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Instructional Design
Stijn Van Laer, Alumnus OOW
DANK U voor de UITNODIGING!!
Kort samengevat
• Afgestudeerd: 2011
• Keuzetraject: Instructie (werkplek en onderwijs)
• Thesis en IP -> zie volgende slides
• Werkervaring:
  o   2009-2011: Universiteit Antwerpen: Linguapolis
  o   2011-2012: KU Leuven: Directie Onderwijs en
      Leren
Genoeg over
 mezelf…
Instructional Design en
Onderwijstechnologie
aan de KU Leuven
Stijn Van Laer, Instructional Designer
met Specificatie Onderwijstechnologie
Wat is het niet?
Wat dan wel?
Nu is het aan jullie!
1: Teken onderwijzen…
1: Teken onderwijzen…

              Wil er iemand kort
              vertellen wat hij/zij
                   tekende?
2: Teken een lerende …
2: Teken een lerende …

              Wil er iemand kort
              vertellen wat hij/zij
                   tekende?
Onderwijs-
opvattingen van
 toekomstige
 leerkrachten
met tekeningen
  achterhaald

(Herremans & Elen 2012)
The importance of
instructional design
and some basic
models
Instructional Design
The process by which instruction is improved through the
analysis of learning needs and a systematic design and
development of learning environments and materials.
(Morrison, Ross, & Kemp, 2004).


Instructional designers often use technology and multimedia
              as tools to enhance instruction.
Learning Situations & Learning Environments
• Learning Situation vs Learning Environment


                          What can / must be created …

What is at the moment …
Different ID-models
•   4C-ID Model (Jeroen van Merriënboer)
•   Algo-Heuristic Theory (Lev Landa)
•    ARCS (John Keller)
•   ASSURE (Heinich, Molenda, Russel, and Smaldino)
•   Backward Design (Wiggins & McTighe)
•   Conditions of Learning (Robert Gagne)
•   Component Display Theory (David Merrill)
•   Criterion Referenced Instruction (Robert Mager)
•   Integrative Learning Design Framework for Online Learning
    (Debbaugh)
•   Spiral Model (Boehm)
•   Rapid Prototyping (Tripp & Bichelmeyer)
•   Kemp Design Model (Morrison, Ross, and Kemp)
•   Organizational Elements Model (OEM) (Roger Kaufman)
•   Transactional Distance (Michael Moore)
•   …
http://www.elearninglearning.com/instructional-design/




http://www.instructionaldesign.org/
ADDIE: a general ID model
             Analysis

                     Design
             conceptualization
  Theory      specification
              prototyping
                                 Technology

             Development


             Implementation


             Evaluation
Brief description
• The ADDIE model is the generic process traditionally used
  by instructional designers and training developers.
• The five phases—Analysis, Design, Development,
  Implementation, and Evaluation—represent a dynamic,
  flexible guideline for building effective training and
  performance support tools.
• Most of the current instructional design models are spin-
  offs or variations of the ADDIE model.
Phases in Instructional Design




 (Lee & Owens, 2004)
Context
                                   Objectives


                Evaluation




                                       Learning Activities
                 Support
                     Contents

              Teaching Methods

                     Materials

                     By whom


                Learning
               Environment

Analysis                            Student
                                 Characteristics
Design
Waar gebruiken we deze dingen?
• In onze dagelijkse ondersteuning
• In de ondersteuning van internationale partners:
  o   Suriname
  o   Vietnam
  o   Equador
  o   EU
• AVLM
Analysis  Design
•   Extant - Data Analysis  CONTEXT
•   Pedagogical Analysis  CONTEXT
•   Situational Analysis - CONTEXT
•   Technological Analysis  CONTEXT
•   Task Analysis  OBJECTIVES
•   Learning Objective Analysis  OBJECTIVES
•   Audience Analysis  STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS




Makes a long list of REQUIREMENTS
Design of the Learning Environment (I)
• Conceptualization
  o   The most crucial stage of the design process is
      conceptualization: from many requirements defined in
      the Analysis stage to a simple concept, preferably
      defined as a metaphor (the learning environment as an
      academy, campus, library, hospital, restaurant, boat,
      cloud, post office etc).
Design of the learning Environment (II)
• The Camp Fire: This is a social learning space where students
    face each other, and in doing so gain an expectation that each
    should contribute something to the discussion and activities.
•   The Cave: This is a personal learning space where students can
    be on their own. Personal learning spaces enable them to reflect
    on their learning, and create their own learning pathways.
•   The Sandpit: Sandpits are places where young people can try out
    new ideas and experiment without fear of failure. They can take
    risks and ask the 'what if' questions, in a psychologically safe
    environment.
•   The Watering Hole: Informal spaces where students can gather
    spontaneously, either inside or outside the school. Children can
    meet at the foot of a stairwell or under a tree to discuss anything,
    whether it is school related or not.
•   The Mountain Top: Here young people can share their work and
    ideas. They can publish or broadcast them in a public performance
    space, or use blogs, podcasts, videos and other technology tools to
    share their content with their peers and the world.


    http://steve-wheeler.blogspot.be/2012/04/creative-learning-spaces.html
Context
                        Objectives


     Evaluation




                            Learning Activities
      Support
       Contents

   Teaching Methods

      Materials

      By whom


     Learning
    Environment

                         Student
                      Characteristics
Context
                        Objectives

                                                  learning
     Evaluation                                   content:
                                                  intrinsic




                            Learning Activities
      Support                                     information
       Contents                                   consisting of:
   Teaching Methods                               theories,
      Materials                                   concepts,
      By whom                                     research
                                                  results,
     Learning                                     background
    Environment
                                                  information, etc.
                         Student
                      Characteristics
Context
                        Objectives

                                                  teaching
     Evaluation                                   methods
                                                  →




                            Learning Activities
      Support
                                                  organisational
       Contents
                                                  consequences
   Teaching Methods

      Materials

      By whom


     Learning
    Environment

                         Student
                      Characteristics
Support: teaching methods

•   (Interactive) lecture   •   Making a model
•   Hands-on sessions       •   Interview
•   Group work              •   Role Play
•   Project                 •   Listening Exercise
•   Debate                  •   Demonstration
•   Thesis                  •   Seminar
•   Writing a paper         •   Internship
•   Exercise sessions       •   FEEDBACK
                            •   …
Support: teaching methods

Feedback
→ to give students insight in their learning
process and to stimulate them to correct mistakes

• By: tutor or peers
• Direct and individual or indirect and collective
Rol van technologie?
Context
                        Objectives


     Evaluation




                            Learning Activities
      Support
       Contents

   Teaching Methods

      Materials

      By whom


     Learning
    Environment

                         Student
                      Characteristics
Context
                        Objectives

                                                  Syllabi,
     Evaluation                                   background
                                                  texts, PCs, lab
                                                  material,




                            Learning Activities
      Support                                     handbooks, cd-
       Contents                                   roms, interim
                                                  tests, exercises,
   Teaching Methods
                                                  examples of
      Materials                                   exam questions,
      By whom
                                                  set of
                                                  instruments,
     Learning
                                                  applets, videos,
    Environment
                                                  articles,
                                                  schemes,
                         Student
                                                  concept binders,
                      Characteristics
                                                  protocols, etc.
Context
                        Objectives
                                                  Students learn
     Evaluation
                                                  in interaction
                                                  with
                                                  • tutor(s)




                            Learning Activities
      Support                                     • peers
       Contents

   Teaching Methods                               How much
      Materials
                                                  “guidance”
                                                  students need
      By whom                                     during their
                                                  learning
     Learning                                     process
    Environment                                   depends on
                                                  their
                         Student                  metacognitive
                      Characteristics             skills.
Context
                        Objectives


     Evaluation




                            Learning Activities
      Support
       Contents

   Teaching Methods

      Materials

      By whom


     Learning
    Environment

                         Student
                      Characteristics
Evaluation
 WHY?
 Evaluation verifies to what extent learning objectives were reached
 → formative (to improve the learning process, to        stimulate
 reflection)
           ~ feedback
 → summative

 Important: students gear their learning activities to the method of
 evaluation (clear about method and criteria – communicate together with
 objectives)
Evaluation
 WHO?
 • Tutor
 • Peer assessment
 • Self assessment (reflection)

 HOW?
 • Oral / written            •    Presentation
                             •    Excercises
 • Open book                 •    Report
 • Take home exam            •    …

 • Paper
THEORIE
Instructional Design



PRAKTIJK
Vragen?
stijn.vanlaer@kuleuven.be
@Stijn_Van_Laer
http://www.facebook.com/stijnvanlaer
be.linkedin.com/in/stijnvanlaer

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Presentatie ID aan UA

  • 1. Instructional Design Stijn Van Laer, Alumnus OOW
  • 2. DANK U voor de UITNODIGING!!
  • 3. Kort samengevat • Afgestudeerd: 2011 • Keuzetraject: Instructie (werkplek en onderwijs) • Thesis en IP -> zie volgende slides • Werkervaring: o 2009-2011: Universiteit Antwerpen: Linguapolis o 2011-2012: KU Leuven: Directie Onderwijs en Leren
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 8. Instructional Design en Onderwijstechnologie aan de KU Leuven Stijn Van Laer, Instructional Designer met Specificatie Onderwijstechnologie
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. Wat is het niet?
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. Nu is het aan jullie!
  • 23. 1: Teken onderwijzen… Wil er iemand kort vertellen wat hij/zij tekende?
  • 24. 2: Teken een lerende …
  • 25. 2: Teken een lerende … Wil er iemand kort vertellen wat hij/zij tekende?
  • 26. Onderwijs- opvattingen van toekomstige leerkrachten met tekeningen achterhaald (Herremans & Elen 2012)
  • 27.
  • 28. The importance of instructional design and some basic models
  • 29. Instructional Design The process by which instruction is improved through the analysis of learning needs and a systematic design and development of learning environments and materials. (Morrison, Ross, & Kemp, 2004). Instructional designers often use technology and multimedia as tools to enhance instruction.
  • 30. Learning Situations & Learning Environments • Learning Situation vs Learning Environment What can / must be created … What is at the moment …
  • 31.
  • 32. Different ID-models • 4C-ID Model (Jeroen van Merriënboer) • Algo-Heuristic Theory (Lev Landa) • ARCS (John Keller) • ASSURE (Heinich, Molenda, Russel, and Smaldino) • Backward Design (Wiggins & McTighe) • Conditions of Learning (Robert Gagne) • Component Display Theory (David Merrill) • Criterion Referenced Instruction (Robert Mager) • Integrative Learning Design Framework for Online Learning (Debbaugh) • Spiral Model (Boehm) • Rapid Prototyping (Tripp & Bichelmeyer) • Kemp Design Model (Morrison, Ross, and Kemp) • Organizational Elements Model (OEM) (Roger Kaufman) • Transactional Distance (Michael Moore) • …
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 36. ADDIE: a general ID model Analysis Design conceptualization Theory specification prototyping Technology Development Implementation Evaluation
  • 37. Brief description • The ADDIE model is the generic process traditionally used by instructional designers and training developers. • The five phases—Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation—represent a dynamic, flexible guideline for building effective training and performance support tools. • Most of the current instructional design models are spin- offs or variations of the ADDIE model.
  • 38. Phases in Instructional Design (Lee & Owens, 2004)
  • 39.
  • 40. Context Objectives Evaluation Learning Activities Support Contents Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Analysis Student Characteristics Design
  • 41. Waar gebruiken we deze dingen? • In onze dagelijkse ondersteuning • In de ondersteuning van internationale partners: o Suriname o Vietnam o Equador o EU • AVLM
  • 42. Analysis  Design • Extant - Data Analysis  CONTEXT • Pedagogical Analysis  CONTEXT • Situational Analysis - CONTEXT • Technological Analysis  CONTEXT • Task Analysis  OBJECTIVES • Learning Objective Analysis  OBJECTIVES • Audience Analysis  STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS Makes a long list of REQUIREMENTS
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45. Design of the Learning Environment (I) • Conceptualization o The most crucial stage of the design process is conceptualization: from many requirements defined in the Analysis stage to a simple concept, preferably defined as a metaphor (the learning environment as an academy, campus, library, hospital, restaurant, boat, cloud, post office etc).
  • 46. Design of the learning Environment (II) • The Camp Fire: This is a social learning space where students face each other, and in doing so gain an expectation that each should contribute something to the discussion and activities. • The Cave: This is a personal learning space where students can be on their own. Personal learning spaces enable them to reflect on their learning, and create their own learning pathways. • The Sandpit: Sandpits are places where young people can try out new ideas and experiment without fear of failure. They can take risks and ask the 'what if' questions, in a psychologically safe environment. • The Watering Hole: Informal spaces where students can gather spontaneously, either inside or outside the school. Children can meet at the foot of a stairwell or under a tree to discuss anything, whether it is school related or not. • The Mountain Top: Here young people can share their work and ideas. They can publish or broadcast them in a public performance space, or use blogs, podcasts, videos and other technology tools to share their content with their peers and the world. http://steve-wheeler.blogspot.be/2012/04/creative-learning-spaces.html
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51. Context Objectives Evaluation Learning Activities Support Contents Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Student Characteristics
  • 52. Context Objectives learning Evaluation content: intrinsic Learning Activities Support information Contents consisting of: Teaching Methods theories, Materials concepts, By whom research results, Learning background Environment information, etc. Student Characteristics
  • 53. Context Objectives teaching Evaluation methods → Learning Activities Support organisational Contents consequences Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Student Characteristics
  • 54. Support: teaching methods • (Interactive) lecture • Making a model • Hands-on sessions • Interview • Group work • Role Play • Project • Listening Exercise • Debate • Demonstration • Thesis • Seminar • Writing a paper • Internship • Exercise sessions • FEEDBACK • …
  • 55. Support: teaching methods Feedback → to give students insight in their learning process and to stimulate them to correct mistakes • By: tutor or peers • Direct and individual or indirect and collective
  • 57.
  • 58. Context Objectives Evaluation Learning Activities Support Contents Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Student Characteristics
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65. Context Objectives Syllabi, Evaluation background texts, PCs, lab material, Learning Activities Support handbooks, cd- Contents roms, interim tests, exercises, Teaching Methods examples of Materials exam questions, By whom set of instruments, Learning applets, videos, Environment articles, schemes, Student concept binders, Characteristics protocols, etc.
  • 66. Context Objectives Students learn Evaluation in interaction with • tutor(s) Learning Activities Support • peers Contents Teaching Methods How much Materials “guidance” students need By whom during their learning Learning process Environment depends on their Student metacognitive Characteristics skills.
  • 67. Context Objectives Evaluation Learning Activities Support Contents Teaching Methods Materials By whom Learning Environment Student Characteristics
  • 68. Evaluation WHY? Evaluation verifies to what extent learning objectives were reached → formative (to improve the learning process, to stimulate reflection) ~ feedback → summative Important: students gear their learning activities to the method of evaluation (clear about method and criteria – communicate together with objectives)
  • 69. Evaluation WHO? • Tutor • Peer assessment • Self assessment (reflection) HOW? • Oral / written • Presentation • Excercises • Open book • Report • Take home exam • … • Paper

Editor's Notes

  1. AVNet - Audiovisual New Educational TechnologiesSupporting the good use of new media in Higher EducationServices | Training | Expertise | Policy advice
  2. Toelichting: we gaan het hebben over onderwijskundig ontwerpen als uitgangspunt voor “goed onderwijs” – ook bij het implementeren van technologie in het onderwijs.
  3. Manytheories
  4. At the K.U.Leuven we answer this question by using this scheme. It visualizes the different basic components of an educational practice and the connections between these components.Analysis & Design is everywhere.
  5. The goal of the learning environment: tostimulateandfacilitatestudentstoperform the desiredlearningactivities. A number of learning activities are initiated by the students themselves. However, the desired learning activities do not always occur spontaneously. To give students a push in the right direction, titular teachers offer them a learning environment. The term ‘learning environment’ indicates that the student remains the main actor. A learning environment elicits learning activities, stimulates students to (keep on) implement(ing) the latter and supports them in the realisation. A learning environment consists of two main elements: support and evaluation. Support elementsprovide an answer to the question "WHAT do I offer my students, HOW can I, as an instructor, help students in realising the objectives and WHO can help me with this?". Description of the different components of the learning environment.Importance of alignmentwithobjectives,characteristics, learningactivities, context.
  6. What is the content in our case?
  7. Key questions are: “Which assignments will I give to students? How will I combine practical lessons and lectures? Will I answer students’ questions via e-mail, the learning platform or interactive lectures? When and which feedback will I give to students?".
  8. Key questions are: “Which assignments will I give to students? How will I combine practical lessons and lectures? Will I answer students’ questions via e-mail, the learning platform or interactive lectures? When and which feedback will I give to students?".
  9. Feedback ~ EvaluationHet geven van feedback is bedoeld om studenten inzicht te geven in hun eigen leerproces of hun functioneren, zodat leren efficiënter wordt. Aan de hand van de feedback kan een student vaststellen of zijn studiemethode efficiënt verloopt en in welke mate hij de doelstellingen bereikt. Feedback kan afkomstig zijn van (een lid van) het didactisch team, medestudenten of geautomatiseerd verlopen. Ze kan verschillende vormen aannemen en functies vervullen. Question: Canyougiveexamples of “feedback”Zowel voor tussentijdse toetsen als voor opdrachten, presentaties, papers, oefeningen, e.d. is het geven van feedback van doorslaggevend belang om de student aan te zetten tot adequaat studeergedrag. Feedback zet studenten aan hun fouten te verbeteren. Dit kan o.a. door: - het stellen van bijkomende vragen; - de student aan te moedigen alternatieve oplossingen, verklaringen of bronnen te zoeken; - te identificeren welke fout er werd gemaakt; - aan te geven ‘hoe ver’ de student zich bevindt van het correcte antwoord; - aan te geven hoe de student de correcte oplossing kan bereiken; … Men kan een onderscheid maken tussen: - tutor-feedback: feedback van het didactisch team aan de student. In de meeste gevallen zal feedback aan de student worden gegeven door de docent of assistent. - peer-feedback: feedback van studenten aan elkaar (zie steekkaart ‘Peer-assessment’). Een voordeel van peer-feedback is dat niet alleen het didactisch team instaat voor het geven van feedback. Tevens geraken studenten via peer-feedback beter vertrouwd met de evaluatiecriteria en leren zij kritischer kijken naar de eigen resultaten. Een ander belangrijk onderscheid wordt gemaakt tussen: - directe feedback aan de individuele student: het voordeel van individuele feedback is dat de student specifieke informatie krijgt over gemaakte fouten en ervaren moeilijkheden. Uit onderzoek blijkt overigens dat geïndividualiseerde feedback een positieve invloed heeft op de intrinsieke motivatie van een student (zie steekkaart ‘Motivatie’), en - indirecte feedback, collectief aan een hele groep: goede voorbeelden, antwoordmodellen of checklists met algemene aandachtspunten worden ter beschikking gesteld. Het voorzien van feedback op een collectieve manier is vooral zinvol wanneer het voor het didactisch team onmogelijk is om alle studenten individuele feedback te geven (te grote groep, tijdsgebrek). Een voordeel van collectieve feedback is dat studenten kennismaken met resultaten van andere studenten. Dit daagt hen uit om hun eigen prestaties in vraag te stellen. Tenslotte bestaan er verschillen tussen: - verbale feedback: onmiddellijke mondelinge feedback na een presentatie, mondelinge feedback aan een groep over vaak gemaakte fouten in een toets of oefening,… Het voordeel van mondelinge feedback is dat men kan nuanceren, toelichten en kans geven tot reactie op de feedback. De keerzijde ervan is dat dit veel tijd in beslag kan nemen; - schriftelijke feedback: gaande van een korte schriftelijke commentaar tot uitgebreide suggesties ter verbetering. Het voordeel van schriftelijke feedback is dat men aan de student een tastbaar houvast biedt bij de remediëring. Nadelig is echter dat schriftelijke feedback vaak slecht wordt begrepen of harder overkomt dan bedoeld, en - elektronische feedback: feedback via een digitaal leer- of toetsplatform. Via de computer kan ge-automatiseerde feedback worden aangeboden. Dit kan variëren van elektronische feedback op inge-stuurde opdrachten, feedback via een discussieforum of e-mail tot automatische feedback die verschijnt in een elektronische toets (zie steekkaart ‘Elektronisch toetsen’). Het voordeel van elektronische feedback is dat de student een ‘tastbare’ reactie krijgt. Bovendien biedt een elektronisch toetsplatform specifieke mogelijkheden tot het geven van onmiddellijke, uitgebreide en geïndividualiseerde feedback, ook aan grote groepen van studenten.
  10. Link with e-learning: learning environment can be partially (blended) or completely online.More on “blended” learning?
  11. Apart from teaching methods, students can also be supported by offering them study material and challenging them to become actively involved in the subject matter. Examples are: syllabi, background texts, PCs, lab material, handbooks, cd-roms, interim tests, exercises, examples of exam questions, set of instruments, applets, videos, schemes, concept binders, protocols, etc.
  12. Education is an interactive event in which various persons are involved. Students learn through interaction with the instructor and assistant, but also through communicating with their fellow students. Om een leeromgeving te creëren die studenten aanmoedigt de gepaste leeractiviteiten te selecteren en uit te voeren, doet het didactisch team er goed aan de mate van sturing te doseren. Vermunt (1992) onderscheidt drie fundamentele doceerstrategieën, die van elkaar verschillen met betrekking tot de sturing die zij impliceren: strakke externe sturing: het didactisch team neemt de cognitieve verwerkingsactiviteiten van de studenten over. Dit heeft tot gevolg dat studenten weinig stimulans ervaren om deze ook zelf uit te voeren. Wanneer een docent of assistent bijvoorbeeld alle relaties tussen twee theorieën uitlegt, hoeven de studenten deze zelf niet meer te zoeken. gedeelde sturing: het didactisch team activeert uitdrukkelijk de cognitieve verwerkingsactiviteiten bij de studenten. Zo stimuleert het didactisch team de studenten om deze zelf uit te voeren. De docent of assistent geeft de studenten dan bijvoorbeeld de opdracht om op zoek te gaan naar de relaties tussen twee theorieën. losse externe sturing: het didactisch team laat de uitvoering van de cognitieve verwerkingsactiviteiten volledig aan de studenten over omdat men ervan uitgaat dat zij uit eigen beweging de gewenste activiteiten zullen selecteren en uitvoeren. Het didactisch team besteedt dan bijvoorbeeld geen aandacht aan de relaties tussen twee theorieën en laat het aan de studenten zelf over of ze hiernaar zoeken of niet.
  13. The second element of the learning environment is evaluation. Evaluation verifies to what extent students have attained the objectives. This component is important for various reasons. On the one hand, it is useful to conduct frequent evaluations in the course of the educational learning process, so that the learning environment can be adjusted by means of the gathered information and, on the other hand, because evaluations also indicate for students what is more and less important. A better insight into this can help adjust the learning process more efficiently. Students gear their learning activities to the method of evaluation. When students know that an exam simply boils down to the reproduction of a number of definitions, they will focus on memorizing the subject matter. However, if the instructor indicates that the students must demonstrate that they have gained insight into the subject matter or when he confronts them with new problems which they must solve independently, this will lead to an entirely different study behaviour. ~ teaching methods