Unit 1106 Essay
 Unit 1106– After a leak was reported in the unit below 1006 exploratory testing was conducted
and found that the guest bathroom shower pan was leaking from the unit above. Owners were
notified and Mr. Brown has executed permit. South American Tile has obtained a city permit. A
possible start date of June 20, 2015 has been set. Owner and Contractor have confirmed start date.
Contractor Package:  Unit TH7– Construction Design Group International submitted an
Architectural Modification on June 16, 2015 with the following scope of work: Switching locations
of adjacent window and door at the unit's top level; Installation of an attached retractable awning at
the roof level; Installation an attached retractable awning at the roof level; Demolition and
replacement of roof level decking and waterproofing; After review A.S.A our engineering firm has
suggest the package is requires board approval quoting our condo docs and issues with non–
conformity of material. After review from the Board of Directors the package has been
DIAPPROVED.  ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After Board review the package itself has been DISAPPROVED.  Unit 2008–Currently awaiting
reply from A.S.A on their Architectural Modification Package.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Cause Of The 1929 Stock Market Crash
In late October of 1929, the U.S. stock market crashed, setting our nation into the Great Depression.
In an attempt to reveal the true catalysts of the event, the book "Causes of the 1929 Stock Market
Crash" examines popular beliefs of what really caused the economic tragedy. The nine questionable
causes that are discussed in this book are that the stock market was too high in September of 1929
due to "excessive speculation" (Bierman 32), there was a downturn in business activity, the Hatry
affair, the Federal Reserve Board's actions, a message that there was a "war" against speculators,
excessive buying on margin and of investment stocks, excessive leverage in terms of debt, a
competitively priced utility market segment paired with a setback in the public utility market, and an
overreaction by the stock market.
Bierman argues that the overall stock market was not "excessively high" in September of 1929 and
he even explains that the business outlook was favorable. Therefore, the crash did not occur because
the market was too high. However, at least one section of the market (public utilities) was too high
and too levered, and the stage was set for the selling panic by the press and the governmental
officials repeatedly speaking of an orgy of speculation.
After disproving common beliefs about the stock market crash, he continues to explain the actual
causes.
The next false cause is the Hatry case, which Bierman refers to as a "tragedy". It involved an
"aggressive

Ethical: Research and Manufacturing Company
Ethical 1
Is it ethical for a manufacturing company that wishes not to be identified as the sponsor of a mail
survey to invent the name of a fictitious research company and print the name on the letterhead
paper used for the survey?
I do not think it is ethical for a manufacturing company to invent a fictitious research company. I
think 3 things that are not good can come from it. The first thing is the manufacturing company
might not have the expertise in surveys. Second is there a point to the survey or to test loyalties.
Third is the amount of distrust that comes from creating a fictitious company. If distributors ever
learn about this then there can be major problems with trust and relationships.
When thinking about creating a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The brother–in–law mentioned that his company had recently begun programming background
music into the data–entry workers™ room with the result that productivity had increased and the
number of errors had decreased. Kessler thought that music within a grocery store might have an
impact on customers. Specifically, he thought that customers might stay in the store longer if slow,
easy–to–listen–to music were played. After some serious thought, he started thinking that he should
hire a business researcher to design an experiment for testing the influence of music tempo on
shopper behavior.
Independent variables are expected to determine the outcomes of interest. Dependent variables are
the outcomes interest to the researcher and the decision makers. (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, & Griffin,
2010).
The dependent variable refers to the status of the 'effect '(or outcome) in which the researcher is
interested; the independent variable refers to the status of the presumed 'cause, ' changes in which
lead to changes in the status of the dependent variable...any event or condition can be
conceptualized as either an independent or a dependent variable. (Rosenthal & Rosnow, 1991).
Because the independent variable is the influence of music tempo.
The Dependent variables are:
–Mood of shoppers
–Increased Sales
–Increase

Local And Local Government
Imagine the government controlling every aspect of life, not only in the political side of the
spectrum but also on the social side as well. The thought could be passed by in the minds of most, as
some sort of authoritarian state or a form of communism, however this is actually true in most
governments including that of statewide and local government and its political agencies. As by
definition, a government is, "The form or system of rule by which a state, community, etc., is
governed."(Dictionary.com) and behind the lines of the contemporary thought, the government's
main role is to control liberty and order which is contradictory in nature. On June 12, 2017 at 12:46
I was walking down the busy street of Westheimer with two of my friends to go get food at Sonic
and I as I walked down the street I failed to realize just how many agencies and levels of local and
State government I encountered which included, the Houston Department of Public Works and
Engineering, Texas Public Utility Commission, and the Texas commission on Environmental
Quality. The Houston Department of Public Works and Engineering is the agency that deals with the
upkeep and creation of Houston's infrastructure such as Roads, Bridges, Traffic signals,Fire hydrants
and also the treatment of wastewaters. In connection with my stroll down Westheimer, this local
agency is one that I encountered on a consist basis because the sidewalks that I walked on are kept
up by this agency and not only that but also

South Carolina Public Service Commission (ORS)
WHAT: The Office of Regulatory Staff is commonly referred to as ORS. ORS has singular
responsibility for the inspection, auditing and examination of all public utilities within the state of
South Carolina. By statute, ORS is directed to represent the public interest of South Carolina and all
South Carolinians in utility regulation for each major public industry including the electric, natural
gas, telecommunications, water, wastewater and transportation industries. ORS is authorized to
represent the state in front the Public Service Commission ("PSC"), the court system, the South
Carolina General Assembly and any federal regulatory body necessary to support the above
mentioned industries and the citizens of the state. In addition, perhaps ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Politically, companies that collect these fees are asking members of the General Assembly if this is
still necessary as there are multiple options beyond land lines. ORS is working on a report that is
due no later than 2018 on the necessity of Universal Service Fund. This report will likely set the
tone for legislation in the General Assembly.
KEY POINT: The universal Service Fund is going to continue to be a hot button item in the
legislature with little action before 2018. The governor could choose to lead or sit out this issue as
the General Assembly is going to be torn and divided over the issue of keeping, changing or killing
the fund. This is not a major issue for the general public at this time and unless picked up by the
media is likely to be a political issue and not a public

Cyber Security And Cyber Warfare
87
Data subject to restrictions on cover and notice page.
8.0 SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY
FINAL REPORT
8.1 Summary
8.1.1 Motivation
To address the increasing threats to national security coming from the cyber domain, military
intelligence corps have recognized the need for officers trained in cyberspace
88
Data subject to restrictions on cover and notice page. counterterrorism techniques, technologies, and
methods. These officers direct and conduct integrated electronic warfare, information technology,
and cyberspace operations, as authorized or directed, to ensure freedom of action in and through
cyberspace and the information environment, and to deny the same to our nation 's adversaries.
In support of the requirement for officers trained in cyber warfare techniques and technologies, the
ROTC Cyber Research program provides cadets with opportunities to research and solve real world
problems in cyber security and cyber counter–terrorism.
This first year pilot program research effort focused on the design and deployment of a covert
communications network that can operate at the enemy 's operational base and gather intelligence on
enemy communications and activities. This effort is in support of the Year 1 Challenge Problem of
the Cyber–Spectrum Research and Technology Development Virtual Environment (CSpec–DVE).
The covert communications system design is optimal with regard to detection avoidance,
information gathering and transmission, and power requirements. Covert methodologies

U.s. Energy Law And The Federal Water Power Act Of 1920
aIntroduction to U.S. Energy Law
John K Vincent George
UIN: 225004867
Final Project Report
ICPE 609 Introduction to U.S. Energy Law at the Texas A&M – College station
22 October 2016
¬¬
1 TWO CONSTITUTIONAL LAWTHAT ARE IMPLICATED IN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OR
REGULATION. FULLY DISCUSS ONE SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THOW EACH LAW
IDENTIFIED APPLIES TO ENERGY AND HOW THE LAW GOVERNS.
Property rights (5TH Amendment)
Endangered Species Act
1. Federal Water Power Act
The Federal Water Power Act of 1920, renamed as Federal Power Act) (FPA) was the first national
policy for the regulation of hydropower development. The purpose of the FPA was to set forth a
comprehensive plan for development of the Nation's water resources that were within the
jurisdiction of the federal government.
2. Property rights (5TH Amendment)
No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken
for public use, without just compensation.
3. Endangered Species Act
Endangered species should be protected and given priority against energy projects. Projects should
implement measures to protect the endangered species.
4. Water quality certification requirements of the Clean Water Act
Following case describes how the energy laws governs the energy related projects.
PLATTE RIVER WHOOPING CRANE CRITICAL HABITAT MAINTENANCE TRUST V. FERC
This case involved a

The Food And Drug Administration
The American family has come a long way from the what we use to know as the T.V. dinner of the
1950s prepared in the stove comprised of portions of meat, vegetables and dessert in the divided foil
tray. Multinational and national corporations must think of innovative concept to drive current and
new customers to its particular microwavable frozen meals products. The microwavable frozen
meals e.g. Healthy Choice, Lean Cuisine, Michelina 's, etc. are occasionally healthier and/ or at
times a better options for working families, individuals and society. Instead of the traditional usage
of the oven or stovetop culinary countless people today utilize microwaves due directly toward their
busy lifestyles. Low–calorie labels/ brands are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, most low–calorie microwavable firms that are producing healthy meals has an
objective of driving additional purchase of profits from other baby boomers that are representing
over 60% of the category volume. This is because they are for an added marketing approach
specifically effective regarding competitive pricing so that managers focus on its retail strategy
(McGuigan, Moyer & Harris, 2014). As a result, Nestle, which is the producer of Lean Cuisine, has
recorded a loss from contracting a low– calorie frozen, microwavable food industry. The managers
of low– calorie microwavable companies are seeking to provide other products to its line of
production. As result most microwavable companies have started to produce products and vend
goods as per the new line extension manufactured all natural ingredients and preservative free. Since
managers of these companies muted the development of organic substances, this reflects low pricing
of the products in the market. They also leveraged the cost of inputs to meet the expectation of the
value conscious consumers. When this strategy is combined with

Persuasive Essay On Solar Energy
New York and California: two of the nation's largest states by population, have estimated that by the
year 2030, power companies will get fully fifty percent of their electricity from renewable energy
sources. Solar power is a type of renewable energy that produces energy by collecting sunlight given
from the sun. Not only does sunlight maintain the earth's temperature and sustain life for plants
through the process of photosynthesis, it also provides energy to many commercial businesses as
well as the homes of many Americans. Unlike fossil fuels, solar power provides a clean form of
energy without harmful greenhouse gases. Solar energy is very easily obtained, renewable, and
emits no harmful greenhouse gasses. As a result of these factors, some researchers claim developing
solar panels on a large scale around the United States would be very beneficial in many ways. On
the contrary, other experts claim that developing solar panels on a large scale would be catastrophic
for utilities due to the fact that solar energy systems and utilities are competitors. Solar energy
systems should be implemented in the United States because they are renewable, beneficial to the
environment, abundant, easily obtained, cost effective, and they provide jobs for many Americans.
In modern day, both nonrenewable energy and greenhouse gasses have become a major issue across
the United States. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, are nonrenewable energies that account for
most energy needs.

Fetus Removal Essay
It is generally acknowledged that the reality of premature birth has been a subject of discussion and
debate for a long time. Since the extent of individuals who acknowledge fetus removal as a 'typical'
technique is equivalent to the extent of the individuals who consider premature birth a 'wrongdoing',
through time plenty of estimations have been taken against premature birth yet concerning its
resistance also. Although the reality of fetus removal has been analyzed through it's logical and
religious side, in this task we will attempt and inspect premature birth from a moral perspective.
The ideal route for somebody to allude to premature birth on a moral premise would likely be
through the depiction and assessment of the subject in view of two of the most known hypothetical
methodologies: those of Kant's and of Utilitarianism (Act and Rule).
Starting with the approach of Utilitarianism, we should state that Utilitarianism, is concerned
essentially with joy and with torment. In this manner, somebody ought to be worried about the
measures of delight and torment in circumstances where premature birth is allowed as appeared
differently in relation to the measures of joy and torment where fetus removal is taboo.
It may be recommended that the fundamental thought would be the interests of the baby: not
exclusively would its be able to future life be expectedly upbeat (or possibly having an adjust of
satisfaction over anguish) it may likewise be simply the case that the premature birth is difficult,
especially in the event that it happens later in the pregnancy. However this emphasis on the baby is
unjustifiable since any agony associated with the premature birth itself can be kept away from by
essentially prematurely ending the pregnancy sooner (before the hatchling has even built up the
capacity of anguish), or with effortless methods. The immediate enduring of the baby can in this
way be no contention against fetus removal, for the most part, just the awful routine with regards to
it.
A more noteworthy thought exists on the off chance that we speculate that the future existence of the
baby includes a likely adjust of bliss over anguish for the embryo. This would appear to be an
unequivocal point against

Distrigas Corporation
Q1. As per the provided information the Gas Utility companies pays a base commodity charge of
$.3359 plus a peak usage demand of charge that is $4.63 per Mcf multiplied by the total demand
during the maximum take day in the last 12 months which is 240 in this case. The cost per MCF can
be derived by the below formula
(Commodity Base Charge * Total Demand) + (Peak Usage Demand Charge* High Peak in 1 day*
months in year)
This will translate into
($ 0.3359*30,700,000 Mcf)+ ($ 4.63*240*12) = $ 23,646,530
By substituting the appropriate values in the formula we arrive at a cost of $ 23,646,530. This cost is
then divided by the total demand over 12 months of 30.7 Bcf or 30,700,000 Mcf to arrive at an
average cost per Mcf of $ 0.7702 which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the proposal A for Distrigas would cost only $29,376,000, or savings of $252,140. The
annual cost of Distrigas policy is $21,172,397.19.
Distrigas strategy should be to maximize on its competitive rate and endeavor itself as a cost leader,
promising speed delivery, reliability and meeting the right quantity when needed the most, all at
most cost efficient rate possible. To be cost efficient it needs to operate economically such as storing
the right amount of gas needed. It has to improve on its storage and deliver the gas in the best cost
efficient using the right mode of transportation possible. The biggest threat could be when
consumers like Boston Gas decide to build their own storage facilities and therefore start sourcing
directly from the pipeline–gas providers, to be stored for usage during peak season.
Q4. Proposal A: Slow Build up Strategy – In this proposal infrastructure will be built and machinery
and trucks purchased to allow Distrigas to slowly build up inventories at the customer location. This
strategy includes building a satellite tank which will serve as a reserve for the gas that is brought in
by Alozean. It takes 250 days to build up inventories to satisfy peak demand. This model requires 6
trucks to carry the gas over the 250 day period. Field tanks will need to be built at the customer
location in order to hold the gas that will service the peak demand and this will cost $

Market Competition
Industrial regulations are those regulations in which "the government commissions regulate the
price charged by natural monopolists". (McConnell & Brue, 2008, p. 382)
These regulations exist to ensure that natural monopolies are not charging consumers monopoly
prices which in turn hurt the consumers as well as society as a whole. Industrial regulations affect
the market by its regulation of the natural monopolies which in turn protects the markets consumers.
These regulations also allow for a fair profit to the natural monopoly by setting a fair rate, protecting
its consumers, but also a "fair return to the enterprises". (McConnell & Brue, 2008, p. 382) In terms
of market structure, entities that are affected by industrial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This particular Act prevents firms from acquiring the "physical assets of another firm when the
effect would be reduced competition". (McConnell & Brue, 2008, p 376) In addition, the Celler–
Kefauver Act of 1950 prohibits anticompetitive mergers. (McConnell & Brue, 2008, p 376)
The three main regulatory commissions of industrial regulation include the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and the State Public Utility
Commissions. Each regulatory commission regulates a particular area. The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission regulates the interstate transmission of natural gas, oil, and electricity. This
is accomplished by setting the rates/charges of the interstate transmission and sale. (Federal
Register) The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and foreign
communications through different types of media including internet, telephone, radio, and satellite.
This commission governs this area through "assigning frequency, power, and call sign for radio" as
well as the regulation of areas of media that may be "deemed indecent or illegal". (Encyclopedia of
Business) Finally, the State Public Utility Commission regulates public utility services. Although
individual states have their own State Public Utility Commissions their ultimate goals are to ensure
that customers receive reliable and reasonably priced

Electric Energy Industry And Its Competitors Effectively...
Electric Utilities Team Charter Mission: Evaluate the electric utilities industry and its competitors
effectively utilizing the necessary resources to obtain accurate and diverse information to produce a
concise, in–depth report while meeting the submission deadline. Scope: Analyze the electric utilities
industry as a whole Investigate four electric utilities competitors and compare their businesses to the
industry average Compile research, document sources and produce a thorough written analysis of
the industry and competitors Streamline information from both sections of the project into a
comprehensive document for submission Group Rules: Each member of the group will contribute
equally to the project All three members will provide input on group decisions and provide an
argument for or against a proposed action All members will agree on a course of action before
proceeding forward Any member with extenuating circumstances that prevent action on the project
must communicate it to the group in a timely fashion so the other members can assess the situation
and move forward accordingly. Communication: The group will communicate through three–way
phone calls, the group discussion board, text message and email to coordinate assignments. All
external matters will be discussed in–depth within the group and the outcome communicated by
Leigha Hughes. Leigha has been selected to speak on behalf of the group and represent the group to
outside agencies.

Gary Becker The Economic Way Of Looking At Life Analysis
Gary Becker uses the economic approach to analyze social issues in his lecture "The Economic Way
of Looking at Life", which lies outside of the typical scope of economists. He claims that unlike
Marxian analysis, the economic approach that he refers to does not assume that individuals are
motivated solely by selfishness or gain. Becker says that he has attempted to pry economists away
from the narrow assumptions of self interest claiming that behavior is driven by a much wider set of
values then personal utility. "The analysis assumes that individuals maximize welfare as they
conceive it, whether they be selfish, altruistic, loyal, spiteful, or masochistic." This shows us that
there is a far richer array of emotions that drive us rather than ... Show more content on
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Constraints are important to for different situations, but the most fundamental constraint Becker
claims is time. So while goods and services have grown in rich countries, the total allotted time
available to consume them has not, therefore wants remain unsatisfied in both rich and poor
countries. While the abundance of goods may reduce the value of additional goods, time becomes
more valuable as goods become more abundant. Inorder to fully widen our grasp on certain
economic presumptions we must incorporate certain factors. Becker shows his perception of the
economic approach through four subjects. To understand discrimination against minorities, it is
necessary to widen our perception, accommodating for the possibility of prejudice and hatred of
specific groups of people. The economic analysis of crime incorporates into rational behavior illegal
and other antisocial tendencies. The human capital approach considers how the productivity of
people in market and non–market situations is changed by investments into education. The
economic approach to the family interprets marriage, divorce and relations among family members
through the lens of

Improvement Of Technology And Its Use Has Been The...
Improvement of technology and its use has been the foundation for American economics. Although
such innovation does create jobs, customs, and cultures that contribute to the American lifestyle, it
can also create pollution that harms the environment and brings about environmental injustice.
People focus on outcome effects of a certain project. Whether its main goal is for economic gains, to
help improve the way American people live, or even if it is harming the ecosystem in any way, they
will intervene. However, what people don't pay attention to is the tool that is being used to
accomplish such goals that can produce complications as it relates to the environment and injustice
that comes with the utilization of technology. This creates a selective exposure mentality in the
sense that if the tool being used has been here before the person was born or even if the tool is used
to support daily activities within the American household and lifestyle, then in no way should it be
harmful to humans or the environment. There must be a different way in which American citizens
can identify such potential dangers so that disaster can be avoided. One approach is to have
professionals in the related field expose such technologies that people believe are helping them but
instead are causing damage to the environment. As a previous low voltage linemen with seven years
of experience, alongside my father who has been a low voltage linemen for twenty plus years, one
tool that must be

The Energy Industry Of The Electric Utilities Industry
AEP SWEPCO AEP SWEPCO serves a vast market in the electric utilities industry. The energy
industry, comes with a host of serious risks that need to be managed, and AEP SWEPCO is no
exception. The energy industry is difficult, if not impossible to predict. The corporate risk
assessment below discusses AEP's past and present business, as well as identifies risks and strategies
on how to mitigate and manage them. AEP SWEPCO OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRY & CORE
BUSINESS: A regulated utility is defined as a corporation that offers an essential or near–essential
infrastructure product, commodity, or service with little or no practical substitute. The utilities
industry is subject to comprehensive regulation by a regulatory body. The regulators base the rates
that they set on cost recovery, including an economic return on assets rather than relying on market
price. The utilities market a whole is well established and has a steady demand over the long term.
American Electric Power (AEP) Southwestern Electric Power Company (SWEPCO) serves nearly
5.4 million customers in 11 states making it the largest electric utilities company in the United
States. It has the largest 40,000 mile electricity transmission network in the nation. It has
approximately 32,000 megawatts of generating capacity as well as 765–kilovolt extra–high voltage
transmission lines which makes more than all others in the United States combined. There are seven
regional electric utilities serving customers across several

Florida Power & Light Case Study
Dividend Policy at FPL Group Inc.
Problem: On May 5, 1994 the utilities analyst of Merrill Lynch downgraded FPL Group Inc. due to
an expectation of adjustment in dividend payments. The report also acknowledged the probability of
a cut in the dividend. Kate Stark of First Equity Securities Corporation analyzes the situation and
she has to predict what is going to happen. This investment alert was published dropped the stock
price by 6% on the same day. 3 weeks ago Kate Stark has recommended a "hold" position for FPL
Group. With the new report should she change her recommendation?
Electric Utility Industry: The electric utility industry is formed by three segments: generation,
transmission and distribution. Securities and Exchange ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This involved building a new transmission line, refurbishing of the oldest generating plant,
improving operating efficiency at all plants, and buying a majority share in a coal burning plant
owned by a utility based in Georgia. By 1994 operating efficiency had improved dramatically;
nuclear plant availability had risen to 83% (industry average: 70%), and fossil fuel plant availability
risen to 89% (Industry average: 83%).
These expenditures are funded through internal profits and by issuing $3.7 billion of long term debt
and $1.9 billion common stock. Headcount reduced by 30% while operating and maintenance
expense reduced from 1.82/kWh to 1.61/kWh from 1990 to 1993. As a result FPL became the
largest utility in Florida by 1994 (fourth largest in the country).
Financially 1993 was a record year: FPL's capital expenditure was expected to decline by 33% over
the next five years. Annual sales growth of 3.4% for the past five years exceeded the national
average of 2% and was expected to exceed the average again for the next five years (2.7% vs.
1.8%).
New S&P Guidelines for Evaluating Investor Owned Electric Utilities
Starting October 1993, S&P started including an evaluation of a utility's competitive position as
part of its financial rating. It would consider such factors as the prospects for customer and sales
growth, revenue vulnerabilities and dependencies, rates

Producer Protection, Prior Market Structure and the...
Producer Protection, Prior Market Structure and the Effects of Government Regulation
Assignment on Regulatory Economics
1/5/2012 INTRODUCTION
The direct economic regulation of business by independent government commissions has a one–
hundred year history on the North American continent. It is generally asserted that the purpose of
such commissions is to protect consumers from exploitation by limiting the economic powers of
certain firms having pervasive effects on the public interest (for example, transportation companies
and public utilities). . However, the findings of the relatively few em–pirical studies of the economic
effects of regulation indicate that important differences actually do exist in these effects. The ...
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One group should include those industries whose prior market structure was a natural monopoly.
This group would include electric utilities, natural gas pipelines, local gas distribution companies,
telephone companies, etc. The second group should consist of industries having oligopolistic or
competitive market structures prior to the implementation of regulation, for example, airlines, motor
carriers, railroads, and water carriers.
If the producer–protection hypothesis is descriptive of the fundamental effects of regulation, one
would expect to find regulation having little or no effect on the first group, whereas the second
group would experience substantial changes following the effective implementation of regulation.
NATURAL MONOPOLY INDUSTRIES
Among other things, effective monopolies are characterized by relatively high price levels, by
extensive price discrimination, and by rates of return on investment exceeding those attainable if the
firm operated in a competitive market structure. Thus, the producer–protection hypothesis implies
that following the implementation of regulation over natural monopolies, the price level will be
essentially unchanged and will be above marginal costs, price discrimination will continue to be
widely practiced, and rates of return will remain above those which would exist under competition.
Price level
At least three studies have been made regarding the effects of regulation on electric utility price

Water Privatization : Advantages And Disadvantage Of...
Water privatization is private sector provision of water services and sanitation. It is most often
credited for turning a public good into a private one. Nearly always plastic water bottles come to
mind for many when they think of the topic. This is rightfully so, as due to water privatization, we
have companies like Dasani producing these commodities. Water privatization is intended to help
aid the depleting freshwater supply yet there is a standing debate on if it actually aids the cause.
According to the National Resource Defense Council, it takes 1.63 liters of water to produce every
liter of Dasani. This often is used to show the dispute between the benefits of water privatization,
moreso the cost. On the other hand the opposing side states that the consumption of bottled water is
more sanitary than tap water. Yet many will cite that after a four–year review of the bottled–water
industry and its safety standards, the National Resources Defense Council concluded that there is no
true assurance that bottled water is cleaner or safer than tap. In fact, an estimated 25 percent or more
of bottled water is, in actuality, just tap water in a bottle–sometimes further treated, sometimes not.
In comparison tap water in sizeable cities are required to be disinfected, filtered to remove
pathogens, and tested for Cryptosporidium and giardia viruses. Bottled water does not have to be
due to the outstanding regulations. Of the 1,000 bottles tested in the study, the majority proved

Dividend Policy at Fpl Group
Subject: Dividend Policy at FPL Group, Inc.
Problem: Should FPL cut dividend? And should Stark revise her investment recommendation?
Options: 1) Keep dividend per share growth at 1.65% 2) Dividend per share grows at 1% 3) Keep
dividend per share constant at $2.46 4) Cut dividend by 30% and repurchase 10 million shares each
year after the cut
Recommendations:
We recommend FPL to cut dividend by 30% in order to free up more cash to facilitate its growth
and fight the upcoming competitions, and repurchase 10 million shares each year after the cut to
offset the negative signaling impact.
Analysis:
1) Industry Overview
The generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity was classified as the vital public service.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were many potential competitors of FPL in Florida including, 3 major investor–owned
utilities, 20 municipal and rural cooperative generating systems, and 19 independent power
producers. Also, there were other large investor–owned utilities in neighboring states, which would
target consumers in Florida.
Under a dramatic changes of the market competition, S&P came up with a new evaluation
system, which rated FPL as one of the top 10% investor–owned utilities and upgraded its senior
secured debt to A–plus and its senior unsecured debt to single–A. Despite of its upgraded debt
rating, FPL experienced the 1.4% increase in its long–term interest expense since 1994. Along with
an intensified competition and a higher interest rate, FPL's stock price went down by 19.6%, which
was still smaller than 22.1%, by which S&P's Electric Utilities Index decreased.
3) FPL's Current Financial Position
FPL's liquidity dropped from 1.004 in 1992 to 0.681 in 1993 as the growth rate of current assets was
lower than that of current liabilities. The main contributions of the increase in current liabilities were
significant increases in notes payable–commercial paper and deferred clause revenues. Equity
increased significantly while there was a slight increase in assets and a small decrease in liabilities
that debt ratio, debt to equity ratio and equity multiplier dropped by 0.2, 1, and 1 respectively. This
showed that the firm's risk decreased

Swot Analysis : The Airline Company
We assigned the following 13 companies to the industries based on the analysis provided below.
Airline
Inventory is N/A for number one because airlines do not have goods and materials to hold for the
goal to have a purchase or resale. The inventory of an airline company is the seats on an airplane
that are available for purchase, but are not accessible for ownership because the seats belong to the
airline.
Net PP&E is N/A because airlines are related to the energy industry, so airline companies do not
purchase any property, manufacturing plants, or pieces of equipment.
Financial leverage is extremely high compared to the 12 other companies because airlines lease the
airplanes, so they use a lot of debt and other liabilities to finance ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Goodwill and intangibles make up a good portion of the third options assets. This would make sense
for a computer software company because the software does not have a physical presence. Examples
include patents, copyrights, the customer perceived value of the software.
The R&D ratio is one of the highest out of the other companies. A computer software company
would have to invest in research and development which would make the software better.
Software companies can be highly profitable. It would make sense for this company to have a
relatively high gross margin percentage.
Wholesale Food Distribution
Company 4 has a relatively high inventory which makes sense for Wholesale Food Distribution.
Inventory would be expected to be relatively high.
Cash is also moderately high for company 4. This would make sense for Wholesale Food
Distribution because customers probably pay a good deal of cash when buying food in bulk.
Advertising Agency Services
Accounts receivable for number five is the highest compared to the other 12 companies because
they have many outstanding services that must be paid by clients.
The advertising company has the highest accounts payable because it has to pay television networks
for ad segments and its personnel for agency services.
The receivables collection ratio is also the highest compared to the other companies because of the
payments paid by clients for services

Jackson Madison County General Hospital Website Analysis
On one particular fall morning when I entered work I notice no one at their desk working. I sat down
and clocked in and my supervisor came over shortly after. She greeted me with a smile as usual and
said, good morning and informed me of a meeting in the Jefferson conference room. After I put my
things away I grabbed my notebook and pen and proceeded to the meeting. Soon after the meeting
had started and everything after that became a blur. I couldn't believe it, I was in complete shock
after being her for ten years I, amongst so many others were being laid off. I know the last few
months had been extremely hectic around work. Many rumors surfaced about the job shutting down
while others said a layoff was near. After a company wide meeting with management they ensured
us our job was not in any danger even though the numbers showed different.
Luckily for myself during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is also located in Jackson, TN, but have other locations they offer their services in. They
provide healthcare services. Their website is http://www.wth.org/index.php and can be reached at
731–541–5000. The type of positions I am interested in range from customer service, admission
specialist, patient eligibility, to billing and collections. The website has a career section which
allows you to look and apply for positions. The positive aspects is the vast medical services that are
offered, the continued education, and growing facilities that are being added on. The negative aspect
is the difficult task in obtaining a job within the company. It shows that they have over 5,000
employers and that number is growing. However, just by word of mouth and the job positions that
stays on the list shows that not all positions are being filled. I learned more about the various classes
that are being offered to help educate and help the community with a wide range of

The theoretical framework I develop rests on the...
The theoretical framework I develop rests on the assumption that individuals are rational actors
insofar as they calculate and act to maximize their expected utilities. An illustration of this
assumption is found when the expected utility of continuing a war is outweighed by the expected
utility of war termination. When the expected costs of continuing a war exceed the expected
benefits, the relevant actors will begin to press for peace. I further assume that leaders act to
maximize their chances of retaining office and that they are accountable to a domestic audience. The
composition and preferences of this domestic audience varies systematically across regime type, as
does their ability to credibly deter the leader. This has important ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The volume and intensity of conflict drive the rate at which these costs accrue. They may vary
intermittently in a smoldering dispute or accumulate more quickly in open conflict. Regardless of
this rate, I assume the longer a war continues, the more costs will mount, and the more likely that
one side will begin to press for a settlement. While some will oppose or support a conflict regardless
of the human or economic cost, most determine their support by paying particular attention to these
wartime losses. Both a leader and their domestic audience will calculate their expected utilities and
update their expectations by observing these outcomes. More important to consider is the point at
which the anticipated benefits of continued conflict is outweighed by the anticipated costs of
terminating conflict for a leader's domestic audience.
Remembering that a leader acts to maximize their chances of retaining office and that they are
ultimately held accountable to a domestic audience, the demands of a domestic audience unsatisfied
with the costs of war is important to consider in the ability of states to wage extended wars. This
cost–sensitivity argument has typically underpinned empirical observations on the tendency of
democracies to fight uniformly shorter wars. Autocratic leaders, it was argued, do not labor under
such restraints

A Study On Mode Choice Modeling
CHAPTER II– LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 Mode choice
Mode choice is the willingness of a person to prefer one mode of transport over the other when
given various alternatives comprising different attribute values. Here, attributes are the factors
which impact the mode choice such as their socio–economic characteristics, trip characteristics and
available transport characteristics.
2.1.1 Theories for mode choice modeling
Mode choice modeling is conventionally done based on discrete choice model; here the discrete set
of alternatives is given and one must be chosen. This model is based on choosing an alternative with
maximum utilization or say choosing a mode which provided the maximum utility to the user. This
utility can be found out with the attributes having an impact on mode choice. The relationship
between the attributes and mode choice gives a value to each attribute which shows the dependency
of choosing a particular mode on that attribute. The utility equations are generally represented as
linear equations; the coefficients of each attribute is taken as its weight representing its relative
value or importance in the utility equation and hence, their contribution in mode choice.
Deterministic and Probabilistic Choice Theory: The user chooses a mode as per the utility function
but there can also be some unpredictable behavior which can influence the choice. If the choice of a
person in a modal is taken as rational and he chooses a mode with maximum utility; the model is

Social Connectivity And Its Effects On Society
Imagine if everything in the world around you existed only in theory but didn't really exist at all.
How much would you have to worry about the consequences of your actions? This kind of nihilism
isn't practical when you go out in public, but computation and social connectivity may be the closest
thing, in the real world, to the construction of an actual nihilistic landscape. When you go online,
you often won't have to worry about tarnishing your identity and reputation because, with
anonymity, it never really existed to your audience in the first place. There are many places where
you don't have to worry about saying the wrong things because there aren't any authority figures to
effectively enforce them. The internet doesn't so much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here you have two major American political candidates from both the Democratic and Republican
parties emphasizing the need for authority and moderation for the dangerous aspects of the World
Wide Web. In one sense, it's easy for people to mock just how vague, naïve, and impractical this
idea sounds, as shutting something down online doesn't necessarily prevent it from being built up
again. In another sense, it's long overdue for politicians to start taking the issue of toxicity in global
internet activity and reactivity very seriously. This issue is not so much about terrorism itself.
Fundamentally speaking, it is about the downsides of the internet's global reach and the lack of
exclusivity that dangerous ideas have because of social media's accessibility. In can be argued by the
social contract theory that people, in general, will submit to their governments under a common law
to live in a civil society. In other words, the authority of the law, and its ability to dish out
consequences for actions, is what can ensure communal peace and security among people. But
legislation has a notorious lag time in its ability to properly keep up with technology and its
sociological uses. There arguably isn't a clearly defined social contract on the internet. Overall, this
is an "issue" about how internet rhetoric seems to be fueling a contagious toxic culture,

York Water Company
PENNSYLVANIA PUBLIC UTILITY : COMMISSION :: v. : Docket No. R–2012–2336379 :
YORK WATER COMPANY : DIRECT TESTIMONY OF NON–COMPANY PARTY LARRY L.
WOLFE 1. I, Larry L. Wolfe, affirm that I am a York Water Company ratepayer residing at 2698
Forest Road, York, PA 17402. In this matter I represent myself as a private citizen without legal
counsel. 2. In Supplement No. 111 to Water–Pa. P.U.C. No. 14 the York Water Company (the
Company) has requested an overall 17.2% increase in its base rates. The Company has also
requested authority to combine in part, the revenue requirement for the Company's wastewater
operations with its water operations. I assert that the proposed rate increase is exorbitant,
unwarranted and should not be granted. Further, I assert that the proposal to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In short, the York Water Company is in a solid financial position. It has no basis to ask for yet
another rate increase of any amount and the Commission should respond to its request accordingly.
(d) According to a PUC spokesperson–as reported in a recent York Sunday News editorial–a utility
company spends about $1 million to request a rate hike. Given, the number of attorneys, consultants,
judges, commissioners, and other state employees involved, it seems likely that the cost to the
commonwealth to examine and rule on that rate hike request would equal, if not exceed $1 million.
A process which results in an expenditure of something on the order of $16 million in the years
since 1999 for a single utility company cries out for remediation. Would it not be far more efficient,
equitable, and cost–effective to authorize a pro forma semiannual or annual utility rate increase
linked to some economic index with a provision for special exceptions under strictly defined
extenuating circumstances? The present procedure makes for absurd theater. It is respectfully
requested that the Commission move

The Decision Of Our Final Residential Location Choice Model
Before the decision of our final residential location choice model, we tested how preferences of
residential location are different among age and income groups. Stratifying the sample of
households by age and income is helpful to identify some of the heterogeneity in housing
preferences among different market segments as well as investigate whether differences of location
preferences exist between different groups. All the household location choice models performed
reasonably well as shown in table 1, 2, and 3. The empirical results show that different age groups
have different residential location preferences. As shown in Table 1, the access to employment is
statistically significant and positive in Groups 1 and 3 but insignificant in Group 2. This result
implies that job opportunity is an important factor in the household residential location choice
decision, especially for the young and old household groups. On the other hand, households in
Group 2 do not tend to prefer the location where job opportunity is relatively good, although it is not
statistically significant. Rather, land price is positive and significant in Group 2, which means they
are likely to choose the location where land price is high. This may be because most households in
Group 2 consider their children's education in their residential location decision. In specific, good
education environment including public and private schools is a very important factor in Korea.
However, we do not include the

Decision Analysis : The Decision
Introduction
Decision analysis provides powerful techniques to structure complex problems, identify optimal
choices, and facilitate communication between the decision analyzer and the person makes the
decision. One of the most important values of these techniques is that they enable decision making
to be rational rather than intuitive or holistic. They provide a framework for rational decision
making in an uncertain environment.
As modern decision analysis has been studied for more than five decades, there has been significant
improvements in the practices used. These methods have been implemented by companies and
organizations and proved to be successful as well as constructive. However, there are also plenty of
examples when the recommendation were not implemented or even if they were, they failed to truly
support the decision maker(s). Kusnic and Owen found that the implementation rate decreases with
the importance of the problem (1992).
These cases, however, enabled scientists detect the major deficiencies of this approach, and helped
them to work out new developments to help overcome these limitations.
The aim of this paper is to give insight into the process of decision analysis with the help of real life
examples and case studies, and show the extent to which the approach has proven to be beneficial.
The paper also going to summarize the limitations of decision analysis as well as the techniques that
have been developed over the time.
The methods used
Ronald A.

The Primary Market Structures And Marketing Efforts, And...
Summary
This report looks at the four primary market structures, with a focus on two. Within each of these
two market structures, this report will examine an industry, summarizing industry operations and
characteristics, advertising and marketing efforts, and the principal–agent problem.
Market Structures
There are four basic market structures, each determined by the number of firms in the market and
the dynamics of competition. They are perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic
competition. (Flynn, n.d.)
A market structure with perfect competition has a number of firms all offering an identical product.
A firm with a monopoly has no competition; this market structure is also called imperfect
competition due to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The company's name became synonymous with film. When Polaroid introduced instant film, it too
had a corner on its market as the only company with this technology.
In effect, a monopoly restricts free trade as it has no competition. A monopolistic firm is a price
setter, having the ability to set the price for a product that has no competition and no readily–
available substitutes. (Price Maker, n.d.)
Another characteristic of a monopoly is its barriers to entry. These can include high start–up costs,
control of natural resources, government regulations or restrictions, patents or copyrights, and
exclusive rights. A perfect example of a monopoly is a utility; this report will analyze electric
utilities as a monopoly.
Perfect Competition
Perfect competition, at the other end of the spectrum, has a large number of firms that all make or
sell the exact same product, such as beef or milk. These firms are price takers as there is no one firm
that can influence price. (Price Taker, n.d.) If one firm tried to raise prices or cut back production to
influence supply and demand there are several other companies to which consumers can take their
business.
Other characteristics of perfect competition include little or no exit or entry barriers, small market
share for each competitor, and price transparency to consumers. (Perfect Competition, n.d.) To better
understand the concept of perfect competition,

Analysis Of U.s. Energy Law
Introduction to U.S. Energy Law
John K Vincent George
UIN: 225004867
Final Project Report
ICPE 609 Introduction to U.S. Energy Law at the Texas A&M – College station
22 October 2016
¬¬
1 TWO CONSTITUTIONAL LAWTHAT ARE IMPLICATED IN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OR
REGULATION. FULLY DISCUSS ONE SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THOW EACH LAW
IDENTIFIED APPLIES TO ENERGY AND HOW THE LAW GOVERNS.
Property rights (5TH Amendment)
Endangered Species Act
1. Federal Water Power Act
The Federal Water Power Act of 1920, renamed as Federal Power Act) (FPA) was the first national
policy for the regulation of hydropower development. The purpose of the FPA was to set forth a
comprehensive plan for development of the Nation's water resources that were within the
jurisdiction of the federal government.
2. Property rights (5TH Amendment)
No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken
for public use, without just compensation.
3. Endangered Species Act
Endangered species should be protected and given priority against energy projects. Projects should
implement measures to protect the endangered species.
4. Water quality certification requirements of the Clean Water Act
Following case describes how the energy laws governs the energy related projects.
PLATTE RIVER WHOOPING CRANE CRITICAL HABITAT MAINTENANCE TRUST V. FERC
This case involved a

The Nature Of Perceived Value
The nature of perceived value remains a topic of debate. Various researchers have sought to
enumerate the categories of customer value. These include Zeithaml (1988, p. 14) who describes
four forms of value–(a) value is low price, (b) value is whatever one wants in a product, (c) value is
the quality that the consumer receives for the price paid, and (d) value is what the consumer gets for
what he or she gives.
Holbrook (1996, p. 138) views customer value as an interactive relativistic preference experience:
a) Interactive: in contrast to the position advocated by extreme subjectivists or extreme objectivists,
customer value entails an interaction between some subject (a customer) and some object (a
product). Essentially, this interactionist position maintains that value depends on the characteristics
of some physical or mental object but cannot occur without the involvement of some subject who
appreciates it.
b) Relativistic: This means that customer value is (i) comparative (among objects), (ii) personal
(across people), and (iii) situational (specific to the context). To detail, it is comparative in that one
must make utility comparisons among objects rather than among people; in other words, customers'
perception of the value of a product is not formed in isolation from other offerings. In addition,
value varies from one individual to another. Further, value is situational in that it depends on the
context in which the evaluative judgment occurs. Hence, the standards

Essay on Prestige Telephone Company – Case Study
Prestige Telephone Company – Case Study
In April 2003, Daniel Rowe, president of Prestige Telephone Company, was preparing for a meeting
with Susan Bradley, Manager of Prestige Data Services, a company subsidiary. Partial deregulation
and an agreement with the state Public Service Commission had permitted Prestige Telephone to
establish a computer data service subsidiary to perform data processing for the telephone company
and to sell computer service to other companies and organizations. Mr. Rowe had told the
commission in 1999 that a profitable computer services subsidiary would reduce pressure for
telephone rate increases. However, by the end of 2002 the subsidiary had yet to experience a
profitable month. Ms. Bradley felt only more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All accounts of Prestige Data Services were separated from those of Prestige Telephone, and each
paid the other for services received from the other.
From the start of operations of Prestige Data Services in 2000 there had been problems. Equipment
deliveries were delayed. Personnel had commanded higher salaries than expected. And most
important, customers were harder to find than earlier estimates had led the company to expect. By
the end of 2002, when income of Prestige Telephone was low enough to necessitate a report to
shareholders revealing the lowest return on investment in seven years, Rowe felt it was time to
reassess Prestige Data Services. Susan Bradley asked for more time, as she felt the subsidiary would
be profitable by March. But when the quarterly reports came (Exhibits 1 and 2), Rowe called
Bradley to arrange their meeting.
Rowe received two reports on operations of Prestige Data Services. The Summary of Computer
Utilization (Exhibit 1) summarized the use of available hours of computer time. Service was offered
to commercial customers 24 hours a day on weekdays and eight hours on Saturdays. Routine
maintenance of the computers was provided by an outside contractor who took the computer off line
for eight hours

Advantages Of Recycling Washing Machine
13 Reasons to Recycle Your Washing Machine
Do you have a washing machine that is more than a decade old? Of the 76 million washing
machines used in the country today, 25 million are at least 10 years old. The washing machines that
were manufactured before 2003 are relatively less efficient than the ones produced now. All these
inefficient washing machines, together, cost users more than $2.9 billion in both energy and water.
You need to give up your old and used washing machine as it's inefficiency is costing you $180 in
utility bills, every year! This is the most important reason to recycle your washing machine
The second reason to recycle is to save the environment. Recycling metals saves energy and
consumption of raw materials. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You will need to check local regulations for a responsible appliance disposal.
#7. Exchange for an energy efficient model
An energy efficient washing machine will help you save money on your utility bills. A new washing
machine that comes with the ENERGY STAR consumes 40 percent less water and close to 25
percent less energy compared to the old less efficient machines.
#8. Benefit the Local Charities
If your washing machine is still in a working condition, you can contact the Red Cross, faith
communities or local women's shelters who will gladly accept appliances that are workable. If your
washing machine works well, then you can donate it to an underprivileged family. This is a good
alternative and your chance to make a donation, to pay it forward.
#9. Make Stylish Furniture
You can now re–purpose different parts of the washing machine and create unique and useful
products for your home. You can create stools or lamps from the washing machine drum. You can
also create an outside fireplace with an inverted drum. With a paint job and some effort, salvage the
drum as a plant container for your outdoor

Assessment Performance of Public Utility in Nigeria: a...
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Utility as defined by the oxford advanced learners dictionary is a service provided for the public. It
is a service used by everyone.
Utility services covers a wide range of activity including electricity, water, transportation and
Telecommunication. These services impact greatly on a country's economic growth and the living
standards of the people. They affect the ability of the local industries to produce products that can
compete favourably on the international market.
The provision of these services in Nigeria as in many developing countries has been left in the hands
of state owned i.e public enterprises. It was argued that in some cases, government is the only organ
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of this study would be appreciated when one views the essential need of
uninterrupted power supply for industrial and National development. The study will thus be of great
need to correct the inefficiency in the sector, manifesting in incessant power outages, showing its
performance and the need for more drastic reforms.
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
In line with the objective of measuring the performance of the sector Vis–A– Vis Electricity
Generation and Industrial Consumption; the following hypotheses in measurement, shall be adopted
as a guide:
Ho1: Performance of NEPA is not a significant explainer of Industrial Development
H12: Performance of NEPA is a significant explainer of Industrial Development
Ho2: Electricity Generation is not a determinant of the level of Industrial Consumption
H12: Electricity Generation is a determinant of the level of Industrial Consumption
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The work gives an evaluation to the performance of NEPA in Industrial
Development in

Political Philosophy: Is Utilitarianism the Best Way to...
Utilitarianism states that the moral worth of an act is completely determined by its practicality in
reducing negative service and exploiting utility as summed in every sentient being. The utility
principle states that an act is right if it produces more pleasure of all people affected by and immoral
if it doesn't. It is founded on the idea that happiness and pleasure are naturally treasured and
suffering and pain are not, and that all else has value if it is generating pleasure and inhibiting
happiness. In his article Marx on Utilitarianism, Ronald West states, "There are several systems of
Utilitarianism, each looking to overcome the flaws within it. For example, the meaning of "the
totality of human pleasure," even when defined following Mill in terms of the maximum price
someone would be ready to pay for something, is problematical. If the total mass of utility is
increased while its ownership is concentrated in fewer hands, can this be deemed to be right?"
(West, 3)
Utilitarianism is the best means of fighting discrimination because it helps support equality through
equal observation of interests and rebuke every random otherness as a person being worthy of
another affection and kindness. Utilitarianism discards racism, sexism, and any other form of
discrimination. This doesn't say that utilitarianism denies that people have their differences and will
sometimes be in conflict, it directs ones attention to that there is no reasonably resounding reason
for thinking that

Compare and Contrast Capital Market
Contrast to Capital market research and Behaviour research
Positive theories explain and predict the behaviour of users of accounting information: i)Reactions
of investors to accounting information ii)Association between accounting numbers and share prices
Capital market research and Behaviour research both positive theories.
Research question: Capital market research investigates the impact of accounting information
(especially earnings) on share prices. It is concerns with investor reactions to accounting
information. Behaviour research explains how to use and process the accounting information.
Objective: The main objective of capital market research is to examine relationship between
accounting information and share prices. Behaviour ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii) Opportunistic perspective–three hypotheses, to increase managerial compensation: Bonus plan
hypothesis: Managers of firms with bonus plans are more likely to use accounting methods that
increase current period reported income;
Debt hypothesis: The higher the firm's debt/equity ratio, the more likely managers use accounting
methods that increase income;
Political cost hypothesis: Large firms rather than small firms are more likely to use accounting
choices that reduce reported profits.
Based on 'scientific' research. Large samples, statistics, hypothesis testing; aim = universal truth
claims.
Rational utility maximising individuals.
Makes universal claims – ignores social context
Focuses on relationships between various individuals and how accounting is used to assist in the
functioning of these relationships.
Origins of PAT – Agency Theory: i) Explains why the selection of particular accounting methods
might matter; ii) Focus on the relationships between principals and agents.
2. Criticisms of PAT
i) Only addresses relationship between managers and financial stakeholders (shareholders &
debtholders) ii)Non–financial stakeholders are excluded as users of accounting info iii)Problem with
rationality and utility maximisation
PAT is not value–free as it asserts: Based on normative explanations of human behaviour –managers
are rational,

The Rational And Self Interested Agent Used As A Model Of...
Meet Homo economicus, the perfectly rational and self–interested agent used as a model of human
behaviour in neoclassical economics. Lacking the emotion and cognitive biases that typically cloud
optimal decision making, Homo economicus is able to consistently pursue self–interest without any
regard for the welfare of others. The troubling observation here is that economists have been
modelling human behaviour in a manner effectively consistent with psychopathy. The classic, albeit
Hollywood inspired psychopath – intelligent, capable of self–control, driven to succeed and
dominate others – is disturbingly similar to our description of Homo economicus. Indeed, using a
variety of anonymous, one–shot cooperation games, Yamagishi et al. (2014) ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This is problematic, and invites the following questions: 1) How to justify modeling economic
outcomes in a manner not accurately reflecting most real–life decision making, and 2) How to arrive
at an economic, or even evolutionary explanation for our (nearly) global violations in utility
maximization. I address these points in brief below.
Economists have long known people aren't the tidy, rational, utility maximizing non–cooperators
that they're modeled as in neoclassical economics. For this reason, the early behavioral economic
literature was concerned with modifying existing models to better reflect psychological factors (e.g.
Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). Most people, for example, do not follow Bayesian statistics in
situations under risk, and so prospect theory serves as a useful addition when modelling loss
aversion. Thus the assumptions underlying Homo economicus can be interpreted as a pragmatic
choice that allows economists to make simplifying approximations appropriate for the problem
under review. This notion, that economists are conscious of the empirical limitations of their models,
suggests that Homo economicus can and should serve only as a preliminary step towards more
sophisticated representations of real–life decision making. If it's understood that the assumptions
underlying the models are at best useful approximations, then perhaps the issue is with the breadth
of application rather than the models themselves.
Though why is it that we don't

Investigating The Stock Price Reaction Of Firstenergy And...
1. Introduction The aim of this study is to investigate the stock price reaction of FirstEnergy and
Allegheny to various merger related announcements. The study will also identify the presence of
any run–up abnormal returns prior to the first formal announcement due to potential information
leakages, insider trading or rumours. FirstEnergy is an energy company that formed in 1997, as a
result of the merger between Ohio Edison and Centerior, which serves a large customer base.
FirstEnergy and its subsidiaries provide utility goods and services as a private enterprise and, as a
result, form one of the USA's largest investor–owned utility companies. FirstEnergy announced
plans to acquire Allegheny Energy, an electric utility company formed in 1925, in 2010 and the
merger, worth $4.7 billion, was completed the following year. The paper differs from others as it
will provide insight and evaluation into which event during the merger process had the largest effect
and identify whether this was the same for both firms, especially since the merger was undertaken in
a tough regulatory environment which contains many "hurdles" (). The results of this paper could be
attributed to other firms in the industry or, potentially, to other industries with similar regulatory
structures. The structure of this proposal, which will be consistent with the final paper excluding the
empirical findings, proceeds as follows. Section 2 reviews selected literature based on the focus
areas. Section 3

Iron Man Ethics Analysis
Iron Man (2008) is one the highest grossing Marvels movie in 2008. It is a frictional Si–fi movie
where the charterer of Iron Man, played by Robert Downy Junior (Tony Stark). The movie was
based on the rich armor businessman . Where he made advanced weapons for military. But the
weapons that his company produced also sold in black market for terrorist . During movie Tony
stark was captured by terrorist , and told him to make weapons for them in exchange for his freedom
. During the he made many ethical decisions , which can be relatable to our Engineering to ethics
class .
First ethical decision he made was he agreed to made weapons for them in order to exchange for his
freedom . This is form Consequentialism of utilitarian where he is maximizing utility for a best out
come . A outcome to save his life as well as his scientists friend . This situation is also relatable to
the Risk Actualism " The utility of a mixture of potential outcomes is equal to the utility of the
outcome that actually materializes".
Second ethical decision that he made was to build a Iron suite. In order to escape from terrorist he
made a Iron suite . which helped him to escape . This act is Risk of expected utility maximization .
"The utility of a probabilistic mixture of potential outcomes is equal to the probability–weighted
average of the utilities of these outcomes." This is the ethical decision because he decide to made an
un–destructible suit to help humanity . He built iron suit initially for

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