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Basics of e-learning
Introduction to Instructional Design
DAY II


Stijn Van Laer
Mariet Vriens
Instructional design @ KU Leuven     Instructional design @ KU Leuven
                                        Context
                                                                Objectives

                                                                                           analysis
                                              Evaluation


                                               Support




                                                                     Learning Activities
                                                Contents

                                            Teaching Methods

                                               Materials

                                               By whom


                                               Learning
                                             Environment

                                                                  Student
                                                               Characteristics
                                   design
The ADDIE-model

           Analysis

                   Design
           conceptualization
 Theory     specification
            prototyping
                               Technology

           Development


           Implementation


           Evaluation
Context
                                   Objectives


                 Evaluation


                     Support




                                        Learning Activities
                     Contents

               Teaching Methods

                     Materials

                     By whom


                  Learning
                Environment

Analysis                             Student
                                  Characteristics

Design
Design of the Learning Environment (I)
 • Conceptualization
    – The most crucial stage of the design process is
      conceptualization: from many requirements defined in the
      Analysis stage to a simple concept, preferably defined as a
      metaphor      (the     learning      environment       as     an
      academy, campus, library, hospital, restaurant, boat, cloud, post
      office etc).
Design of the learning Environment (II)
• The Camp Fire: This is a social learning space where students
  face each other, and in doing so gain an expectation that each
  should contribute something to the discussion and activities.
• The Cave: This is a personal learning space where students can
  be on their own. Personal learning spaces enable them to reflect
  on their learning, and create their own learning pathways.
• The Sandpit: Sandpits are places where young people can try out
  new ideas and experiment without fear of failure. They can take
  risks and ask the 'what if' questions, in a psychologically safe
  environment.
• The Watering Hole: Informal spaces where students can gather
  spontaneously, either inside or outside the school. Children can
  meet at the foot of a stairwell or under a tree to discuss
  anything, whether it is school related or not.
• The Mountain Top: Here young people can share their work and
  ideas. They can publish or broadcast them in a public performance
  space, or use blogs, podcasts, videos and other technology tools to
  share their content with their peers and the world.
  http://steve-wheeler.blogspot.be/2012/04/creative-learning-spaces.html
The learning environment
                             Context
                                                    Objectives
The learning environment


                                  Evaluation


                                   Support




                                                         Learning Activities
                                    Contents

                                Teaching Methods

                                   Materials

                                   By whom


                                   Learning
                                 Environment

                                                      Student
                                                   Characteristics
Support: content
Context
                         Objectives

                                                    learning
      Evaluation                                    content:
                                                    intrinsic
          Support                                   information




                              Learning Activities
          Contents                                  consisting of:
    Teaching Methods                                theories, conce
          Materials                                 pts, research
          By whom                                   results, backgro
                                                    und
       Learning                                     information, etc.
     Environment

                           Student
                        Characteristics
Support: teaching methods
Context
                        Objectives

                                                   teaching
      Evaluation                                   methods
                                                   →
          Support




                             Learning Activities
                                                   organisational
          Contents
                                                   consequences
    Teaching Methods

          Materials

          By whom


       Learning
     Environment

                          Student
                       Characteristics
Support: teaching methods

•   (Interactive) lecture   •   Making a model
•   Hands-on sessions       •   Interview
•   Group work              •   Role Play
•   Project                 •   Listening Exercise
•   Debate                  •   Demonstration
•   Thesis                  •   Seminar
•   Writing a paper         •   Internship
•   Exercise sessions       •   FEEDBACK
                            •   …
Support: teaching methods


Feedback
→ to give students insight in their learning
process and to stimulate them to correct mistakes

• By: tutor or peers
• Direct and individual or indirect and collective
Support: study material
Context
                        Objectives

                                                   Syllabi, backgro
      Evaluation                                   und
                                                   texts, PCs, lab
                                                   material, handbo
          Support                                  oks, cd-




                             Learning Activities
          Contents                                 roms, interim
                                                   tests, exercises,
    Teaching Methods
                                                   examples of
          Materials                                exam
          By whom
                                                   questions, set of
                                                   instruments, app
       Learning
                                                   lets, videos, artic
     Environment
                                                   les, schemes, co
                                                   ncept
                          Student                  binders, protocol
                       Characteristics             s, etc.
Support: by whom?
Context
                        Objectives
                                                   Students learn
      Evaluation
                                                   in interaction
                                                   with
                                                   • tutor(s)
          Support                                  • peers




                             Learning Activities
          Contents

    Teaching Methods                               How much
                                                   “guidance”
          Materials
                                                   students need
          By whom                                  during their
                                                   learning
       Learning                                    process
     Environment                                   depends on
                                                   their
                          Student                  metacognitive
                       Characteristics             skills.
Context
                        Objectives


      Evaluation


          Support




                             Learning Activities
          Contents

    Teaching Methods

          Materials

          By whom


       Learning
     Environment

                          Student
                       Characteristics
Evaluation

WHY?
Evaluation verifies to what extent learning objectives
were reached
→ formative (to improve the learning process, to
      stimulate reflection)
      ~ feedback
→ summative

Important: students gear their learning activities to the
method of evaluation (clear about method and criteria
– communicate together with objectives)
Evaluation

WHO?
• Tutor
• Peer assessment
• Self assessment (reflection)

HOW?
• Oral / written            •    Presentation
• Open book                 •    Excercises
• Take home exam            •    Report
• Paper                     •    …
ICT AND THE LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT
ICT and the learning environment   Context
                                                           Objectives


                                         Evaluation


                                             Support




                                                                Learning Activities
                                             Contents

                                       Teaching Methods

                                             Materials

                                             By whom


                                          Learning
                                        Environment

                                                             Student
                                                          Characteristics
Where to start, where does it end?



                 ICT automates or repeats the existing practices.
 Substitution    Existing resources are replaced by ICT resources.
                 Example: Powerpoint replaces paper sheets

                 Instructional methods are supported by ICT, but the learning
                 objectives do not change. Using the an electronic platform
  Transition
                 changes your teaching activities.
                 Example: collaborative learning via the use of wiki’s of fora

                 The entire educational practice changes. There is a
Transformation   fundamental re-design of the teaching and learning.
                 Example: an online learning programme
GROUP WORK

• Design a learning environment for the case based on
  the information you just received…
       → WHAT will be offered to the learners, HOW can
       an instructor help students in realising the
       objectives, WHO can help him/her with this, how
       will be EVALUATED if learners have reached the
       objectives?

• OPTIONAL: work with a metaphore

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Basics of e-Learning DAY II

  • 1. Basics of e-learning Introduction to Instructional Design DAY II Stijn Van Laer Mariet Vriens
  • 2. Instructional design @ KU Leuven Instructional design @ KU Leuven Context Objectives analysis Evaluation Support Learning Activities Contents Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Student Characteristics design
  • 3. The ADDIE-model Analysis Design conceptualization Theory specification prototyping Technology Development Implementation Evaluation
  • 4. Context Objectives Evaluation Support Learning Activities Contents Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Analysis Student Characteristics Design
  • 5. Design of the Learning Environment (I) • Conceptualization – The most crucial stage of the design process is conceptualization: from many requirements defined in the Analysis stage to a simple concept, preferably defined as a metaphor (the learning environment as an academy, campus, library, hospital, restaurant, boat, cloud, post office etc).
  • 6. Design of the learning Environment (II) • The Camp Fire: This is a social learning space where students face each other, and in doing so gain an expectation that each should contribute something to the discussion and activities. • The Cave: This is a personal learning space where students can be on their own. Personal learning spaces enable them to reflect on their learning, and create their own learning pathways. • The Sandpit: Sandpits are places where young people can try out new ideas and experiment without fear of failure. They can take risks and ask the 'what if' questions, in a psychologically safe environment. • The Watering Hole: Informal spaces where students can gather spontaneously, either inside or outside the school. Children can meet at the foot of a stairwell or under a tree to discuss anything, whether it is school related or not. • The Mountain Top: Here young people can share their work and ideas. They can publish or broadcast them in a public performance space, or use blogs, podcasts, videos and other technology tools to share their content with their peers and the world. http://steve-wheeler.blogspot.be/2012/04/creative-learning-spaces.html
  • 7.
  • 8. The learning environment Context Objectives The learning environment Evaluation Support Learning Activities Contents Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Student Characteristics
  • 9. Support: content Context Objectives learning Evaluation content: intrinsic Support information Learning Activities Contents consisting of: Teaching Methods theories, conce Materials pts, research By whom results, backgro und Learning information, etc. Environment Student Characteristics
  • 10. Support: teaching methods Context Objectives teaching Evaluation methods → Support Learning Activities organisational Contents consequences Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Student Characteristics
  • 11. Support: teaching methods • (Interactive) lecture • Making a model • Hands-on sessions • Interview • Group work • Role Play • Project • Listening Exercise • Debate • Demonstration • Thesis • Seminar • Writing a paper • Internship • Exercise sessions • FEEDBACK • …
  • 12. Support: teaching methods Feedback → to give students insight in their learning process and to stimulate them to correct mistakes • By: tutor or peers • Direct and individual or indirect and collective
  • 13. Support: study material Context Objectives Syllabi, backgro Evaluation und texts, PCs, lab material, handbo Support oks, cd- Learning Activities Contents roms, interim tests, exercises, Teaching Methods examples of Materials exam By whom questions, set of instruments, app Learning lets, videos, artic Environment les, schemes, co ncept Student binders, protocol Characteristics s, etc.
  • 14. Support: by whom? Context Objectives Students learn Evaluation in interaction with • tutor(s) Support • peers Learning Activities Contents Teaching Methods How much “guidance” Materials students need By whom during their learning Learning process Environment depends on their Student metacognitive Characteristics skills.
  • 15. Context Objectives Evaluation Support Learning Activities Contents Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Student Characteristics
  • 16. Evaluation WHY? Evaluation verifies to what extent learning objectives were reached → formative (to improve the learning process, to stimulate reflection) ~ feedback → summative Important: students gear their learning activities to the method of evaluation (clear about method and criteria – communicate together with objectives)
  • 17. Evaluation WHO? • Tutor • Peer assessment • Self assessment (reflection) HOW? • Oral / written • Presentation • Open book • Excercises • Take home exam • Report • Paper • …
  • 18. ICT AND THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
  • 19. ICT and the learning environment Context Objectives Evaluation Support Learning Activities Contents Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Student Characteristics
  • 20. Where to start, where does it end? ICT automates or repeats the existing practices. Substitution Existing resources are replaced by ICT resources. Example: Powerpoint replaces paper sheets Instructional methods are supported by ICT, but the learning objectives do not change. Using the an electronic platform Transition changes your teaching activities. Example: collaborative learning via the use of wiki’s of fora The entire educational practice changes. There is a Transformation fundamental re-design of the teaching and learning. Example: an online learning programme
  • 21. GROUP WORK • Design a learning environment for the case based on the information you just received… → WHAT will be offered to the learners, HOW can an instructor help students in realising the objectives, WHO can help him/her with this, how will be EVALUATED if learners have reached the objectives? • OPTIONAL: work with a metaphore

Editor's Notes

  1. Whatdid we do yesterday: analysisWhatwill start on today: designRepeating of yesterday’sresults?
  2. At the K.U.Leuven we answer this question by using this scheme. It visualizes the different basic components of an educational practice and the connections between these components.Analysis & Design is everywhere.
  3. The goal of the learning environment: tostimulateandfacilitatestudentstoperform the desiredlearningactivities. A number of learning activities are initiated by the students themselves. However, the desired learning activities do not always occur spontaneously. To give students a push in the right direction, titular teachers offer them a learning environment. The term ‘learning environment’ indicates that the student remains the main actor. A learning environment elicits learning activities, stimulates students to (keep on) implement(ing) the latter and supports them in the realisation. A learning environment consists of two main elements: support and evaluation. Support elementsprovide an answer to the question "WHAT do I offer my students, HOW can I, as an instructor, help students in realising the objectives and WHO can help me with this?". Description of the different components of the learning environment.Importance of alignmentwithobjectives,characteristics, learningactivities, context.
  4. What is the content in our case?
  5. Key questions are: “Which assignments will I give to students? How will I combine practical lessons and lectures? Will I answer students’ questions via e-mail, the learning platform or interactive lectures? When and which feedback will I give to students?".
  6. Key questions are: “Which assignments will I give to students? How will I combine practical lessons and lectures? Will I answer students’ questions via e-mail, the learning platform or interactive lectures? When and which feedback will I give to students?".
  7. Feedback ~ EvaluationHet geven van feedback is bedoeld om studenten inzicht te geven in hun eigen leerproces of hun functioneren, zodat leren efficiënter wordt. Aan de hand van de feedback kan een student vaststellen of zijn studiemethode efficiënt verloopt en in welke mate hij de doelstellingen bereikt. Feedback kan afkomstig zijn van (een lid van) het didactisch team, medestudenten of geautomatiseerd verlopen. Ze kan verschillende vormen aannemen en functies vervullen. Question: Canyougiveexamples of “feedback”Zowel voor tussentijdse toetsen als voor opdrachten, presentaties, papers, oefeningen, e.d. is het geven van feedback van doorslaggevend belang om de student aan te zetten tot adequaat studeergedrag. Feedback zet studenten aan hun fouten te verbeteren. Dit kan o.a. door: - het stellen van bijkomende vragen; - de student aan te moedigen alternatieve oplossingen, verklaringen of bronnen te zoeken; - te identificeren welke fout er werd gemaakt; - aan te geven ‘hoe ver’ de student zich bevindt van het correcte antwoord; - aan te geven hoe de student de correcte oplossing kan bereiken; … Men kan een onderscheid maken tussen: - tutor-feedback: feedback van het didactisch team aan de student. In de meeste gevallen zal feedback aan de student worden gegeven door de docent of assistent. - peer-feedback: feedback van studenten aan elkaar (zie steekkaart ‘Peer-assessment’). Een voordeel van peer-feedback is dat niet alleen het didactisch team instaat voor het geven van feedback. Tevens geraken studenten via peer-feedback beter vertrouwd met de evaluatiecriteria en leren zij kritischer kijken naar de eigen resultaten. Een ander belangrijk onderscheid wordt gemaakt tussen: - directe feedback aan de individuele student: het voordeel van individuele feedback is dat de student specifieke informatie krijgt over gemaakte fouten en ervaren moeilijkheden. Uit onderzoek blijkt overigens dat geïndividualiseerde feedback een positieve invloed heeft op de intrinsieke motivatie van een student (zie steekkaart ‘Motivatie’), en - indirecte feedback, collectief aan een hele groep: goede voorbeelden, antwoordmodellen of checklists met algemene aandachtspunten worden ter beschikking gesteld. Het voorzien van feedback op een collectieve manier is vooral zinvol wanneer het voor het didactisch team onmogelijk is om alle studenten individuele feedback te geven (te grote groep, tijdsgebrek). Een voordeel van collectieve feedback is dat studenten kennismaken met resultaten van andere studenten. Dit daagt hen uit om hun eigen prestaties in vraag te stellen. Tenslotte bestaan er verschillen tussen: - verbale feedback: onmiddellijke mondelinge feedback na een presentatie, mondelinge feedback aan een groep over vaak gemaakte fouten in een toets of oefening,… Het voordeel van mondelinge feedback is dat men kan nuanceren, toelichten en kans geven tot reactie op de feedback. De keerzijde ervan is dat dit veel tijd in beslag kan nemen; - schriftelijke feedback: gaande van een korte schriftelijke commentaar tot uitgebreide suggesties ter verbetering. Het voordeel van schriftelijke feedback is dat men aan de student een tastbaar houvast biedt bij de remediëring. Nadelig is echter dat schriftelijke feedback vaak slecht wordt begrepen of harder overkomt dan bedoeld, en - elektronische feedback: feedback via een digitaal leer- of toetsplatform. Via de computer kan ge-automatiseerde feedback worden aangeboden. Dit kan variëren van elektronische feedback op inge-stuurde opdrachten, feedback via een discussieforum of e-mail tot automatische feedback die verschijnt in een elektronische toets (zie steekkaart ‘Elektronisch toetsen’). Het voordeel van elektronische feedback is dat de student een ‘tastbare’ reactie krijgt. Bovendien biedt een elektronisch toetsplatform specifieke mogelijkheden tot het geven van onmiddellijke, uitgebreide en geïndividualiseerde feedback, ook aan grote groepen van studenten.
  8. Apart from teaching methods, students can also be supported by offering them study material and challenging them to become actively involved in the subject matter. Examples are: syllabi, background texts, PCs, lab material, handbooks, cd-roms, interim tests, exercises, examples of exam questions, set of instruments, applets, videos, schemes, concept binders, protocols, etc.
  9. Education is an interactive event in which various persons are involved. Students learn through interaction with the instructor and assistant, but also through communicating with their fellow students. Om een leeromgeving te creëren die studenten aanmoedigt de gepaste leeractiviteiten te selecteren en uit te voeren, doet het didactisch team er goed aan de mate van sturing te doseren. Vermunt (1992) onderscheidt drie fundamentele doceerstrategieën, die van elkaar verschillen met betrekking tot de sturing die zij impliceren: strakke externe sturing: het didactisch team neemt de cognitieve verwerkingsactiviteiten van de studenten over. Dit heeft tot gevolg dat studenten weinig stimulans ervaren om deze ook zelf uit te voeren. Wanneer een docent of assistent bijvoorbeeld alle relaties tussen twee theorieën uitlegt, hoeven de studenten deze zelf niet meer te zoeken. gedeelde sturing: het didactisch team activeert uitdrukkelijk de cognitieve verwerkingsactiviteiten bij de studenten. Zo stimuleert het didactisch team de studenten om deze zelf uit te voeren. De docent of assistent geeft de studenten dan bijvoorbeeld de opdracht om op zoek te gaan naar de relaties tussen twee theorieën. losse externe sturing: het didactisch team laat de uitvoering van de cognitieve verwerkingsactiviteiten volledig aan de studenten over omdat men ervan uitgaat dat zij uit eigen beweging de gewenste activiteiten zullen selecteren en uitvoeren. Het didactisch team besteedt dan bijvoorbeeld geen aandacht aan de relaties tussen twee theorieën en laat het aan de studenten zelf over of ze hiernaar zoeken of niet.
  10. The second element of the learning environment is evaluation. Evaluation verifies to what extent students have attained the objectives. This component is important for various reasons. On the one hand, it is useful to conduct frequent evaluations in the course of the educational learning process, so that the learning environment can be adjusted by means of the gathered information and, on the other hand, because evaluations also indicate for students what is more and less important. A better insight into this can help adjust the learning process more efficiently. Students gear their learning activities to the method of evaluation. When students know that an exam simply boils down to the reproduction of a number of definitions, they will focus on memorizing the subject matter. However, if the instructor indicates that the students must demonstrate that they have gained insight into the subject matter or when he confronts them with new problems which they must solve independently, this will lead to an entirely different study behaviour. ~ teaching methods
  11. Link with e-learning: learning environment can be partially (blended) or completely online.More on “blended” learning?
  12. Informatie en communicatietechnologiekanbinnen het onderwijs op verschillendemanierenwordentoegepast. Eenbekendeindeling van ICT-toepassingenbinnen het onderwijs is het onderscheidtussen (zieondermeer De Wolf, 1998, p. 77-79):Substitutie - Transitie of innovatie – TransformatieBijsubstitutiewordenbestaandemiddelenvervangen door ICT-middelen (bijvoorbeeldeenPowerpoint-presentatie in plaats van sheets). De bestaandeonderwijspraktijkwordt min of meergeautomatiseerd. Bijtransitie of innovatiewordeninstructiemethoden met behulp van ICT vervangen. De onderwijsdoelenveranderenechterniet. Bijtransformatieverandert het totaleonderwijs met behulp van ICT. Ervindt in feiteherontwerp van het onderwijsplaats, zonderdatrekeningwordtgehouden met de bestaandesituatie.De inzet van de leeromgevingimpliceerteenprincipiëleverandering in de visie op onderwijs en leren (Kirschnere.a., 1995).
  13. Continuewithyourgroupwork. Differencewithyesterday: no plenaryconclusions.Today: mainlythinkabout adequate teaching methods / material / “bywhom”, roles / evaluation – Tomorrow we will focus on possibilitiestoimplementtechnology / tools in ourdesignedlearning environmentLists (slides) withanoverview of possible teaching methods, evaluationpossibilities, material, guidance