigation Report
Rates of Reaction – Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid
In this piece of coursework, I will study how concentration affects the rate of reaction. I will do so
by timing the reaction of Sodium
Thiosulphate with an acid. In this coursework, I will include background knowledge, prediction,
safety, results, calculations, graphs, an analysis, conclusion and an evaluation. In my evaluation I
will comment on how reliable my results were and how I could have improved my coursework in
any possible way.
The definition of rate of reaction is 'The speed at which a chemical reaction takes place'. The factors
that affect the rate of reaction are: · Use of a catalyst
· Temperature
· Surface area
· Concentration
I will be investigating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
· Bags or any other obstructions should be removed.
I have done a preliminary experiment to help me decide the range of concentrations to use and how
much of a difference in concentration to leave between each one. My preliminary results also show
that 5cm3 is a low enough concentration to begin with. My knowledge tells me that
5cm3 will take longer to react because there are less sodium particles that react with the acid. My
experiment is time based and I will not have enough time to go lower. I took 10 concentrations in
the preliminary test already, and this should show enough of a trend already, so there is no need to
do an even lower concentration, as it would not help my experiment in any way.
Apparatus:
· 100ml conical flask
· Stopwatch
· Thermometer
· Different size measuring cylinders(5ml, 10ml, 50ml)
· Piece of paper.
· Blue or black pen
· Hydrochloric acid

· Sodium Thiosulphate solution
· Water
· Beakers
To keep this a fair test I have made sure that the acid used is the same amount every time. Also the
size of the cross on the piece of paper is the same. The temperature is also the same because the
results could be anomalous if tested in different conditions. Same beakers will not be used for
different chemicals. This can cause reactions in the beakers and will lead to inaccuracies.
GRAPH
My results clearly show that as the concentration decreases, the time increases in the experiment.
This links in with the

Rate of Reaction Coursework Essay
Investigate if changing the concentration of an acid will change the rate of the reaction when marble
is dissolved in hydrochloric acid.
Apparatus
Marble Chips
Conical Flask
Hydrochloric Acid
Gas Syringe
Delivery Tube
Stop Watch
Fair Test
To make the experiment a fair test I will use the same amount of acid for each concentration. I will
do this by using a capillary tube because they are very accurate. I will use 3g of marble in each
concentration of acid. I will clean everything out before I start the next experiment with a different
experiment.
Safety
======
Magnesium is flamable and when it reacts with acid an exothermic reaction takes place releasing a
large amount of heat energy. Acids are corosive so saftey glasses must be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, when the concentration is double, the time taken for the reaction should be halved. When
the surface area of the calcium carbonate chips is doubled there will be twice as much chance of it
colliding with the
Hydrochloric acid. Therefore I predict that when the surface area is doubled, the time taken for the
experiment is halved. A temperature increase of 10 C will see the time taken for the experiment
halved because energy of collisions in the particles increases, this means that there are going to be
more successful collisions.
Research

A reaction occurs when particles collide. This process is based on random particle movement. So
therefore, the more particles you have in a space, the more likely they are to collide. Therefore
making the reaction accelerate. This theory can be proved if you compare the rates of reaction with
marble in hydrochloric acid. 'If the acid is of a higher concentration, the reaction will be quicker.
Also if the particles have more energy, they will be travelling faster, making them collide more
frequently.
Variables/Factors
Variables
1. The amount of marble chips will not vary because more marble chips would produce more gas
when put into the HCL, so a weaker concentration of acid, could end up looking stronger than a
stronger concentration of acid.
2. The amounts

Reaction Rate Law Lab Report
Review 2: Text In chemical kinetics, the reaction rate law is calculated experimentally to find how
change in concentration affects change in rate, and to find a proportionality constant k, known as the
rate constant. Since the instantaneous initial rates at various concentrations of A and B are provided,
we must find the orders m and n of each reagent to determine the rate law, Rate=k[A]m[B]n. When
A is doubled and B is held constant, the instantaneous initial rate approximately quadruples.
Between Trials 1 and 3 where [B]=0.133 M, the change in [A} is .370 M/.185 M=2.00, and
instantaneous initial rate changes by 1.88*10–3/4.69*10–4=4.01≅4. Between Trials 2 and 4 where
[B]=0.266 M, [A] changes by .370/.185 and instantaneous initial rate changes by 3.75*10–
3/9.38*10–4=4.00. Therefore since the change in rate is the change in [A] squared, A is a second
order reagent. When B is doubled and A is held constant, the instantaneous initial rate approximately
doubles. Between Trials 1 and 2 where [A]=0.185 M, the change in [B] is .266 ... Show more
Since rate=–d[A]/dt and k[A]^2=–d[A]/dt, rearranging the terms yields k*dt=–d[A]/[A]^2.
Integrating from At to Ao with respect to A, and t to 0 with respect to t yields –1/[A]t+1/[A]o=kt. In
the form of y=mx+b, 1/[A]t=1/[A]o+kt where slope=k. The appropriate linear graph for B is
between ln[B] and time.Since k[B]=–d[B]/dt, this rearranges to k*dt=–d[B]/[B]. Integrating the left
side from t to 0 and the right from Bt to Bo yields kt=–ln[B]t+ln[B}o. This equals ln[B]t=–
kt+ln[B]o where slope=–k.. Experimentally, a pseudo approximation would be used to determine k
by assuming an excess of the constant reagent. In this case, Rate=k'[A]^2 and k=k'[B] if B is
constant, and vice versa. The determined values for order and k can then be substituted into the
overall rate

Effect Of Reactant Concentration On Reaction Rate . ....
Effect of Reactant Concentration on Reaction Rate
Research Question
What is the effect of reactant concentration on reaction rate?
Aim
To investigate the effect of reactant concentration on reaction rate.
Introduction
This experiment is based on the effect of reactant concentration on reaction rate. "Reactant
concentration is the amount of the chemical and the number of molecules being used and the higher
the amount of reactant the higher the reaction rate is and the lower the amount of the reactant the
lower the reaction rate."(WikiAnswers,2017) Reaction rate is the speed of the reactant. Such as the
reactant Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid, the higher the concentration the higher the
reaction rate but when water is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Draw a black cross in a sheet of paper and place the conical flask with the 25ml Sodium thiosulfate
over the black cross.
Measure 5mL of hydrochloric acid on the 5mL measuring cylinder and place it into the conical flask
that was used earlier.
Pour the 5mL of hydrochloric acid into the conical flask with the Sodium thiosulfate in it and start
the stopwatch as soon as the hydrochloric acid has been added.
Observe how the two solution collide with each other and stop the stopwatch as soon as the black
cross cannot be seen.
Record the time it takes for the black cross to disappear and record it on a results table.
Dispose the two solutions in the conical flask and wash the flask to make sure there 's no extra
solutions left.
Repeat steps 1–7 with a different concentration which is shown in Table 1.0 and repeat it for 3 trials
with HCI, Na2S2O3 and distilled water.
Risk Assessment
Variables
Result

Table 1.0– Volumes of Sodium Thiosoulfate, Hydrochloric Acid and Distilled Water.
There was a lot of anomalies that was taken out of the average because it would make the result
inaccurate. The anomalies were:
In trial 3 1st column– 181.2 Trial 3 2nd column– 303 Trial 1 3rd and 4th

Rate Of Reaction Lab Report
2a. As the concentration of acid becomes higher or more acidic, it takes less time for the reaction to
occur which means that an increased rate of reaction has been formed.
2b. As the surface area of the magnesium metal increases/the magnesium piece becomes smaller, it
takes less time for the reaction to occur as more molecules are present which increases number of
collisions and an increased rate of reaction has been formed.
2c. As the temperature of the acid increases or becomes hotter, it takes less time for the reaction to
occur which means that an increased rate of reaction has been formed.
3. As the concentration of Hydrochloric acid was altered throughout the experiment and doubled
from 3.0 M to 6.0 M for example, the reaction rate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Concentration, Surface area, and Temperature) that played a role in controlling rate of reaction and
record observations and key characteristics that were found when altering the standard composition
of each factor. At the end of the investigation, there was a clear pattern that was present throughout
all three factors. As you increase anything whether it be concentration, temperature, or surface area,
the rate of reaction increased also. By increasing temperature, the speed of molecules increases
encountering a larger quantity of other molecules increasing collisions and rate of reaction. This was
clear in our observations table as our results show that warmer the temperature, the quicker the rate
of reaction. 100 degrees Celsius had the quickest rate while 6 degrees Celsius had the slowest rate of
reaction. Increasing the concentration allows molecules to be closely packed together making them
more likely to collide and have a quicker rate of reaction. As viewed in the observation tables, the
recorded results mirror this theory. The most concentrated substance at 6.0 M had the quickest
reaction time while the least concentrated substance at 1.0 M had the slowest reaction time. Finally,
increasing the surface area increases the number of collisions that may occur meaning the rate of
reaction increases. Surface area increases by decreasing the size of the pieces of reactants. This can
be shown in the observation table above as the rolled magnesium strip which had the smallest
surface area took the longest too react while the sliver of magnesium which was very small had the
largest surface area and its rate of reaction was the quickest. This shows how an increase in any
factor will potentially increase rate of reaction. Two sources of error that were present could have
been contaminated materials and size of material that substances were reacting in. Although some
problems occurred,

How Do Specific Enzymes Affect The Reaction Rate Of Reaction
Introduction Specific enzymes made up of proteins are used in biology to speed up a chemical
reaction of any kind. Since a spontaneous chemical reaction can occur without help from any
outside energy it could potentially prolong the reaction to where it becomes almost unnoticeable
since it can take years for it to happen. For this reason, enzymes take action as a catalyst that speed
up the reaction rate without completely being absorbed (Campbell et al., 2010). Enzymes are a form
of regulation that allow for a through pathway in chemical reactions. It is able to perform as a
catalyst by lowering the activation energy which is the energy required to drive the reactant to the
top of the energy barrier allowing the downhill part to begin. An

How Does Temperature Affect The Rate Of Reaction
In experiment 2, temperature was the factor tested to see how it affected the rate of reactions.
Tweaking the method for the first experiment, the sodium thiosulphate were in three different
temperature; one was placed on a hotplate and heated, another in an ice bath and the last was room
temperature. This showed how the temperature of the solution can be an important factor when
investigating reaction rates. Concentration of the reactants affects reaction rate by increasing the rate
when the concentration is also increased. According to the collision theory proposed by Max Trautz
in 1916 and William Lewis in 1918, for two molecules to react they must first come into contact
with each other, called a collision. The molecules are more likely to collide if they ... Show more
Therefore, it can be seen using the collision theory that the more concentrated the reactants are, the
more likely the molecules will collide and consequently speed up the reaction rate. This has been
justified in the experimental results, when the more concentrated hydrochloric acid was, the faster
the reaction rate. As shown in Experiment 1, where three different concentrations of hydrochloric
acid were used. In Beaker 1, 0.5 M of hydrochloric acid was used, Beaker 2 was 1M, and in Beaker
3, 2M of hydrochloric acid was tested. It was shown in the experiment that the first beaker of 0.5M
HCl took the longest to go cloudy, around 44 seconds. Beaker 2 had 1M of HCl and took 38
seconds, which was approximately 6 seconds faster than Beaker 1. In Beaker 3, 2M of HCl was
added and it was the fastest of all three, taking 33 seconds, which was 11 seconds faster than Beaker
1, and 5 seconds quicker than Beaker 2. These results demonstrate that the concentration of the
reactants does affect reaction rate as it was shown that an increase in the concentration of HCl meant
that the reaction rate sped up, and vice

Reaction Rate Of Reaction
Background: A clock reaction generally involves a mixture of solutions that, after a certain amount
of time, displays a sudden colour change. This process demonstrates chemical kinetics in action,
which is the study of chemical processes and rates of reaction where the reaction rate is the speed at
which the chemical reaction proceeds. It is dependent on several factors that rely on one basic
underlying principle called collision theory. In order for a reaction to occur, the reactant molecules
must collide with each other with a certain minimum energy called the activation energy to break
and form the appropriate bonds as well as have the correct orientation when colliding. If the
favourable amount of collisions increase, then the rate of the reaction would increase. However, if
the reactant particles do not collide frequently or collide with less energy than the activation energy,
they bounce apart and the reaction would then proceed slowly or not at all. Concentration is one of
the factors that affects reaction rate. Raising the concentration of the reactants, alters the number of
particles per unit volume. Thus the more molecules present in a given volume, the greater the
probability of them colliding. If they have energies equal to or greater than the activation energy, a
higher concentration would therefore result in an increase in the reaction rate. The opposite is true if
there is a lower concentration of reactant molecules.
The relationship between rate and

Imperature And The Rate Of Interaction In A Chemical Reaction
Chemistry IA
Title : The relationship between the temperature and the rate of reaction in a chemical reaction.
Introduction : Last academic year, towards the end, in IB chemistry hl class, my class had the
chance to learn about the concentration, temperature, catalysts, etc and their effects on the rate of
reaction in a chemical reaction. I knew that the rate of reaction had a relationship with the factors
but I wanted to know how it changes witness it for myself. I wanted to perform an experiment for
myself to see what it actually is like. This IA is potentially an opportunity for me to test my
understanding on the topic and
Research Question :
How does one determine the activation energy through the relationship between the temperature and
the rate of a said reaction?
Background Information : Rate of reaction in its most basic definition is the speed at which the
reaction takes place. The rate of reaction can be calculated by using
Rate of Reaction = Molestime of reaction
Collision Theory : In order for atoms/molecules/ions to react, they must collide with each other, the
rate of reaction is directly proportional to the collision frequency. The greater the number of
collisions, the faster the reaction will take place.
Activation Energy : For these collisions to take place and the reactions to happen, a minimum
amount of kinetic energy must be possessed by the particles that are going to collide with each other.
This minimum amount of energy required to initiate a

Why Reaction Rate Is Faster If The Temperature Is Increased
Aim: To prove that reaction rate is faster if the temperature is increased, in accordance to the
collision theory.
Introduction: In all matter there are small substances, called molecules. When two of these
molecules collide with sufficient energy, there is a chance of a successful chemical reaction, this is
the collision theory. These chemicals reactions are effected by a variety of outside factors and the
duration for a reaction to occur is called the reaction rate. Reaction rate can be measured once the
product has been created or when the reactant is spent. (Collision theory and rates of reaction, 2013)
Alka–Seltzers are reactant with water, this reaction can be used to test reaction rate. The Alka–
Seltzer tablets contain a variety of ingredients: aspirin, sodium hydrogen carbonate, citric acid
anhydrous, sodium content and other ingredients. (About Alka–Seltzer, 2013) Alka–Seltzer was first
marketed in 1931 to relieve headaches, upset stomachs and fevers (Alka–Seltzer, n.d.).
Temperature, a solution's concentration, reactant's surface area and whether a catalyst is in effect, all
affect reaction rate. When the temperature is increased increases the speed of the molecules, which
will speed up the reaction rate, as the molecules will collide more often. When concentration is
increased, molecules have restricted room to roam which brings about a greater chance of collisions.
The reaction rate is also greatly affected by the surface area, as the

The Effect Of Concentration On Rate Of Reaction
The Effect on Concentration on Rate of Reaction
Year 10 Term 1 – Using Chemistry
Grace McKinlay
Year 10 Science Term 1 – Using Chemistry
Teacher – Ms. Roslyn Knight
Table of Contents
Background 1
Aim 3
Variables 3
Hypothesis 3
Materials 4
Risk Analysis 5
Method 6
Diagram 7
Discussion 12
Conclusion 12
Definitions of Essential Vocabulary 13
Background
Marble, or calcium carbonate, is a fairly insoluble compound with the chemical formula CaCO3.
This compound has a carbonate ion, which has a charge of –2 and a calcium ion, which has a charge
of +2. Calcium carbonate has a few forms including chalk and limestone. The main use of these two
materials is in the making of concrete, which is used for many things including buildings. The rate
of the reaction is the speed that the reaction takes place; therefore, by measuring the rate, the amount
of time the reaction takes will be measured. Hydrochloric acid is a stronger acid that is found in
digestive juices in the human stomach and is also used for cleaning metals before they are coated.
When you mix a strong acid like HCl with any carbonate you will have a chemical reaction in which
CO2 gas is released. This means that it will fizz indicating a chemical reaction. These two elements
can react with hydrochloric acid to yield carbon dioxide, calcium chloride and water. The chemical
reaction equation for hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate is:
2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Things that will affect the reaction

Enzyme Reaction Rate
Enzymes play a critical role in metabolic processes by speeding up chemical reactions. Enzymes
lower energy barriers by acting as a catalyst for a reaction. An example is hydrolysis that occurs in
glucose. Without enzymes glucose will still hydrolyze, but at a slow rate. With the right enzyme
hydrolysis will occur even more rapidly than before. Enzymes work by having a substrates enter
their active site. Induce fit (the substrates forms weak bonds with the enzyme causing the enzymes
shape to enfold the substrate) than occurs to the enzyme. It must be kept in mind however, that the
enzymes only work on specific substrates and not all of them also known as enzyme specificity.
There are many factors that may affect enzyme reaction rates. The pH and temperature of the
environment that the enzyme is in may denature the enzyme if it is not in the optimal area for the
specific enzyme. If the pH and temperature of the environment is in the optimal area than the
enzyme will work at its best if not than reaction rates may slow down. In competitive inhibition a
competitive inhibitor mimics the substrate. This causes the substrate not to enter the active site of
the enzyme. Likewise there is noncompetitive inhibition where a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The final product then reacts the allosteric site of the first enzyme. This causes the first enzyme
shape to be altered, preventing the substrate from bonding to it a forming a product. Without the first
key enzyme to from a product none of the other enzymes further down the series can catalyze a
reaction. In the case of ATP, feedback inhibition is key to regulating the molecule and preventing
energy from being wasted. When ATP is very abundant catabolism slows down as the molecule
binds to enzymes inhibiting them. When ADP (a ATP molecule that had a phosphate group
removed) is abundant than they act as an activator promoting the catabolism of

The Theory And Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Chemical Background Hydrogen peroxide is a by–product of many reactions that occur within the
body – however, it is toxic so needs to be broken down. The equation for this decomposition is as
follows: 〖2H〗_2 O_2 → 〖2H〗_2 O+ O_2 In the body, this reaction can be catalysed by the
enzyme catalase. Catalase is not removed or used up in this reaction, and speeds up the rate of
reaction. It is acting as a catalyst. The decomposition can be catalysed by other catalysts, however,
and this is the basis of my investigation. By using different catalysts, I can investigate how the rate
of reaction changes with each one and find out if catalase is the best catalyst for this decomposition.
The collision theory and factors affecting reaction rates For a reaction to take place, two particles
must collide with each other so they come in to contact. However, just colliding with each other
does not initiate a reaction. Something called the activation enthalpy must be overcome. The
activation enthalpy is the minimum (kinetic) energy required by a pair of molecules that are
colliding before a reaction can occur. So, for a reaction to take place, pairs of molecules must collide
with enough energy to equal or overcome the activation enthalpy. There are several factors that
affect the rate of reaction (three of which I am investigating). The factors are as follows:
Concentration of reactants – This factor is explored in more depth in a later section. Temperature –
this factor is explored in

The Effect Of Reactant Concentration On Reaction Rate
Effect of Reactant Concentration on Reaction Rate
16/01/2017
Aim:
To investigate the effect of the concentration of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid and to
determine the rate of the reaction. Introduction:
Different reactant have different rate on reaction. Some may occur in a sudden; some can take hours
to react. This experiment is to investigate how the reactant concentrations have an effect on the
reaction rate.
The reaction equation of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid:
2HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l)
(GCSE Chemistry, 2017)
Chemical reactions happens when two chemical bond together and create other chemicals. The
molecules or atoms of two chemicals came close to

Rate Of Reaction Lab
Aim– To show the effect of the particle size of solids on rate of reaction.
Hypothesis– If the size of the particles are smaller, there will be more collision between the particles
as surface area will be more and therefore the rate of reaction will be more than if the size of the
particle are larger.
Precautions:
1. Wear safety glasses to prevent chemicals from going into your eyes.
2. You should wear a lab coat to make sure not to spill anything on your clothes.
3. Wear clothing that covers your entire body so your skin does not get exposed to any chemicals if
it falls on you.
4. Dispose of chemicals in the proper way that particular chemical should to protect the
environment.
5. Be familiar with the first–aid kit if needed at any time. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Take a chip of zinc approximately 0.5 cm × 2 cm. Find its mass and take powdered zinc with
approximately the same mass.
3. Add both to separate test tube with HCl.
4. Observe both solutions and write down your observations in an observation table.
Equation– Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 +H2
Aim– To show the effect of the particle size of solids on rate of reaction.
Hypothesis– If the size of the particles are smaller, there will be more collision between the particles
as surface area will be more and therefore the rate of reaction will be more than if the size of the
particle are larger.
Precautions:
1. Wear safety glasses to prevent chemicals from going into your eyes.
2. You should wear a lab coat to make sure not to spill anything on your clothes.
3. Wear clothing that covers your entire body so your skin does not get exposed to any chemicals if
it falls on you.
4. Dispose of chemicals in the proper way that particular chemical should to protect the
environment.
5. Be familiar with the first–aid kit if needed at any time.
Material Required:
1. Solid zinc (approx. 0.5 cm × 2 cm)
2. Powdered zinc
3. Balance

4. 2 Test tube
5. 1M Hydrochloric acid (approx. 20 ml)
Variables:
1. Controlled variables– (i) Volume of Hydrochloric acid
(ii) Size of zinc
(iii) Concentration of

Practical Lab Report On Rate Of Reaction
Practical lab book
Changing the conditions of a reaction and the effects those changes have
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to find out the rate of reaction, the reaction constant, rate law and
also to change the temperature and concentration of the reactants in the reaction, determine the
reaction rate and find out what effects these changes have on the reaction. The reaction is measured
by the time taken for a colour change to be observed.
The rate of reaction is affected by the change in concentration and change in temperature of the
reactants. The result of the experiment showed that the reaction order of the [S2O82–] was 1st order
and [I–] was 3rd order.
Introduction
Rate of reaction is a way of determining the speed at which a reaction proceeds. It can be calculated
by measuring the appearance of a product or the disappearance of a reactant over time. Reactions
occur when the particles of the reactants collide successfully. The more successful collisions
between particles, the faster the reaction rate. There are factors that affect collision theory and
consequently the rate of reaction. High concentration of reactants results in more particles and a
higher likelihood of successful collisions. Higher temperature of the reaction also increases the rate
of reaction because the energy of the particles is higher which again increases the chances of
successful collisions. (Lawrie RYAN, 2000). On completion of this experiment, the reaction orders
can be

The Effect Of Temperature And Reactant Concentration On...
This experiment aimed to investigate the relationship between temperature and reactant
concentration on the rate of reaction for the hydrolysis of tert–Butyl Chloride, and to determine the
validity of the proposed mechanism for the reaction. It was hypothesised that measuring the kinetics
of this unimolecular substitution reaction would demonstrate the reaction rate for the hydrolysis of
tert–Butyl Chloride utilising acetone as the solvent which should increase with both its increased
concentration and temperature, to produce the product tert–Butyl alcohol.
When the solution of tert–butyl chloride in acetone is added to water in the presence of a base and a
universal indicator, its reaction to form tert–butyl alcohol is indicated by dramatic color change.
Bromothymol blue is an acid–base indicator which appears blue in an alkaline medium and yellow
in an acidic solution (Artxy, 2011). The solvolysis of tert–butyl chloride is revealed by the indicator
change from blue to yellow as hydrogen halide is produced during the reaction (Mostafa, 2009). The
solution is initially blue because of its Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) content (alkaline), and the colour
change results as aqueous chlorine removes a proton from the transition state, while the generated
hydrogen ions neutralise the hydroxide ions of the NaOH, causing the change in the pH of the
system (Riley, 1977). This qualitatively determines that the rate of reaction is dependent on the
concentration of tert–butyl chloride.

Factors Which Influence the Rates of Reactions Essay
REFERENCES GENERAL CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE II CHE 152–50
Factors Which Influence the Rates of Reactions pages 1–10 OBJECTIVES To examine the factors
which cause the rate of chemical reactions to change. QUESTION The question that was proposed
for investigation was: Do all factors change the rate equally? Background Discussion For this
experiment you have to have a basic understanding of Collision Theory to understand what's going
on in the experiment. Collision Theory is a model of chemical reactions in which a reaction occurs
after a collision containing enough energy occurs between two reactant molecules. This model has
five factors which can be affected and they are the nature of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the final part of phase one which was steps 9–11, five different metals were placed in
Hydrochloric acid. The five metals were copper, magnesium, lead, iron and zinc. Magnesium was
the first to react and it created bubbles before it completely dissolved in the acid. Zinc was
extremely reactive and produced a lot of bubbles. Iron started reacting after zinc and created some
bubbles. Then slowly lead had produced a few bubbles and copper didn't make any (Lab Guide
pg.2). Next in phase two of the experiment which was titled Concentration and that was steps 12–
14. In this phase 3 wells were filled with different concentrations of 6m HCL. The first well
contained 60 drops of water and 20 drops of acid. The second one contained 40 drops of water and
40 drops of acid and the final well contained 80 drops of acid. After each of the wells were stirred a
piece of clean zinc was placed into each of them. Well three almost immediately produced smoke
with a lot of bubbles. Well 2 reacted soon after with a lot of bubbles and lastly Well 1 reacted
creating some bubbles (Lab Guide pg.3). Then in phase three which was titled Temperature and that
was steps 15–18, clean zinc was placed in three different test tubes containing 5ml of 6M HCL, each
of which was a different temperature. Test tube one was placed in boiling water, Test tube 2 was at
room temperature and test tube three was placed in an ice bath. When the zinc was placed in test
tube 1 it reacted quickly and

The Concentration Of Reactants During The Fastest Rate Of...
It was hypothesised that the solution at 80 degrees C and the greatest concentration of reactants
would result in the fastest rates of reaction and reaction time. This was because of the scientific
reasoning that at larger temperatures and concentrations atomic particles collide with greater energy
and more frequently. The data collected from the experiment supports the hypothesis. It was
observed that the largest concentration of reactants, 0.2M and 0.5M, had the highest reaction rate of
0.00484 mol/L/s, and quickest induction phase, 1 second. Also, the slowest reaction time was 21.51
seconds and was the reaction between KIO3 at 0.05M and Na2S2O5 at 0.125M, which were the
smallest amounts of reactant. In addition, the highest temperature tested, which was 80 degrees,
produced the fastest reaction time with 4.58 seconds, while 70 degrees ranked close behind in
second. These results align with previous data and theories, which state that as temperature and
concentration rise, the time it takes to react generally decreases and the reaction rate increases
(Wilbraham, 2002), (UC Davis, n.d.).
From the testing and results several major trends and relationships were discovered. The first
observation, which supports the hypothesis, is the relationship between concentration of reactants
and reaction rate. As concentration increased, the reaction rate also increased in direct proportion.
This was shown by the results because when the concentrations doubled, from 0.1M and 0.125M to

The Effect Of Different Temperatures On The Reaction Rates...
Simryn Covarrubias
Period 9
Group 1
The Effects of Different Temperatures on the Reaction Rates of Enzymes B. Introduction /
Background Enzymes are proteins that are in every living organism. Cells need them to survive and
to function. Enzymes are catalysts that help to speed up the rate of reactions that otherwise would
take longer periods of time to occur. However they do not change during the reaction. A chain of
amino acids forms them. There are over a hundred different enzymes in the human body. Each
enzyme is responsible for a certain reaction that occurs in the cell. For instance, the enzymes in our
stomach cut food into small enough particles so it can be converted into energy, which our bodies
will later use. Without enzymes human wouldn 't be able to breathe, eat, drink or digest food. There
are 3 main types of enzymes: metabolic enzymes, food enzymes and digestive enzymes. Metabolic
enzymes exist throughout your whole body from your organs to your blood to inside your bones.
This enzyme is essential for the growth of new cells and maintaining new tissue. Food enzymes
exist in raw food. However if the raw food is cooked the high temperature that is involved in
cooking the food will destroy the enzyme. The organs in our bodies make digestive enzymes. This
enzyme plays a major role in digestion. When we eat raw food we don 't need additional enzymes
because the raw food already contains them. If we eat a salad than there are enzymes in the salad
that help break

How Does Temperature Affect The Rate Of Reaction
Collision theory:
The collision theory states that as more collisions occur in a system, there will be more
combinations of different molecules bouncing into each other. If there is different combinations
taking place there is a bigger chance of the molecules completing their reaction. This would lead to
the reaction completing faster which means the rate of reaction will increase. In spite of anything
chemical reactions take place. Chemicals are always combining and breaking down. molecules must
have enough energy to collide with each other. IF the energy is too weak they would just bounce of
of each other without a chemical reaction taking place. The reactions keep happening but not always
at the same speed. A few factors can affect the speed of the reaction and the amount of collisions
occurring. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
AS the temperature is lower the molecules will lose their energy, slow down their bouncing and will
collide less. This is also decrease their rate of reaction. On the right is a picture from CHem4Kids of
what a graph would look like as you would change the temperature. As you constantly increase the
temperature the rate of reaction would constantly be faster.
Concentrations: The amount of concentration is another example which could speed up the rate of
reaction. When you put more of a substance you will have more collisions taking place and as you
have more collisions taking place the rate of reaction will speed up. WHen you want a rate of
reaction to be slower you would only add a few drops to another solution but if you want it to
happen quicker you put a bigger amount/a

Calculating Reaction Rates Lab: Effect of Temperature

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Calculating Reaction Rates Lab: Effect of Temperature