impact of Darfur conflicts onthe future of communal grazing in North Darfur State.

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The impact of Darfur conflicts onthe future of communal grazing in North Darfur State.
أثر النزاعات في دارفور على مستقبل الرعي المشاع في ولاية
شمال دارفور
By: Ismail. M. AhmedIsmail¹. Osama. E. Yassin², Elgili .M³ and Ibrahim.A. Elnour4
1- Dept. of Animal production, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, ElFashir University, Sudan, E-mail: abuareege@gmail.com, mobile: 0912829694 FAX +2497314211, P.Box:125 ElFashir, Sudan
2- Dept. Of animal Production, College of Animal Production and Technology- Sudan University of Science and Technology
3- Dept. of Developmental Studies, College of Animal Production and Technology- Sudan University of Science and Technology
4- Dep. Forestry and Pastures Science, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, ElFashir University, Sudan
مستخلص:
أجريتتهذهتتلدذاسة اِفيتتلفذةذاس تِت أفذوفتت ذأ تت رذ 0202 ذإلىذي نيتت ذ 0200 ذةذمحلتتي ذ
المالحلذواسك ولذذةذولايلفذشمالِذدا فِ ذِ هةفذتست ذليطذاسضت ذللتأذأ ترذاسعاالتالجفذاةا يِتلذذ
ةذدا فِ ذِللأذنظامذاسرليذالمشاعذسلماشيل.ذذاسبيانالجذالميةانيلذفذجَمعه ذذو ذختللذالملظظتلفذ
وذنظّتت ذالمبتتا للجَذ اسعيعتتالجذذاسعشتت اةيلذذسلأشتتصا ذالمععتتيلذذاسرةيستتيلِذووتت ذذافيتت بانالج ذ
الإضافلذإلىذالمعل والجفذاس ذجمعهذوفت ذالماتاد ذِِاسنان يتلفذ.ذاسبيانتالجذامم ذعتلذظلّلته ذ افيت لذ
الحاوتلذالإظاتاةيلذذسلإظاتا ذاس يت يِ.ذاسة اِفيتلذت يتلهذإستيذأ ذالان تِللجذانيوتنذ تا ذذ
اسعاةقَذاسرةيسذسرِلايلذالماشيلذوفيب بَذفبةذ بيرذذةذو فيطذلةدذالحي انالجذاس ذتملكهتاذ
انيفيرأذ"ذوف ذفذ 729 ذ أِسِذسلأفيرأذذإلىذ 55 ذ أِسِذسلأفيرأ".وهة دذاس ظالذالم سميذذسلماشيلفذإذذ
أ ذ 47 %ذفبتتطذذوتت ذاسرلتتاأذيستتلك ذوستتا اِلجذوعيعتتلذةذوعتتاأقِذاسة اِفيتتل ذأ ذعتتا ذظر تت ذلفذذ
الماشيلف.ذاسعظامذاس بليتة ذلاذوت فل ذوأفيت صةامذذاني ذونظتامذالحتا أِذظستبذذ 97 %ذذوفت ذ

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المستت بيبلذ تتا ذأظتتةذوهتتةذدالجذاسرلتتيذالمشتتاعذ الإضتتافلذإلىذرا ةِتتبذالهتت ا ذ عستتبلذذ 70 ذ%ذ
واس ليقذالمبكرذ عسبلذ 72 % ذو باياذالمحايي ذيح اجهتاذالماا لِت ذأن سِته ذ شتةأذ علت ذذ
لحي انتتاته ذ عستتبلذذ 99 %ذذونستتبلذ 09 %ذسلبيتتكذ ماتتة ذِسلتتةخ ذ.ذذنتتطذاسرلتتيذةذوع بتتلذ
اسة اِفيلذيع مةذأفيافيتا ذللتأذاسرلتيذالمشتاعذواس ليتقذاستل ذأيتب ذأظتةذل اوت ذاساتراعذ تلذ
اسرلاأذأن سِه ذو ذجانبذو تلذاسرلتاأذوالم تاا لِلذالمست بري ذو ت ذجان تبذ ختذذذذذذذ ر.ذستلس ذتتةخ ذ
انيفيتت نما ذِالحكتت ويذوافيتتا ذةذ ستتلذالمذرالتتيذوفيتتللالجذالماشتتيلذلتتمزذنظتتامذالمتتاا عِذ
اسرل يلذذو ذاسضرو أِذبمكا ذلافي برا ذِانيوضاعذذةذدا فِ .ِ
Abstract
This study was carried out during the period from October 2010 to June, 2011 in Malha and Kuma Localities, North Darfur State to highlight the impact of ongoing conflicts on livestock communal grazing. Field data were collected through observation, structured interviews with random samples of key informants persons and filling questionnaires, as well as information gathered from secondary sources. Collected Data was analyzed by SPSS to descriptive statistics. The study revealed that, insecurity was the main handicap of livestock grazing that, caused sharp reduction in number of livestock owned from an average of 407 heads per household to 55heads per household. Seasonal migration of livestock was also threatened and only 34% of pastoralists in the study areas follow specific animal routes during livestock movements. The traditional system of land tenure and use as Hakora system according to 69% of respondents was one of communal grazing constrains in addition to illegal enclosures (zarayebElhawa) has percentage of about 42%, early free grazing on cultivated area (taliq) at percentage of 40% and crops

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residues are hardly needed by farmers at percentages of 67% as feedstuffs for their animals and 26% for sale as source of income. Hence, livestock grazing pattern in the study area is mainly dependent on communal grazing which becomes one of the conflict factors between pastoralists themselves on one side and between pastoralists and sedentary farmers on the other. Thus, the interference of governmental and private sectors investments, to improve, pastures and animal breeds, through animal ranches are so important for peace settlement in Darfur.
Keywords: Routes, Pastoralists, Transhumances, Nomadism, Free Grazing
Introduction
Greater Darfur region mainly consists of four main climatic zones: high rainfall savannah in the southern part with an average rainfall (400- 800mm) per year, low rainfall savannah which located in the Northern part of High rainfall Savannah with an average rainfall (200- 400mm) per year, semi- arid occupies the area between low rain fall savannah and the desert. This area characterized by high fluctuations of the rainfall (100- 300mm), and the Desert Zone which is characterized by very low or no rainfall and high temperature occupying the Northern part of the region.(Fadul2006),(Abdalla2008)
.These diverse climatic zones make the region a center of livestock communal grazing. According to Elnour (2012) there are three types of animal production systems in Darfur represented by Nomadic system, semi nomadic and sedentary system. Each type has its pattern,

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advantages and disadvantages. Communal grazing systems are defined as systems where communal grazing areas are the principal feed resource base for livestock, where crop residues are grazed and where animals are kept in a kraal or paddock at night. (Communal livestock grazing system is mainly found in semi-arid, sub-humid and mountain areas with a low population density, (Nilsson2001). According to Abdalla(2002) most of livestock in Sudan graze on traditional grazing systems through extensive system (communal grazing system), which is characterized by the common pastures and water resources and allowed to be used by every livestock owner and who can move to whichever place to search for pastures and water sources.Fadul(2006) reported that livestock production in Sudan in general and Darfur in particular is based on communal grazing and use of crop residues by all the community freely.
In Darfur, majority of livestock is owned by the pastoralists.Ajeebet al (2010) reported that in Darfur, pastoralism is a subsistence (economic) way of life adopted by nomads over years for better utilization of the available communal natural resources (fodder and water). There are two forms of pastoralism: 1) Nomadism: in which nomads follow a seasonal migration pattern with their families; they have no permanent settlements and they are usually self- sufficient in terms of food and other necessities. 2) Transhumance: the nomads follow a cyclical pattern of short migration distances. They usually complement livestock herding with farming around their encampment. Fadul (2011) reported that, Livestock raising in Darfur

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is the first livelihood strategy to the nomadic and pastoralists and second livelihood strategy for over 90% of sedentary farmers and urban. Therefore no doubt to say that, all Darfurian are pastoralists and livestock husbandry is the only difference between them. Unfortunately stone aged husbandry system (communal grazing free movement) is the denominator system practiced by all pastoralists in which livestock move through certain pass ways called animal tracks (routes).Helen et al (2009) stated that eleven migration routes are traditionally used by the Northern Rizaygat in the Darfur region. These extend from Wadi Howar and Wakhaim in far north, to Jabal Marra and Rehid El Berdi in West and South Darfur States respectively.Fadulet al (2011) reported that, animal routes and grazing means free or communal grazing,is based on usage of crop residues freely by all the community.
The importance of this study can be summarized as a critical study for communal grazing in the future , because the conflicts broke the traditional links between the pastoralists communities and sedentary farmers communities on which the communal grazing is based. Hence this study aimed to highlighten the impact of conflicts on traditional mechanisms for continuity of communal grazing and to investigate constraints that handicap communal grazing in Malha and Kuma localities in North Darfur.
Material and Methods:
The study was conducted in North Darfur State (Kuma and Malha) localities as a part of the areas known by pastoralist area, in the period from October 2010 to June 2011.

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200 households of pastoralists were selected randomly to carry out the study and the data collected through;
1) Focus Group discussion; three group discussion for men and one group discussion for women in each locality were conducted
2) Key informants interview with native administration, herders union, veterinary officers and agricultural union.
3) Filling of 200 household questionnaires on random basis.
4) Review of the former reports and studies on livestock grazing and population in Sudan in general and Darfur in particular.
The data collected was concentrated on the number of livestock owned by the household before and during conflict, type of livestock raising, pattern of livestock movement and the routes in addition to herders who follow specific animal route during their movement.
Collected Data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to calculate frequencies, descriptive statistics and significant differences by Analysis of variance and T-test
Results and Discussion
1-Population of livestock in North Darfur State
The total population of livestock in North Darfur is estimated at 29,778,130 heads, distributed as 8,639,918 heads for cattle, 11,005,137 heads of sheep, 9,206,879 heads of goats and 9,261,96 heads for camels, in accordance to annual growth rate, 3.2, 3.3, 2.5 and 2.3 for cattle, Sheep, goats and camels, respectively depending on the latest animal survey in Sudan in 1976 (Ministry of Animal Resources North Darfur 2011). During the field work survey, key

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informants persons interviews and focus group discussion it appeared that the process of estimating the population of livestock in the Sudan adopted on 1976 animal survey in a large country with variable climates and the late security disorder conditions, it is hard to give a reasonable estimate of the size of livestock especially in North Darfur. This is possibly due to:
a. Drought of 1983/1984 created climatic changes that lead to:
*Livestock mortality, being great in cattle and sheep and few in camels.
*Shift from cattle grazing in most households to sheep and camels grazing as in many areas in far north of North Darfur State as happened at Ain-besaro North Malah, because cattle do not take stand more than two days without drinking water compared to camels and sheep. In addition sheep become better economic source and camels can withstand harsh environments more than cattle.
b. Darfur conflicts which resulted in massive loss of livestock, and helped in changes of livestock grazing types from camels to sheep in many areas (e.g. around Meleet and Kuma).All this makes the process of estimating the livestock population in Sudan in general and Darfur in particular depending on survey of 1976 un- reasonable. Therefore real comprehensive livestock survey is necessary and urgent because livestock represents the cornerstone of Sudan economy.
2- Numbers of livestock owned by households
Table -1: shows that, the average numbers of the animals, owned by investigated households, were 407±182.1 and 55±3.1 before the

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recent Darfur conflicts and after the conflicts respectively, with significant differences.
Table-1: Animal population (in hundreds) before and after conflicts
Issue
Before the conflicts
After the conflicts
Total
407±182.1
55±3.1*
Camels
168.4±27.7*
11.46±6.2*
Sheep
230±92.3*
9.27±2.17*
Goats
173.5±123.2*
27.8±12.1*
Cattle
9.5±7.01
1.63±0.6
*Significant ≤o.o5
Source: Fieldwork, (2011)
The sharp reduction of the numbers of animals from 407 heads for household to 55 heads (about 86.5% of the animals have been lost) due to looting and distress selling. Even those who managed to save their livestock were not able to keep them. Finally they have been forced to sell them even at low prices to provide food or because they were not able to provide pastures for them.Fadul (2006) mentioned that in North Darfur due to successive millet harvest failures, the people trade between animals and millet, the staple food in the region where one sheep of six months for 1.5 sacks of millet and one year male goat for 0.8 to 1 sack.

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3-Typesof Livestock owned by the households before the conflict in the Study area
Figure (1) shows that about 40% of the pastoralists’ households in (Malha and Kuma) raised sheep and goats, 25% raised cattle, sheep and goats together and 20% raised camels and sheep, whereas 15% raised camels only. Thus the main types of the livestock, raised by the pastoralists before the conflicts were sheep and camel with total percentage of about 45% and 35% for sheep and camels respectively this is because camels and sheep are well adapted to the semi-aried climate which is dominant in the northern parts of Northern Darfur especially the areas of Malha and Kuma, sheep usually drink water every 5 days and 10 days during summer and winter respectively, whereas camels drink every 10 to 20 in summer and winter respectively. Also Camels can feed on shrubs that are not palatable for other livestock types.
The lowest percentage of animal type was 25% for households owned cattle, because cattle cannot stay without drinking water more than two days. Therefore grazing cattle, gather around water points which resulted in pasture deterioration as observed around boreholes in Kuma and Malha areas.

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Figure (1): Types of livestock owned by the Household before conflict
4-Type of the livestock raised by the studied groups during the conflicts
During the ongoing conflict many household of the pastoralists, specially nomads in North Darfur lost their livestock specially camels and sheep. Figure, (2 ) shows that types of livestock raised during the conflicts detailed as follow; 50% of households raised goats, followed by sheep with percentage of 34% households, sheep and goats9% and percentage of owning camels only 7%. The camels raising was sharply dropped, according to key informant persons and focus group discussion due to: a) looting during conflicts or distress selling because many household were not able to keep their camels specially women headed households. b) Keeping camels in certain areas around the territories of homeland of the tribe due to the tensions

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between neighboring tribes. This could be seen obviously in Kuma locality, whichis inhabited by, Ziadyyia nomadic tribe. This tribe used to graze mainly camels and sheep in cyclic grazing turns from June to August/ they move to south of railway around: Tolo, Jabir to Babanosa in Kordofan. During September to October/ they return to areas around their homeland.During winter they used to migrate to extreme north to Juzzu area.But now all animals are kept inside their homeland territories which resulted in outbreak of camel’s disease, shortage of pasture high competition over water resources and pasture.
The ultimate results are loss of animal’s, reduction in animal production and deterioration of rangelands lead to shifting from camel grazing to sheep grazing which is economically better and easier in management compared to camels.
Figure (2) Type of livestock raised by the household during the conflict

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The high percentage of household raised goats at (50%) because goats is the first line of household food security in Darfur as affirmed by the study of pastoralist food security in north Darfur and conducted by Fadulet al, (2011). Moreover, women headed households are the main goat rearing households. This is because goats are easier to manage by women in addition that goats raising requires small capital for starting.
5-Communal grazing and pattern of livestock movement and routes in the study area.
The livestock grazing and routes of communal grazing are those areas wherepasture and crops are shared by all as mentioned by Fadul (2006), the main animal routes of the nomads and transhumance in the two localities (Kuma and Malha) from south to north and vice versa according to the key informants Abdallajuzzu and Abu-Elkhier(2010) are as follow :Tolo - Abuhimera borehole-Um-elhusien(gibaish) - Eastern kuma - Sari mountain Um-Hegieleege -Mariega -Um Dagour -MalhaWakhaim -Wadi-Howar.
These can be emphasized by what had been mentioned by Helen et al (2009) who stated that eleven migration routes are traditionally used by the Northern Rizaygat in the Darfur region. These extend from Wadi-Howar and Wakhaim in the far north, to Jabal Marra and Rehid El Berdi in West and South Darfur states, respectively. But after the last conflicts of Darfur the situation has been changed as shown in figure: 3: which explains that, 65.7% of the respondents mentioned that they do not follow specific animal routes during

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livestock movement on their searching for pastures and water resources and most of them in Kuma. On the other hand,34.3% of the pastoralists mentioned that they follow specific animal routes during herds movement and most of them in Malha because Malha locality which is inhabited mainly by Meidoub Nomadic tribe, has a vast grazing land on their own homeland and it is bordering the Juzzu plants areas around Wadi-Hawar and Wakhayim in far northern parts of North Darfur. Therefore the tension between the two neighboring nomadic tribes has more influence on Ziadyyia in Kuma compare to Midob,because they restricted the camels and sheep grazing inside their homeland territories in the areas between Um-elhusien in south- eastern parts to Nussub in northern boarders with Miedoub.According to focus group discussions and key informants, this is the main reason of reducing animal production capability and deteriorations of pastures and disappearance of palatable grasses such as 1) Baghial: (Blepharislinarfolia) 2)Ikrish: (Pappaphorumspp). 3)Bayiat: (Commeliniakotschyi) 4) Rabaa: Zalyapentandra and replaced by other grasses with low nutritive value as Haskaneet :(Cenchrusbiflurs) BanoEragoristisasperaGaw:(Aristida - mutabilis) and Nada (Cidacordifolia)
Pattern of livestock migration in the study area before the conflicts in: a) Kuma: according to key informant persons;
 Between June and July livestock move from Damars (around Ziaddyia tribe home land) toward south to areas at Tulu, Jabir

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and sometimes to south Nyala railway to Riazghat home land (so called Shougara trip)
 Between September and October returns to areas around their (Dar) homeland which called Marga( getting out).
 Noshouq trip between December and January where they move towards Juzzu areas far north of North Darfur state to areas of Wadi-Hawar and Wakhayim.
 The return trip to their dammar between March and April to settled around water sources till the time of shougara
Figure (3) Herders following specific Animal routes during livestock movement
Competition over water resources and outbreak of camels' diseases as repeated widely through key informant persons and focus group discussion at home of NazirJuzzu (2011) and emphasized by Fadul (2011) in rapid assessment of livestock in North Darfur

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in(2011). Improvement of rangelands has become a necessity in Malha and Kuma through seed broadcasting of desirable species especially in the Nussub area between Malha and Kuma where accumulation of large animals occurred with increasing water sources.The rapid growth of donkeys as a result of displacement becomes a real threat to rangelands, cultivation and drinking water as well. According to Umelhussien borehole keeper in Kuma locality, about 400 to 450 donkeys come to drink every day.
6-2: The problems facing communal grazing
Table (2) The frequency and frequency percentage of problems facing the livestock during movement on the animal routes and "Damars"
No
Problem
On tracks (routes)
On damars
frequencies
percentage
frequencies
percentage
1
Insecurity
163
81.5
36
18
2
Shortage of drinking water
19
9.5
19
9.5
3
Shortage of pastures
18
9.0
109
54.5
4
Diseases
0
0
36
18
5
Total
200
100
200
100
Source: Fieldwork, (2011)
Table (2)demonstrates the main constrains of communal grazing with proportions varying between moving on routes and settling on

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damars.The most constrains occurred during movement of livestock on routes, especially insecurity that represents 81.5% as the main determinant of the movement of livestock on the routes. Blocking of the animal routes in specific areas within tribe Dar had no clear impact on livestock in Malha because it is spacious than Juzzu areas,but the blocking of the livestock routes in Kuma has tangible impact on livestock grazing especially camels that had declined in numbers significantly.The recent conflict in Darfur results from insecurity in many areas of pastoralists and tensions among tribes, led to broad looting for camels and cattle, even those who managed to save their livestock unfortunately were not able to find free range land to graze their animals naturally especially camels. Therefore many camels’ grazers shifted to graze sheep, which do not need to walk long distances for grazing like camels and economically more beneficial than camels
It is necessary to modernize livestock production systems through animal ranches that provide adequate water sources and sufficient pastures, veterinary services and education on scientific bases. Drought is one of livestock production constrains, because pastures growth and nutritive value depend on annual rainfall and its distribution through the rainy season mostly from June to October.

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6-3: Causes of conflicts and communal grazing constrains
Table (3) Frequency percentage of stakeholders who agree or disagree to conflict in the area
Reasons
No
Causes
Agree%
Disagree%
I don't know%
1
Communal Grazing
49
29
22
2
Agri-expansion on grazing lands
32
41
27
3
Rapid Growth of Livestock
53
29
18
4
Illegal enclosures
42
38
18
5
Too late Harvesting
23
54
23
6
Early free grazing on cultivation area
40
42
18
7
Farming on routes and rest area*1
30
34
36
8
Attacking farms by animal
46
39
15
9
Hakora System*2
69
5
26
Source: Fieldwork, (2011)
Key:*1: Rest area (Sawany) an area of about 10 -15 km for Nomads to stay for rest not more than 3-7 days during movement
*2Hakora (Dar): Tribe home land administrated by tribe top leader
Table 3 showed the main factors that led to conflicts as stated by the respondents:
The important factors that causes the conflicts were Hakora system, rapid growth of livestock, communal grazing, animal attacking crop

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farms and Illegal enclosures which represented 69%, 53%, 49% , 46% and 42% respectively as mentioned by the respondents. Date of communal grazing: setting time for the livestock to start grazing of “al-Talaig” (the residues of the agricultural crops, 28 February or (1st March) of every year.
Table (3) shows the answers of the respondents to the agreement or disagreement questions about the causes of conflicts in the study area.
 Hakora system as a cause of conflicts received the highest percentage of agreement amounted to 69%, Hakora (Plural Hawakeer) means tribal lands ownership as reported in Doha Document for peace in Darfur (DDPD) (2011) sometimes called (Dar)
According to Ajeebet al (2010) most of Darfurian tribes acquired for themselves large territories of land Called (Hakora) or (Dar) it is regarded as the property of the entire tribes and the chief of the tribe is regarded as custodian of the property. For the sedentary farmers, land is allotted to each member of the tribe for cultivation purposes, while unused land is left to form shared resources for use by both farmers and nomads.
After the recent armed conflict in Darfur, situation differed and there was tension between the settled tribes and pastoralists as result of failure to respect the customs and regulations and law breaking.
 Rapid growth rate of livestock with percentage of agreement at about 53% followed Hakora system

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 Livestock attacking farms at percentage of agreement about 46%
 Illegal enclosures has percentage of agreement about 42%
 Early free grazing on cultivation with percentage of 40%
 Expansion of agriculture on range lands has percentage of agreement about 32%
 Farming on routes and rest areas has percentage of 30% agreement.
Expansion of agriculture on pasture lands resulting into tightness in grazing areas and animal routes. Rapid needs of sedentary farmers to seeking fodders for their own animals and new income sources led them to establish fences around pasture land (illegal enclosures) to reserves pasture grass, which became one of the conflict causes between sedentary famers and pastoralists. Early Communal grazing before the specific time for crops harvesting and before setting time for the livestock to start grazing of “al-Talaig” (the residues of the agricultural crops) also is one of conflicts issues causes.
6-4- Usage of crop residues as communal grazing constrains
Table-4:The frequency and frequency percentages of respondents regarding the usages of crops residues
No
Usage
Frequencies
Percentage
1
Animal feedstuffs
68
68
2
Selling
29
29
4
Neglected
3
3
Total
100
100
Source: Fieldwork, (2011)

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Table (4) shows the frequency and frequency percentages of respondent reporting the usage of crops residues. About 68% of these respondents and 29% mentioned that they use their crop residue for animal feedstuffs and selling, respectively.Only 3% of the respondent stated that they neglected the crops residues used by livestock during communal grazing. The investigated persons mentioned that 29% of the sedentary farmers usually sell their crop residue as a source of income, therefore crop residues are no longer left to be grazed during communal grazing and taliq. This is incompatible with what had been documented by Nilsson (2001) and Fadul (2006), who stated that communal grazing is based on crops residues, therefore, communal gazing and the taliq has become one of the causes of conflicts between pastoralists and farmers as animal grazers sometimes leave their livestock to graze the farms before fixed date for the harvesting and free grazing on 7 February each year, which was approved lastly instead of 28 February.
Conclusion
Because livestock grazing in Darfur mainly depends on communal grazing which, became one of the conflict factors between pastoralists themselves on one side and between pastoralists and sedentary farmers on the other. Thus, intervention of governmental and private sector, for improving; pastures and animals breeds, through animal ranches is so important for peace settlement in Darfur.

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References
1- Abdalla, S. A. (2008) Use of Controlled Irrigation for the Improvement of Sorghum Growth and Productivity in North Darfur.Ph.D thesis University of Khartoum, Sudan
2- Abdalla, Siding. M., (2002), Dairy Farm management (Arabic), cited in Ismail (2013), The effect of Animal traditional system improvement on conflict management , case study North Darfur State. PhD Sudan University.
3- Ajeeb, A, Ibrahim E.A , Ismail M.Elsir.A, (2010), Nomadic Population base line survey. North Darfur, Faculty of Natural resources and Environmental science (Elfashir University) in collaboration with International Organization for Migration (IOM)
4- Elnour, I. A, (2012), Livelihoods for Pastoralist Prospective (Presence, Past and Future) un published paper presented in a workshop), Livelihoods for Pastoralist and famers Prospective, Peace Center,Elfashir University in Collaboration with Darfur Darfur Dialogue Consultant 22- 23 December 2012
5- Fadul, A. (2006). Natural Resources for sustainable peace .University of Peace, Africa Programme, Conference proceeding. , December 2006.
6- Fadul, A.A, and, Ismail M.A, (2011). Research study on Pastoralists Food Security in North Darfur, World Food Programme (WFP) in Collaboration with Elfashir University, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources.Augst2011

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7- Nilsson, Tabias, (2001), Management of Communal Grazing lands, a case study in Tanzania. www.Scrib.com/doc.
8- Fadul.A. (2011).Rapid Livestock Assessment Report, Livestock Working Group Ministry of Animal Resource and Fisheries-Norh Darfur in Collaboration with FAO Elfashir
9- Helen Young, Abdallla, A and Omer E,(2009) Livelihoods, power and Choice, the Vulnerability of the Northern Rizaygat, in Darfur, Sudan, Feinstein International Center.
10- MOARAF-ND, (2011) Annual report Animal, Health Unit- North Darfur.
11- Doha Document for peace in Darfur (DDPD) (2011)
1. Key person: (2011)AbdellahJuzzu (Nazir), Head of Ziadyia Native Administration, Kuma Locality- North Darfur State
2. Key Person (2011) Ibrahim Abu Elkhair. Head of Pastolalits Union, Malha Locality- North Darfur State.