Synthetic Fibers And Its Effects On The Body

Synthetic Fibers And Its Effects On The Body
2.2.2.2Elastic fibres
Elastic fibres are 1 Вµm to 3Вµm in diameter and are loosely arranged in all directions in the dermis [90]. These fibres are scattered among the
collagen bundles and become thicker in the deeper layers of the dermis [90]. Elastic fibres, as their name indicates, are extremely elastic and help in
the elastic recoil of the skin and that is the reason why they are more abundant in the dermis of the face, scalp and the extensible organs, such as tendons
and arteries [91, 92].
2.2.2.3Extrafibrillar matrix
The extrafibrillar matrix includes a ground substance (glycosaminoglycans), dermal fibroblasts, dendritic cells, mast cells, histiocytes, blood vessels,
nerves, and lymphatics [85]. Ground substance is a gelatinous amorphous substance of sugar and proteins (glycoproteins and proteoglycans) that is
observed between the fibres and between the cells. It provides support to the dermis and has an extraordinary capacity to store water. Moreover, it
facilitates the passage of nutrients, hormones, and other molecules through the dermis [72, 73].
Fibroblasts, the major cell type of the dermis, produce and maintain most of the ECM proteins. Indeed, they produce collagen, elastic fibres, and
glycosaminoglycan [93]. The dermal fibroblasts are differentiated from the mesenchymal cells and appear as thin spindle–shaped cells. The dermis
includes other types of cell such histiocytes, mast cells and dermal dendritic cells. Histiocytes are star–shaped cells with a small
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Yess
Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation
In order to function properly, the cells and tissues have to maintain a steady state (homeostasis)– the cells must constantly adapt cellular adaptation– is
the state between a normal unstressed cell and the overstressed injured cell –by definition – an adaptative process is reversible –within defined limits,
all the cells are capable of adapting to a variety of stimuli which may upset normality
NORMAL CELL GROWTH –Normal tissue growth depends on a balance between the number of cells actively dividing and the number of the cells
dying –the cells of the body can be divided into 3 groups on the basis of their regenerative capacity– they respond differently to stress and injury ...
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Atrophy – is a decrease in the size of tissue or organ resulting from decrease either in the size of individual cells or in the number of cells composing
the tissue atrophy– decrease in size of normally developed organ. It is different from agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia which are abnormalities of organ
development. atrophy– decrease in the size of the cell results from the loss or reduction of cell substances, reduction of the number of cytoplasmic
organelles associated with diminished cell function
Atrophy represents a reduction of cell structural components –less mitochondria –less endoplasmic reticulum –fewer myofilaments metabolic rate is
reduced –less amino acid uptake –less oxygen consumption –less protein synthesis
Degenerating organelles are taken up in lysosomal vacuoles for enzymatic digestion, process is represented by –marked increase in the number of
autophagic vacuoles –many autophagic vacuoles may resist digestion–residual bodies some of them contain lipofuscin granules–brown atrophy
–atrophy may progress to cell injury and death, a decrease in cell number results from cell death due to irreversible cell injury –when sufficient number
of cells is involved–the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size= becomes atrophic – connective tissue or adipose tissue fills

Understanding Development Of Emphysema Through Imaging
Understanding Development of Emphysema through Imaging Started in 2012 when I was accepted to the University of Maine, in the school of
Biology and Ecology. I had envisioned myself as a medical professional or conducting some type of research that could have an impact on modern
society. Taking course after course, learning basic biology, to medical physiology, and eventually applying those concepts into my own research. Mouse
lung tissue is the starting point of my research. By creating a histological slide of this lung tissue, I was able to have a control for a healthy mouse
lung. Identifying major structures such as, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. My intent for this research is to apply my findings, and compare them to
other imaging techniques used on mouse lungs. With the prime focus on the effects of smoking with the leading of emphysema. Emphysema is
common, yet serious condition that is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is so serious because it can enlarge and eventually destroy air
spaces within the lungs. This disease effects millions of people in the United States, and is the third leading cause in the United States. Smoking is the
leading cause of this condition. Understanding how COPD works, it helps to know how the lungs work as well. When you inhale air, that air is sent
down your windpipe, or trachea, into tubes called bronchi. These bronchial tubes then branch into the lungs by getting smaller, thinner and by the
thousands, these are

Cilia Are Tiny Hairs Of The Respiratory Tract By Capturing...
What are cilia?
Cilia are tiny hairs, which protect parts of the respiratory tract by capturing particles, which has entered the body by using a sweeping movement to
keep the particles such as dust and debris out of the lungs. The cilia are found attached to the apical surface of the cell. For example, dust that has
been breathed in through the nose would be captured to stop it going even further. There are roughly 200 to 300 tiny hairs on the cell.
Non–ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue
Non–ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue is found on the lining digestive tract, which is the stomach, gall bladder and the excretory ducts of some
glands. It is a tube, which transfers food to the digestive organs. It also contains a nucleus at its base, has a single layer of cells however are not
ciliated; they do not contain tiny hairs. It also has microvilli to increase the surface area and to make the absorption more effective, the microvilli can
also be referred to as the brush border due to its hairy appearance.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue
The Pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue that lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract contains many goblet cells. They are unevenly shaped
due to the nucleus that is positioned in different places within the cells; it is this that makes the cells look as if it has many layers, however it only has
one layer that stretches between the apical surface and basement membrane. It secretes mucus and can

Classification of Tissues Essays
R E V I E W
NAME____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
S H E E T
EXERCISE
6A
Print Form
Classification of Tissues
Tissue Structure and Function–General Review
A group of cells similar in structure and function. 1. Define tissue.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Use the key choices to
identify the major tissue types described below. Key: a. b c c, d a b d c b a a a d connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue
1. lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface 2. pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are three general characteristics of connective tissues? __________________________________________________ . large amount of
noncellular material called matrix between the cells.
12. What functions are performed by connective tissue? Protection, support, and the binding of other tissues of the body.
13. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure? The large amount of extracellular matrix provides strength to protect the body.
14. Using the key, choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. c a c f i b h d h i a 1. attaches bones to bones and
muscles to bones 2. acts as a storage depot for fat 3. the dermis of the skin 4. makes up the intervertebral discs 5. forms the hip bone 6. composes

basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix 7. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton
8. provides a flexible framework for the external ear 9. firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth 10.
matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on 11. insulates against heat loss
15. Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single

Glomerular Filtration : The Major Function Of The Glomerulus
Glomerular filtration
The major function of the glomerulus is to produce an ultrafiltrate from the blood using the glomerular capillary wall(GCW) as a filter by a process
differs from the transcapillary exchange process as in other organs in two ways. First, the GCW almost completely excludes plasma proteins of the
size of albumin (radius 36Г…) or larger from the filtrate. Second, the glomeruli exhibit an extraordinary high permeability–surface area productto water
and small solutes and also a very high capillary filtration capacity (Anderson et al. 2000)вЃ .
Fluid movement across the glomerulus is, similar to the conditions in other capillaries, governed by the Starling forces, i.e. the effective hydrostatic
pressure gradient minus the effective oncotic pressure gradient. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can thus be described by:
GFR = LpS Г— ( в€† P в€’ в€†О
)
Where, Lp represent the hydraulic conductivity of the GCW, and S is the surface area available for filtration. в€† P denotes the hydrostatic pressure in
the glomerular capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's space, and в€†О the effective oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
minus that in the Bowman's space. If LpS is 4 ml/min/mmHg/100g of kidney weight in humans, and в€† P в‰€ (52
–15) mmHg, while в€†О в‰€
(28–0) mmHg, then, the GFR in man equals 4 x 3 x [(52–15) – (28–0)] в‰€ 120 ml/min. GFR can be measured clinically using molecules that are
freely filtered across the glomerulus and that are not bound to

The Basic Types Of Tissue
Tissue
In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:
1.Connective tissue
2.Muscle tissue
3.Nervous tissue
4.Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue & subtypes
The epithelial tissue covers inner and outer layer/surface of the body, e.g. the stomach, or blood lines, vessels and the lung.
The epithelium consists of closely packed, flattened cells that make up the inside/ outside lining of body areas. Epithelial tissues that cover/line surfaces
are classified by cell shape and by the number of cell layers, the image on the left is the subtypes of epithelial tissue;
Squamous – flattened cells, fried egg shape in appearance. The nucleus is flattened and centrally located. Because of their thin membrane and large
surface area, it allows passage of small molecules e.g. air diffusion in the lungs. The function of simple squamous tissue is absorption & excretion of
gases lungs. And the function of stratified squamous is protection due to its many layers and is located in the outer layer of skin, oral cavity lining,
esophagus, vaginal & anal canal.
Cuboidal– cubed or squarish shaped, has a single nucleus located in the middle. The simple cuboidal tissue can be found in the lines of kidney tubules
and glands it's function is absorption, secretion and protection. The stratified cuboidal tissue is found in the lines ducts of sweat glands, it's job is to
secrete water & ions.
Columnar– has the shape of a column. The simple columnar tissue is a single row of tall, closely

Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care...
Btec Level: 3 in Health and Social Care
Unit 5: Anatomy and physiology for Health and Social Care
Assessor: F. Mansell
Task2: The main tissue types of the body and the role these play in two named organs of the body.
P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body
There are many different types of cells in the human body. These cells would not be able to function on their own, they are all part of a large organism
that is called – you.
The two named organs that I have chosen for this assignment are the intestines and the heart.
Tissues
All cells group together within the body to form tissue, a collection of similar cells group together to perform a specialized function. There are four
primary tissue types in the human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is made up of either liquid, solid, or connective tissue, within the matrix there are many types of connecting fibres, such as collagen and elastic fibres.
The function of the connective tissue is to support, bind, cover, protect and give structure to the body.
Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective
tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, areolar, adipose bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms
of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue.
Cartilage tissue is a smooth, firm substance that protects ends of the bones from friction during movement and they can be found at the end of our
bones in mobile joints, the front ends of the ribs, also in parts of our nose and ears.
Our bone tissues are made of a much harder substance than the cartilage, but they can be worn away by friction. They are tough on the outside, but on
the inside they have a sponge–like design that helps to reduce the weight while retaining strength. They are designed to maintain the body's structure
and support the body's movement and are used to protect weaker tissues, such as the brain, lungs and heart.
Btec Level: 3 in Health and Social Care
Unit 5: Anatomy and physiology for Health and Social Care
Assessor: F. Mansell

P2: Outline the structure of

Cardiac Muscle Cells
Your heart beats approximately 100,000 times a day to circulate 7570 liters of blood.
Cardiac muscle cells are called Cardiomyocytes. These cells are equipped with specialized organelles such as myofibrils, mitochondria, the
sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage and release of calcium and the sarcolemma which is a membrane that encloses each muscle cell.
Cardiomyocytes have a tremendous amount of mitochondria present inside the cell compared to many other cells, this gives the cardiomyocyte the
ability to be highly resistant to fatigue. Whereas skeletal muscle cells can fatigue much easier.
Cardiomyocytes are very flexible as they shorten and lengthen to perform the mechanical function of a beating heart.
The Cardiomyocytes are equipped with

Level 3 Health and Social Care, Unit 5 P2
Unit 5 P2
Explain what they are, their functions and where they are found. Then go into detail about two organs, with their functions, what tissues they are made
of and where they are found in the body.
Tissues: Tissues are groups of similar cells that have specific functions. In this piece of work I'll talk about these types of cells:
Epithelial Tissues:
Epithelial are the lining of internal and external surfaces and body cavities, including tubes/channels (ducts) carrying secretions from glands. Epithelial
tissues can be made of several layers of cells (called compound epithelia), or a single layer known as simple epithelia. The lowest layer of cells is
attached to the basement membrane for support and connection. Part of the basement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The matrix of a tissue can be secreted by the connective tissues within the body. The functions of connective tissues are to transport materials around
the body to give support to the weak areas to protect and support the body.
Body Organs:
The body has different organs that work together and they make up a system such as the
Respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system. These are the main systems within the body and
are made up of individual organs that then work together. For instance, the respiratory system is made of the nose, lungs, heart and this lets us breathe.
Blood:
Blood is a bodily fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells within the body. Blood has plasma that lets the different types of blood travel
round the body. Plasma contains proteins that have different functions for the blood– clotting, transporting and defence organisms and osmotic
organisations. The plasma carries the red blood cell which has a elastic membrane so it can fit through the small capillaries within the body. Red
blood cells can be also known as erythrocytes they don't have a nucleus when they are matured which gives a bigger space for oxygen, although as
there is no nuclei the red blood cells can't divide so they only live for around 120 days. Red blood cells gain their colour from haemoglobin,
oxygenated blood which is known as arterial blood which flows through the arteries coming from the heart and

Columnar Connective Tissue
Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function. There are four main tissues in the body which are epithelium, muscle, connective
tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelium functions are It protects us from the outside world. For example, the skin, absorbs the stomach and gut, filters the
kidney, and forms glands traits. It closely attached to each other forming a protective barrier, has no blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood
vessels in connective tissue underneath, can have lots of nerves in it, very good at regenerating for example fixing a sunburn or skinned knee. There
are different types of epithelium by shape and cell. The shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. By cell there is simple and stratified epithelium.
Connective tissue functions are it wraps around and cushions and protects organs, stores nutrients, internal support for organs, as tendon and ligaments
protects joints and attached muscles to bone and each other, and runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin giving strength. The three
elements of connective tissue are ground substance, fibers, cells. There are two kinds of Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue which has
Areolar Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, and Reticular Connective Tissue. And there is Dense Connective Tissue: which has... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The three types of Muscle Tissue are Smooth Muscle – organ walls and blood vessel walls, involuntary, spindle–shaped cells for pushing things through
organs, Skeletal Muscle, and Cardiac Muscle. Cardiac muscle is so named because it is found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated
discs, which allow the synchronization of the heartbeat. Skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones by tendons, is controlled by the peripheral nervous
system and associated with the body's voluntary

Histology Lab Essay
Histology
Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42
–0013–00–01
Lab RepoRt assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment's
questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students' writing of lab reports
by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.
Purpose
What is the purpose of this exercise?
The purpose of this exercise is to use the microscope to get an in depth look at different cell structures and to learn how the shape and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
The connective tissue's primary function is to join bodily structures like bones and muscles to each other or to hold tissues in their correct places in the
body.
B. What can the shape of the cells in a particular type of tissue tell about the function of that tissue?
The shape of the cells in a particular tissue can tell us the function of that particular tissue based on how it can move or communicate with other parts
of the body. For example, a neuron can carry electrical messages from the brain to other parts of the body because these cells are long and thin, making
them mobile.
C. What is matrix? Why do some tissues have more matrix than others?
The matrix is the extracellular fibers and ground substance of a connective tissue. Some tissues have more matrix because the cells and fibers are not

as tightly packed.
D. What do collagen fibers provide?
Collagen is strong and flexible and resists force in one direction. It is stronger than steel when

The Expression Of Matriptase Centered On Lung Cancer Cells
The Expression of Matriptase centered networking proteins in Lung Cancer Cells
Runyu Zhong1 Chen–yong Lin2 Michael D Johnson2
1Department of Biochemistry & Molecular and Cellular Biology and
2Lombardi Cance Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington DC, 20057
–1455
Abstract Pulmonary carcinoma, also known as Lung Cancer, in among the most prevalent and thermal kinds of cancers in the world. A network around
Matriptase including it 's inhibitor HAI–1, HAI–2 and it 's downstream substrate prostasin play a significant role in both the epithelia construction in
normal epithelial cells and tumor development and progression in cancer cells. My research focuses on the expression of matriptase, HAI–1, HAI–2 and
prostasin in lung cancer cell line NCI–H209, NCI–H292 and NCI–H1944 by means of Western blot and Inmunoflurescense. Antibodies M23, M19 and
DC16 are used to recognize matriptase, HAI–1 and HAI–2, respectively and antibidies YL89, YL11 and YL10 are used to recognize prostasin in both
experiment. All the 4 proteins in the network are detected to express in all cells line used in research and they express both on cells menbrane and
inside cells in NCI–H1944. Both HAI–1 and HAI–2 can act as inhibitors to both matriptase and prostasin while HAI–1 is the predominant inhibitor.
This network should be very essential to the oncogenesis and metastasis of lung cancer cells.
Introduction
Pericellular proteolysis plays important roles in many

Essay about Histology Lab
Histology
Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? The purpose of this exercise is to become more familiar with microscope and slides through
observations of tissues. By looking at so many slides I am now much more comfortable at identifying some basic structures. The tissue slides were very
important to my understanding of the tissue's function. By looking at the dense regular tendon I can see how supportive it is because of all of the
fibers present. It connected what I had read and studied to an actual picture and that helps with memorization and understanding.
Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. There are no safety concerns
with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simple Squamous
2. Simple Columnar
3. Pseudostratified Columnar
4. Transitional Exercise 2: Connective Tissue Data Table 2– Connective Tissue
TissueAmount and Shape of Cells
Amount of MatrixAre there fibers? If so, are they parallel or scattered?
Mesenchyme (online)many cells, stellate shapelittle matrixyes there are fibers and they appear scattered
Aerolar (online)many cells and appear ovalsome matrixyes fibers are loose and scattered
Adipose (online)lots of cells and polygonal in shapelittle matrixsome connective tissue, can't see fibers, can't see parallel or scattered
Dense Irregular (online)some cells that appear ovallots of matrixyes fibers look bundled but scattered
Reticularmany cells can't see shape on slide but in book look spheroidallots of matrixyes fibers look loose and scattered
Dense Regular: Tendonsome cells that appear fusiformlots of matrixyes they appear parallel
Hyaline Cartilagemany cells, can't tell shape, look like blobslots of matrixcan't see fibers on my slide but in book they're there and parallel
Elastic Cartilagelots of cells that look oval and roundsome matrixcan't see the fibers on my slide but online pic they look scattered
Fibrocartilagesome cells that appear ovallots of matrixyes fibers look parallel
Compact Bonesome cells that appear ovallots of matrixyes and the fibers appear parallel

Esophagus Research Paper
1–Mucosa or mucosal membrane; the type of mucosal membrane varies depend on the location within the GI tract. For example, the mucosa of the
oesophagus is composed of tough and stratified epithelium. The mucosa of the rest of the tract is a delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium.
2–Submucosa; is a connective tissue layer that lies just bellow the mucosa. It contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.
3–Muscularis; two or three layers of smooth muscle tissue make the muscularis layer. These muscle layers have an important role in the GI tract
motility.
4–Serosa; is the outermost covering of the digestive tube. In the abdominal cavity the serosal covering is called visceral peritoneum. It attaches the
digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity forming folds called mesenteries. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discuss the esophagus and its function. Page 502
The esophagus is a collapsible, muscular mucous lined tube about 25 cm long and extend from the pharynx to the stomach. It is the first segment of the
digestive tube and its muscular wall make it a dynamic passageway able to push food toward the stomach. Each end of the esophagus is guarded by a
muscular sphincter. The upper sphincter helps to prevent air from entering the tube during respiration, and the lower sphincter normally prevents
backflow of the acidic stomach content.
11.Describe the stomach and how it functions. Page

Is Cancer A Genetic Disease?
Introduction Cancer is one of the oldest genetic diseases known to man. Since the evolution of mitosis as a means for cell division and the development
of multicellular eukaryotes – like humans and their biological progenitors – mutations in normal cell maturation and proliferation have resulted in
various types of cancers, some benign but many of which exhibit great malignancy (Hajdu, 2011). Cancer, and one of its more common forms
carcinoma, is characterized as a genetic disease where by mutations – often caused by environmental stressors such as chemical or radiation exposure –
in the development of epithelial cells lead to abnormal growth, either in terms of size or abundance. This abnormal uncontrolled growth is known as
neoplasia (Rock & Hogan, 2011). Carcinoma cells can develop by other methods however, anaplasia for example is the process by which normally
mature differentiated cells begin to lose their form and resemble immature cells lacking proper function, becoming irresponsive to normal stimuli
(Scatena, 2011). Dysplasia is similar in that it consists of a proliferation of immature often undifferentiated cells, eventually outnumbering the number
of mature cells as they 're removed by the process of apoptosis – programmed cell death (Wang, 2010). Eventually the neoplasm, or anaplastic cells,
can replace normal tissue; as apoptosis of cancer cells is non–functioning, the development of a large tumour can inhibit the functionality of healthy
organs and their

The Hooves Of Horses Are Particularly Prone
The hooves of horses are especially prone to infection, due to their constant exposure to bacteria and sensitivity of the hoof wall to environmental
changes. Abscesses within the hoof may vary in degree, ranging from mild to life threatening. Typically, abscesses occur when bacteria are introduced
into the epithelium of the hoof, where the body responds and produces purulent fluid that effectively forms a pocket. This pocket will become
enlarged with pus and due to the inability of the hoof to expand, pressure will begin to build up and cause pain. Severe lameness and resistance to
bearing weight on the painful hoof is therefore the first sign of an abscess. Normally, the thick outer wall and sole of the hoof protects the more sensitive
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stratum basale and stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum (forms the hoof capsule) are subdivisions of the epidermis. The five regions of the hoof
include the coronary band, the hoof wall, the sole, the frog, and the heel bulbs. Highly specialized subcutaneous tissues within the hoof include the
perioplic tissue, coronary tissue, lamellar tissue, solar tissue, and cuneate tissue.
The outer hoof wall consists of keratinized laminar epithelium that is constantly being regenerated. Regeneration of the hoof wall takes place at the
coronary band where there are basal epithelial cells that produce keratinocytes. Just below the outer hoof wall sits the lamina, connecting the interior
wall to the distal phalanx, and acts to secure the bone in place. The lamellae layers consist of the stratum externum, stratum medium, and stratum
internum (see Figure 1). The laminar layer surrounds the distal phalanx (P3) and makes up the statum internum (lamellatum) of the laminar corium,
consisting of keritanized primary laminae, and non–keratinized secondary laminae. The strong bond between the hoof wall and pedal bone is a result of
interdigitating of the primary and secondary laminae as shown in figure 2 (Ownby, 2002), (Anatomy of the Hoof Capsule, n.d.).
The band of soft tissue that acts as the junction between the epithelium of the pastern and the coronary band is the periople, which produces the outer
layer of the hoof wall

The Small Intestine: The Most Rapidly Dividing Tissue of...
Small intestine is the most rapidly dividing tissue of the body. It undergoes a fast turnover of 3–5 days by Intestinal Stem Cells (ISCs), replacing all the
older cells with new ones which is necessary for the nutritional uptake by intestinal cells and thereby, maintaining tissue homeostasis. Small intestinal
epithelium has several crypts/villi structures which inhabits ISCs. Cells are arranged in the order of increasing maturity from bottom to top of each
crypt. ISCs are present at base of each crypt and they give rise to transit–amplifying cells (TA).These transit–amplifying cells divide actively 4–5 times,
approximately after every 12 hours. Further, these cells differentiate to form – enterocytes, goblet cells and entroendocrine cells. ISCs differentiate to
form Paneth cells towards the base of crypt (Marshman et al., 2002).
ISCs were first identified by BrDU label retention method (Cheng and Leblond, 1974). After 30 years, Clevers and colleagues identified ISCs at single
cell resolution by lineage tracing. They found that Lgr5 gene, encoding the leucine–rich repeat–containing G–protein coupled receptor 5, is expressed
in ISCs and LGR5+ cells give rise to all four different kind of intestinal epithelial cells (Barker et al., 2007).In addition, LGR5+ cells cultured in vitro
give rise to organoid expressing all the markers of intestinal epithelium (Sato et al., 2009). Potential stem cell niche for ISCs consist of Paneth cells,
dispersed in between ISCs. In vitro, growth

Recent Advancement Of Periodontal Treatment
Recent advancement in periodontal regeneration
Periodontology .
St. Moath Riad Saifi .
Introduction :
пѓ Regenerative periodontal treatment involves systems which are especially intended to reestablish those parts of the tooth–supporting structures
which have been lost because of periodontitis or gingival injury. The expression "recovery" is characterized as a recreation of lost or harmed tissues in a
manner that both the first structures and their capacity are totally reestablished. Strategies went for reestablishing lost periodontal tissues support the
making of new connection, including the development another periodontal tendon with its filaments embeddings in recently framed cementum and
alveolar bone.
пѓ Profound infra–hard imperfections connected with periodontal pockets are the great sign for periodontal regenerative treatment. Furthermore,
distinctive degrees of furcation association in molars and upper first premolars are a further sign for regenerative methodologies as the furcation range
stays hard to keep up through instrumentation and oral cleanliness. A third gathering of signs for regenerative periodontal treatment are confined
gingival subsidences and root presentation since they may bring about a noteworthy tasteful sympathy toward the patient. The stripping of a root
surface with resultant root affectability speaks to a further sign to apply regenerative periodontal treatment keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish
both the decrease of root

Kidney And Corne Aquaporin Analysis
Aquaporin: Structure and Role in Kidney and Cornea
The isolation of aquaporin helped many scientists to determine the nature of aquaporin as a water channel protein and work out how water transport
occurs across membrane.
Structure of Aquaporin
Aquaporin consists of a tetramer (Verkman et al, 2014) and each monomer has a single aqueous pore that allows water transportation and prevents
proton transfer (Agre et al, 2002). There is an extracellular and cytoplasmic vestibule in each monomer which connects to a central amphipatic pore
region that has a hydrophilic (О±–carbonyl groups) and hydrophobic surface that helps preventing permeation of larger molecules (Verkman et at,
2014). There are six membrane domains in each aquaporin that then form ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cornea is part of the ocular surface system and is of vital importance to maintain its slightly dehydrated state (Gipson, 2007). The cornea consists of
layered structures as shown in Figure 3. Corneal epithelium consists of three layers of superficial, wing and basal cells and is the main refractive site of
the eye and is constantly bathed by water (tears) secreted from lacrimal glands (Schey et al, 2014). Keratocytes are scattered among a network of
collagen fibrils which are spaced in the stroma is important in maintaining the transparency of the cornea (ibid). The endothelium layer is immersed in
an aqueous humor and gives access to fluid and nutrients for the cornea (ibid). Changes in the corneal water volume will change the length and spacing
of stromal collagen fibrils which later affects the transparency of the cornea (ibid). Both AQP5 and AQP1 are the major channels for water transport
across the corneal epithelium and endothelium (ibid). AQP5 is responsible for water transport across the corneal epithelium onto the ocular surface due
to the high osmotic pressure of the tear film (ibid). AQP1 facilitates water transport across the corneal endothelium and together with epithelial AQP5,
maintains the slightly dehydrated and transparent stromal layer of the eye

How Internalisation Of Subgingival Bacteria By Epithelial...
DENT262C Oral Microbiology
Does internalisation of subgingival bacteria by epithelial cells represent invasion by the bacteria or a defensive strategy of the host?
I.D. 58962
Word Count:1828
Summary
Residence within host gingival epithelia cells provides bacteria with a nutrient–rich, generally reducing environment that is partially protected from the
host immune system. Accessing this secure environment isvital in the early stages of sulcus colonization by periodontal bacteria, as low numbers of
bacteria are susceptible to clearance by immune mechanisms. While this does not immediately contribute to disease, invasive bacteria use the
intracellular location to safely persist and replicate. The main bacteria focused in this essay isP. gingivalis. It is a gram–negative anaerobic bacteria that
is associated with more severe forms of the periodontal disease.P. gingivalisuses many mechanisms for adhesion and internalisation into host cells such
a frimbriae, gingipains, and proteolytic enzymes. These and other processes cause induction of host's immune–inflammatory activity, which affects the
structures supporting the teeth. This may also lead to the destruction of the surrounding bone and connective tissue, and ultimately tooth loss.
Adhesion
Initial interactions with epithelial cells require adhesion. The adhesion in the human oral cavity is essential for the microbial survival, as microbes
have to attach themselves to a host surface before being able to

Socm Study Guide Essay
Chapter 1 ELO's Describe the basic functions of living organisms. A. Responsiveness – organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment
(long term changes is adaptability) B. Growth – over a lifetime, organisms grow larger through an increase in size or number of cells. Differentiation is
when cells have specialized functions C. Reproduction – Organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations of similar organisms D. Movement –
Organisms are capable of movement a. Internal – moving food, blood, or other materials internally b. External – moving through environment E.
Metabolism – Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy for responsiveness, growth,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To survive every living organism must maintain homeostasis. Describe how positive (+) and negative (–) feedback are involved in homeostatic
regulation * Negative feedback provides longterm regulatory control that results in relatively stable internal conditions * Positive feedback is
important in driving a potentially dangerous or stressful process to completion. * Negative feedback opposes stimuli, positive feedback reinforces
stimuli Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. Body regions– – Cephalon (head)– axillia (armpit) –
Cervicis (neck)– Brachium (arm) – Thoracis (chest)– Ante Brachium (forearm)– Abdomen– Manus (hand) – Pelvis– Thigh – Loin (lower back)– leg
(anterior) – Buttock– Calf – Pubis (anterior pelvis)– Pes (foot) – Groin Body sections– Transverse plane – cuts the body parallel to the ground as the
person is standing. Positions are referred to as superior (top) or inferior (bottom). Frontal plane – or coronal plane, cuts the body length wise and is
dividing it into a anterior (front) and posterior (back) section. Sagittal Plane – also cuts the body length wise, but divides it into a right and left half A
cut the produces an equal left and right half is a midsagittal section *

The Oropharynx : The Area Behind The Oral Cavity
Oropharynx: the oropharynx occupies the area behind the oral cavity, which extends from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. Its boundaries are:
anteriorly, the mouth through the isthmus faucium, laterally, is the palatine tonsil, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch. The
anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar
(faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula1'2. Groups of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the
pharynx surround the entrance of the throat in a ring–like positioning, known as Waldeyer 's Ring. They are three groups: –1– Palatine tonsils, the most
protruding groups in the ring and form recognizable masses, (also known as the tonsils), –2– Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as the "adenoids"), and the
–3– Lingual tonsils2'3. Histologically, there are three characteristic features distinguish the tonsils from each other: their position, type of the epithelium
and the number of crypts3.
Tonsil Position Type of epitheliumCrypts
PalatineIn the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx.Stratified squamous non–keratinising.10–20 in number.
PharyngealIn the midline on the roof of the nasopharynx.Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, as well as some patches of stratified squamous
epithelium.Numerous folds of pharyngeal epithelium, not real crypts.
LingualAt

A Family Of Transcription Factors
Introduction
1. The Grainyhead (Grh) gene family
Grainyhead (Grh) genes are conserved in metazoans. They encode a family of transcription factors with a unique, unusually large, DNA–binding and
dimerization domain, and an isoleucine–rich activation domain(Attardi and Tjian, 1993; Gustavsson et al., 2008; Moussian and Uv, 2005; Ting et al.,
2003b; Uv et al., 1994; Venkatesan et al., 2003; Wilanowski et al., 2002). Grh factors were first identified inDrosophila (Bray et al., 1989; Bray and
Kafatos, 1991; Dynlacht et al., 1989; Johnson et al., 1989) and since then, they were also found in animals as diverse as nematodes and humans. Grh
proteins have not yet been detected in unicellular organisms. Phylogenetic analysis subdivides this gene family into two main classes, the Grh–like
sub–family and the CP2 sub–family, depending whether the family members are more related to the Drosophila grh, or to another Drosophila gene,
CP2 (Ting et al., 2003b; Venkatesan et al., 2003; Wilanowski et al., 2002). The fly and worm genomes each contain a single grh gene. Mammals, both
mice and humans, have evolved three Grh homologues: Grh–like–1 (Grhl–1, or Mammalian Grainyhead (MGR)/TFCP2L2), Grhl–2 (Brother–of–MGR
(BOM)/TFCP2L3) and Grhl–3 (Sister–of–MGR (SOM)/ TFCP2L4). This group of genes encodes proteins with highly homologous DNA–binding and
dimerization domains. They all show restricted expression pattern during embryogenesis and play important roles in organogenesis and epidermal

HPV Life Cycle Model
A1.1. HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) VIRAL STRUCTURE AND PROTEINS
The HPV genome is a double–stranded circular DNA which is approximately 8 kb (7200–8000 base–pair) long (Figure 1).1 HPV DNA can be divided
into early (E), late (L) and long control (LCR, non–coding) regions.1 These regions are separated by two (early and late) polyadenylation (pA) sites.1
The early region constitutes more than 50% of the total viral genome and includes six open reading frames (ORFs) that encodes E1, E2, E4, E5,
E6 and E7 viral proteins.2 The late region, located downstream of the early region, forms 40% of the viral genome, and has L1 and L2 ORFs which
encodes major (L1) and minor (L2) viral capsid proteins. LRC forms 10% of the viral genome, and it is a non–protein ... Show more content on
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Table A1.2 shows a comparison for various cutaneous HPV types across four studies. It can be seen that estimates are also different based on the site
of sample collection (e.g. eyebrow specimens or skin swabs) and the population being investigated. Different studies have included different sets of
cutaneous HPV with the most common being beta types 5, 8, 9, 20 and 38. Also, statistical methods and reported measures varied across studies. Some
studies reported prevalence estimates based on genus (e.g. ОІ–HPV, Оі–HPV), while other studies reported positivity to one type, two types, three
types and so on. The prevalence estimates to at least one HPV ('any–HPV') increased when the number of the types in the study increased, whereas the
prevalence estimates decreased when concurrent seropositivity was measured for more than one type (i.e., positive for 2 types or 3

Essay about Basic anatomy and Physiology
Exam one Study Guide: Basic Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy– the study of structure Subdivisions: –Gross (macroscopic) – visible to the naked
eye, such as surface area, regional areas or anatomy systems –Microscopic – extremely small areas that usually need a microscope to be seen such as
cytology (the study of the shape and function of plant or animal cells) or histology ( the study of the microscopic structure of tissue) –Developmental–
compared to the evolutional study of something such as embryology ( the study of the development of an embryo) Physiology– the study of function at
many different levels I.E. Such as the organ systems Subdivisions: –Is based on where an organ is placed within the body... Show more content on
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wrist muscle in forearm) – Also some people have extra pieces in their body (i.e. nerves) – May be asymptomatic (no problems) or symptomatic
(problems) one being people having nerve problems Body Cavities: –Dorsal: Protects nervous system –Subdivisions: Cranial (brain) & Vertebral
(Spinal Cord) –Ventral: Holds internal organs–Subdivisions: Thoracic (ribcage) & Abdominopelvic (Abdomen and pelvis) Serous Membrane:–
Double layered membrane that is separated by fluid – Parietal: lines body walls –Visceral: lines internal organs Regions: Nine Regions: – Right
Hypochondriac Region: Organs found in this region are

Unit 5
P2: Outline the four main tissue types such as Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
Tissues are groups of cells, which are placed together to achieve a common function. There are four main types of tissue: Epithelial, connective,
muscle and nervous. Most of these tissues are found in our bodies, however the epithelial tissue is covered all over the surfaces of the body.
Epithelial tissue
This tissue covers the whole surface of the body and is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces. The bottom
layers of the cells are attached to the basement membrane for support and connection. Endothelium is an epithelial tissue that occurs on surfaces on the
interior of the body. There are nerve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It doesn't contain blood vessel and is nourished by the diffusion from the bone. Adipose, is another term for fatty tissue. It is common for under the
skin and around the organs such as the heart, kidney and part of the digestive tract.
Muscle tissue
These muscle tissue cells specialised to contract and move parts of the body. It is also capable of responding to stimuli. There are three types of
muscle in the body such as: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. Each muscle is created of muscle fibers that are capable of contracting and returning back to
original state–relaxation. Contraction causes movement of the skeleton, soft tissue, blood or specific material. Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones
of the skeleton. Some facial muscles are attached to the skin. They have direct control over them through nervous impulses from our brain sending
messages to the muscle. Contractions can vary to produce fast, powerful movements. These muscles also have the ability to stretch and contract to
return to original shape. Cardiac muscles are found in the chambers of the heart such as the atria and ventricles. It is under the control of the automatic
nervous system; however, even without nervous input contractions can occur. It is completely different to all the other muscles. Smooth muscles are
also known as involuntary due to our inability to control its movement. This muscle is usually found in the walls of hollow organs

Epidermis Layers
The skin has two principal layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the epithelial tissue layer of the skin. Hair follicles, sebaceous
glands, and sweat glands are found in this layer. The epithelial layer is primarily used for protection. This layer consists of keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium. It is tough, relatively impermeable, and self–replacing. The epidermis is made up of several layers. Stratum corneum are cells of
the cornified layer are dead, protective keratinized that are eventually sloughed off. Stratum granulosum cells are in the granule–cell layer, and they
accumulate keratohyalin or darkly stained granules. Stratum spinosum cells are the prickle–layer, and are attached to one another. These cells gradually

Essay On Systemic Enteric Fever
Generalized systemic enteric fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, enlarged spleen, and constipation followed by more severe abdominal symptoms; rose
spots on trunk in 25% of Caucasian patients; complications include ulceration of Peyer's patches in ileum, can produce hemorrhage or perforation;
Common enterocolitis may result without enteric fever; characterized by headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration may
result; case fatality of 16% reduced to 1% with antibiotic therapy; mild and atypical infections occur ("Salmonella typhi | MSDSonline", 2017)
Gastrointestinal contaminations are overwhelmingly connected with those serotypes which happen broadly in people. They can go in seriousness
from asymptomatic carriage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
пѓ Systemic Disease
Host–adapted serotypes are more invasive and tend to cause systemic disease in their hosts; a feature which is linked to their resistance to phagocytic
killing. In humans, this applies to the typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli, S. Typhi, and S. Paratyphi A, B, and C, which cause the septicemia diseases,
enteric fever. Typhoid fever has an incubation period of anything from 3 to 56 days, though it is usually between 10 and 20 days. Invasive salmonellas
penetrate the intestinal epithelium and are then carried by the lymphatics to the mesenteric lymph nodes. After multiplication in the macrophages, they
are released to drain into the bloodstream and are then disseminated around the body. They are removed from the blood by macrophages but continue to
multiply within them. This eventually kills the macrophages which then release large numbers of bacteria into the blood stream causing a septicemia.
In this, the first phase of the illness, the organism may be cultured from the blood. There is a slow onset of symptoms including fever, headache,
abdominal tenderness and constipation and the appearance of the body of rose red spots which fade on pressure. During the second stage of the
illness, the organism reaches the gall bladder where it multiplies in the bile. The flow of infected bile infects the small intestine causing inflammation
and ulceration. The fever persists but with

Tissues and Cell Structures
Tissues are groupings of cells with similar functions. There are four main kinds of human tissues: Muscle Tissue
Muscular tissue is made up of cells that have sliding protein (actin, a globular protein, and myosin) filaments. As these filaments slide over each other,
they cause the cell to contract. Cells are arranged in cables within cables, twined around each other, so that when a muscle contracts, it is actually
millions of cells contracting synchronously. There are three types of muscle tissue; cardiac muscle that operates in the heart; skeletal muscle which is
used for locomotion (among other functions) and is found all over the body; and smooth muscle which is found in a variety of organs (such as the
stomach and bladder) and in blood vessels. Smooth muscle also causes our hair to stand on end.
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue makes up the brain and nervous system. It is used to transmit information around the body for a huge variety of tasks (for example,
controlling muscles). Apart from in the brain, it is also found in the spine and in sensory organs such as the eyes. It is made up of cells called neurons
which transmit electric–chemical signals around the body and centrally to the brain. For example, when we feel pain in our finger, it is caused by
sensory input to the nerve cells in the finger, which transmit an electric impulse to the brain. The brain then "translates" this impulse into what we call
pain.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue, among other things,

Different Methods Used For The Diagnosis Of The Cancer
In the medical field, currently various methods are used for the diagnosis of the cancer. Mostly the cancer specialist uses the gland structure for the
diagnosis of the cancer patient. Hence the glandular structure observation is very important for the cancer patient disease diagnosis. For the disease
diagnosis purpose we required the microscopic image of the gland. A single gland contains thousands of tissues and cells in it, some of them may be
overlapped to each other. In this paper we used the, Saliency Map Method, for the segmentation of the input image given by the user. Then we have
used the Visual Signal To Noise Ratio (VSNR) Method, This method is used to detect the overlapped cells and it also plays the important role to
separate the overlapped cells. The VSNR method is also helps to detect the various features of the gland like area, eccentricity and the orientation of
each cells present and detect the total area covered by cells in that image. from all above observations the pathologist can easily predict the disease.
Keywords: Gland Structure, Cells, Microscopic images, Segmentation.. 1. INTRODUCTION
Tissue diagnosis [1] is the very important factor in the modern day medical field. The tissue diagnosis technique helps to detect various diseases easily
from the glandular images. For such type of tissue diagnosis the tissue samples are taken from the patients and then these tissue samples are viewed
under the microscope by pathologist. As soon as the

Outline the Structure of the Main Tissues of the Body.
P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body.
In this assignment I'm going to talk about the structure of the main tissues which are found within the body as well as what their role is in the terms of
two named organs of the body. Tissues are a collection of similar cells that group together to carry out a specific function within the body. There are
four different types of tissue found in the human body which include; epithelial tissue; connective tissue; muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
The first type of tissue found in the human body is epithelial tissue. These types of tissue are found covering the whole surface of the body, lining of
cavities, hollow organs and tubes. The cells a very closely packed and are arranged in one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transitional epithelium is also composed of several layers but is constructive of pear shaped cells instead. This type of tissue is stretchy, meaning it
can contract and expand. It is usually found lining the urinary bladder as it allows for stretching as the bladder fills up.
The second type of tissue found in the body is connective tissue. They lie beneath the epithelial tissue helping to connect different part of the internal
structure, the cells are more widely separated from each other then in epithelial tissue. The intercellular substance known as the matrix is found in
considerably large amounts. Within the matrix there are usually fibres which may be a jelly like consistency or dense and rigid depending on the type,
function and positioning of the tissue. Theses fibres form a supporting system for cells to attach to. The major functions of connective tissue are to
transport materials, give structural support and protection. The types of connective tissue that will be explained are blood, bone, cartilage, bone,
areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
Blood is made up of straw coloured plasma, the matrix, in which various types of blood are carried. Plasma is mainly water where substances are
carried such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, salts, enzymes and hormones. Also there is a combination of
important proteins which help with blood clotting, transport,

Histology Chapter 5 Summary
Chapter 5 deals with histology, the study of tissues. Types of tissue include epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous and muscular tissue. Cell
junctions, glands and tissue growth, development, repair and degeneration are discussed.
Histology is also called microscopic anatomy because a microscope is needed to view the structures of tissues.
Tissues are prepared for study thinly slicing the tissue, preserving them with a fixative and staining them to produce greater detail. Tissue samples
can be sliced longitudinally, by cross sections or by oblique sections. Liquid tissues, like blood are smeared on a slide for microscopic study. Epithelial
tissue covers the body and internal organs. It protects the body from injury and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two types of osseous tissue are spongy bone and compact bone. Blood is the liquid connective tissue. It is made of a ground substance called
plasma and other formed elements. The formed elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets that aid in
clotting.
Nervous tissue is made of neurons, and neuroglia (glial cells). The neurons have a pronounced cell body called the neurosoma. Dendrites are extensions
that branch from the neurosoma to receive messages and communicate those messages to the neurosoma. Neurosoma also have an axon (nerve fiber)
that extends from the cell body that sends out signals to other cells. Glial cells transmit messages only short distances. They provide protection and
support to the nervous system.
Muscular tissue is built to contract and relax for movement, circulation and digestion. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle are the 3 types of muscular
tissue. Skeletal muscle is usually attached to bone, but there are exception like the tongue and some muscles of the face. Skeletal muscle is voluntary
and striated. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. It is involuntary muscle tissue but is also striated. Smooth muscle is neither striated nor
voluntary. It can be found in the digestive tract, respiratory tract and urinary

Mucus Essay
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in the gastrointestinal tract
Mucus is a thick secretion made up of water, electrolytes, and a mixture of several glycoproteins. The Glycoproteins are made up of large
polysaccharides which are bound with much smaller quantities of protein.
Mucus is slightly different in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It has numerous important characteristics applicable everywhere that make it
both a superb lubricant and a protectant for the wall of the gut. These are as follows:
1.It has adherent qualities – it adheres tightly to the food or other particles to spread as a thin film over the surfaces.
2.It has sufficient body – the wall of the gut is coated by the mucus and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It causes fecal particles to adhere to one another to form the fecal masses that are excreted during a bowel movement.
5.It can't be easily digested by the gastrointestinal enzymes (very strong resistance).
6.The glycoproteins of mucus have amphoteric properties (they are capable of buffering small amounts of either acids or alkalies) and mucus regularly
contains moderate amounts of bicarbonate ions, which particularly neutralise acids.
Mucus allows easy slippage of food along the gastrointestinal tract and to prevent abrasive or chemical damage to the epithelium. When the salivary
glands does not secrete saliva you very quickly become aware of the lubricating qualities of mucus, as it is then difficult to swallow solid food even
when it is eaten while drinking large amounts of water.
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in other parts of the body
The mucus secreted by the epithelial cells within the linings of the respiratory and upper gastrointestinal tracts also contains antimicrobial chemicals.
As mucus is sticky, particles that stick to it are prevented from entering the blood. In the upper respiratory tract they are swept by ciliary action up into
the pharynx and then swallowed, or are phagocytosed by macrophages in the various

Comparing Cardiac Muscle And Brain Tissue
1) Comparing and contrasting cardiac Muscle tissue (figure a) and brain tissue (figure d)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of muscle tissue and brain tissue
In cardiac muscle, a single nucleus is located in the middle of each fibre. The brain tissue also has a nucleus which is located in the middle of cell
body. The cardiacmuscle and brain tissue don't have the exact same function. The cardiac muscle and the brain tissue don't work together because the
cardiac muscle doesn't takes any instructions from the brain tissue (Neurones). This means that the cardiac muscle contracts automatically.
Differences in the structures, functions and location of muscle tissue and brain tissue
The cardiac muscle consists of long branched fibres. Whereas, the brain tissue has spider web like structure. The cardiac muscle cell are made up of
fibres. The function of cardiac muscle is to help the heart to pump blood. The function of brain tissue is to send messages to and from the brain. The
cardiac muscle is present inside the heart. However, the brain tissue is located inside brain.
2) Comparing and contrasting loose Connective tissue (figure c) and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue (figure b)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of loose connective tissue and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
The cells in simple cuboidal epithelium have a nucleus. The cells in loose connective tissue also have nuclei. Although the loose connective tissue and
simple cuboidal

Airway Defects: A Case Study
The only treatment for a variety of large airway defects, including bronchomalacia is tracheal resection. However the resectable length is limited to
less than 30% of the total trachea length in children and 50% in adults. This study looked at the clinical application of a TET in an adult patient to treat
a large segment airway defect.
METHODOLOGY: The patient was a 30–year–old woman who presented with tuberculosis, subglottic stenosis and an underdeveloped left main
bronchus with expiratory collapse. Initial treatment included tuberculosis irradiation, subglottic tracheal resection with primary end–to–end
anastomosis and left main bronchus stent placement. The stent was poorly tolerated and after multiple revision attempts it was ultimately ... Show more
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The surgery was completed without complication. Two week postoperative endoscopy confirmed that the graft was integrating with host environment
via the presence of an internal mucosal coating. One–month endoscopy with graft biopsy elicited mucosal bleeding, which verified angiogenesis had
occurred. Anti–donor HLA antibodies were undetectable confirmed rejection had not occurred. There was potential for antibody production as after
completing the decellularization process several annuclear, distorted chondrocytes were found. It is speculated that these retained cells may have aided
in the host–graft integration and helped to reduce inflammation, but also have the capability to induce

Systemic Sclerosis
Vasculopathy in Systemic Sclerosis
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi–faceted, heterogeneous disease of unknown etiology. Despite its high clinical variability, it is consistently
characterized by three main elements: vascular alterations, autoimmunity and progressive fibrosis. However, there is increasing evidence that SSc
pathogenesis is dominated by vascular changes, as demonstrated by numerous experimental and clinical studies (1).
Diagnosis is made by the physician based on the presence of specific features; however, until recently, the requirements for classifying patients as
having SSc lacked sensitivity for milder or early forms of the disease. Taking into account the pleomorphism of SSc disease manifestation, the American
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Matucci–Cerinic M, Kahaleh B, Wigley FM. Review: evidence that systemic sclerosis is a vascular disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2013; 65(8): 1953–62.
2.van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College ofRheumatology/European
League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2013; 65(11): 2737–47.
3.Gheorghiu AM, DobrotДѓ R, Predescu T, et al. Performance of the 2013 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism
Systemic Sclerosis Classification Criteria. EUSTAR Congress 2016. In press
4.SГЎez–Comet L et al. Applying the ACR/EULAR Systemic Sclerosis Classification Criteria to the SpanishScleroderma Registry Cohort. J
Rheumatol. 2015; 42(12): 2327–31.
5.Allanore Y, Simms R, Distler O, et al. Systemic sclerosis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2015; 1:1–21.
6.LeRoy EC, et al. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis. J. Rheumatol. 1988; 15: 202–205.
7.Hasegawa M. Biomarkers in systemic sclerosis: Their potential to predict clinical courses. Journal of Dermatology. 2016; 43: 29–38.
8.Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite BC and Postlethwaite AE. Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Front. Immunol. 2015; 6:

What Is Cellular Specialisation
Cellular specialisation is very important
Tissues are groups of similar cells carrying out specific functions.
In the human body we have four main tissues, Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous.
Epithelial tissues line all body surface. The epithelial tissue can have one or more layers. Epithelial tissues is related with protection, secretion,
absorption, and filtration. For example, the epidermis has epithelial cells that protect our body.
There two groups of epithelia: when the cells are grouped in one layer are called simple, if the cells are grouped in two or more layer is called stratified.
Cubical – these are cube shaped with a spherical nuclei, they are often found in the kidney tubes, sweat ducts and glands like the thyroid gland and
breast tissue. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theyre also positioned close together in random patterns, simple squamous epithelium is found on the walls of the lung aveoli and the blood capileries.
Compound being,
* To protect deeper structures, this can be found in the vagina, mouth, tongue and the oesophagus this is lined by stratified epithelia (simple) which
then consist of layers being squamous, cuboidal or columnar cells which eventually become flattened due to pressure from below as the rech the surface.
Secondly, Muscle is an excitable tissue because it's capable of responding to stimuli, the three different types of muscle tissue are, striated, non–striated
and cardiac.
* Striated – also known as voluntary, skeletal or striped muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton although some facial muscles are attached to
skin.
Non–striated – also known as involuntary, smooth or plain muscle contains protein filaments.
Cardiac – this muscle is only found in the four chambers (atria and ventricles) of the heart. It is capable of rhythmically contracting without receiving

any nervous

The Importance Of Homeostasis And A State Of Equilibrium...
All living things strive towards one goal: homeostasis. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium reached through physiological processes. In order to
maintain homeostasis, living things use cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems to counteract physical changes. Using a variety of different tissues,
organs are formed to accomplish specific tasks. The four main types of tissues are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous
tissue. Several sublevels exist for each type of tissue. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities. The three main kinds of Epithelial
tissue are squamous which is composed of flat cells, cuboidal, which is composed of cube–shaped cells, and columnar which is composed of stretched,
pillar–like cells. Each type of epithelial tissue can be either simple or stratified. Simple is one layer of cells, while stratified has more than one layer.
Each type can also be glandular. Glands can be either one epithelial cell or multiple cells. Its purpose is to secrete products into different parts of the
body or outside of the body. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts or directly into a tube/cavity. Endocrine glands secrete their products
directly into the bloodstream. Examples of epithelial tissue are the linings of lungs, kidneys, small intestine, and the nose. A common trait that all
epithelial tissue have is that they are attached to the basement membrane, a thin layer of proteins that anchors to connective

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