Blood Pressure Effects

Blood Pressure Effects
The Correlation of Healthy with Quality Life
The main function of the heart is to pump the pureblood into arteries with some force. Therefore, the
force on arteries when blood is pumping by heart or when the heart is resting is known as blood
pressure. The blood pressure is usually measured by taking the two numbers like 120/80, where 120
is known as the Systolic pressure and 80 is Diastolic. Therefore, for a normal healthy person,
Systolic blood pressure must be between the ranges of 80 to 120. Anything above the 140 counts is
high blood pressure and treated as hypertension condition. Similarly, Diastolic blood pressure
number between ranges of 60 to 80 is treated as normal diastolic blood pressure and readings
crossing 90 or higher is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several types of medicine available which give relief to the symptoms of blood pressure
by relaxing arteries or by reducing heart rate or its force. Unfortunately, it does not eliminate
underlying causes discussed above and instead of feeling cured a person continues with unchanged
lifestyle, harboring the disease in perpetuity.
The Long–Term Lifestyle Change
Diet plays an important role a person's health irrespective of the individual being affected by blood
pressure or not by high blood. Eating healthy must never be for a short period of time, it must be the
part of a lifestyle which can lead to a healthy body. It is always important to choose foods which are
naturally low in sodium and that contains high amounts of at least two of the three power minerals
namely, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
1. White beans
One cup of white beans used in soups and side dishes provides 13% of the calcium, 30% of the
magnesium, and 24% of the potassium required in the daily diet of a normal individual.
2. Fat–free plain yogurt
Fat–free plain yogurt provides the necessary calcium needed for the body as it is rich in calcium. It
constitutes 49% calcium contains 12% of magnesium and 18% of the potassium a person needs
every day.
3. Bananas
Banana is considered is a nutritious fruit that can help lower the blood pressure naturally as they are
loaded with minerals and potassium that helps with the proper functioning of the kidney and lowers
the blood pressure
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Hyperkalemia is an Imbaland of Serum Potassium
Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte imbalance characterized by elevated serum potassium.
Hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium concentrations greater than 5.5 mmol/L (normal range
is 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L). In the body, ninety–eight percent of potassium is intracellular, and the 2 %
left is extracellular which is needed for nerve conduction and muscle contraction. For this reason,
extracellular potassium concentration is tightly regulated through renal potassium excretion. Up to
90% of dietary intake of potassium is excreted by the kidney. As kidney function declines, the
kidney compensates and aldosterone levels increase in order to boost potassium excretion. However,
compensatory mechanisms may become overwhelmed, and result in hyperkalemia (Raymond &
Wazny, 2010). Potassium plays an important role in nerve and muscle function. As a result of this
role, abnormalities in serum potassium may trigger membrane excitability and considerable nerve,
muscle and cardiac dysfunction leading to ventricular arrhythmias and subsequently sudden cardiac
death. It is estimated that between 1% and 10% of patients admitted to a hospital experience
hyperkalemia, with a mortality rate of 1 per 1,000 (Raymond & Wazny,2010).
Causes of Hyperkalemia Many causes of hyperkalemia are seen in clinical practice. The most
typical causes are: renal disease, and also the consumption of medications that predispose the patient
to hyperkalemia (Parham, W.; Mehdirad,

Effectiveness Of A Patient Applied 10 % Potassium Nitrate
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Reinhart, T. C., Killoy, W. J., Love, J., Overman, P. R., & Sakumura, J. S. (1990)
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a patient–applied 10% potassium nitrate glycerine–
based gel in decreasing dentinal sensitivity on teeth with exposed dentin apical to the
cementoenamel junction. The patients were divided into 3 treatment groups: group 1 was treated
with a glycerine–based–10% potassium nitrate gel; group 2 was treated with a glycerine gel without
potassium nitrate; and group 3 received no gel and no treatment (control). Following brushing and
flossing, groups 1 and 2 applied the gel to the test teeth using custom–made soft acrylic trays, for a
period of 5 min/ day for 4 weeks. Patient responses to cold water stimuli were measured at baseline
(week 0), then at I–, 2–, 3– and 4–week intervals. Group 1 patients showed a significant decrease in
sensitivity to cold at week 2 only. The group 2 patients showed a significant decrease in sensitivity
to cold after 3 and 4 weeks. A statistically significant decrease in sensitivity was noted between
group 2 and group 3 patients at week 3, the most sustained decrease in sensitivity to cold was found
on teeth treated with plain glycerine.
Ide M, Wilson RF, Ashley FP. (2001)
The aim of the study was to investigate the reproducibility of commonly used measurement
protocols for dentine hypersensitivity on single or multiple teeth. In addition, newly developed
controlled air and cold fluid stimuli were

The Importance of Potassium for the Human Body
Potassium is a mineral that is needed for the body to function properly. It was first discovered in
1807 by Humphry Davy. It is important for both cellular and electrical function. Potassium is an
important electrolyte in the human body. It helps control the amount of water in the human body,
and help maintain a healthy pH level. Electrolytes are lost through sweat, so it is important always
have a source potassium during or after physical activity. Potassium is also important for the balance
of blood pressure. It helps lower your blood pressure, along with sodium. Even though potassium
helps lower your blood pressure, there are other things that affect it.
Potassium is really important in for the ability for your skeletal and smooth muscles to contract. It
also vital for the health of your heart. Without potassium the heart have irregular heart beats which
could be life threatening. That is why people should always maintain an adequate amount of
potassium. The Institute of Medicine recommends adults get 4,700 milligrams of potassium per day,
while breast–feeding women should increase their potassium intake to 5,100 milligrams per day.
The human body excretes excess potassium, so there is no threat of taking too much. However if
you don't absorb enough potassium you could develop irregular heart beats, and possible the
cirrhosis of the liver. Potassium is found in many foods, but vegetables will give you the highest
source of potassium. Potatoes have the highest amount

Physique Competitive Pros
I'm not perfect. I still have a lot to learn when it comes to competing in physique competitions.
Thankfully, I continue to pick up tips on how to best present myself in front of the judges, and I'm
willing to share them with others. By doing so, I force myself to continue to improve.
I can't sit back and assume that I will always be in the top tier of these competitions unless I find
ways to better myself again and again. Thanks to this knowledge, I am now sharing my tips for peak
week or the final week before a physique competition. I'm sure every person wanting to take part in
an event of this type will benefit from one or more of these tips, if not all of them.
1. Watch Your Water Intake.
Water compromises more than 60 percent of your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Make sure you are avoiding simple carbohydrates and taking in healthy ones, such as healthy grains.
Now is not the time to be snacking on your favorie salty food.
Having said that, be sure to pack a simply carbohydrate snack for the day of the event. This snack
needs to be consumed just before the event to obtain the best results. Don't overlook this simple
step, and you'll see how eating this snack benefits you when the winners are announced. Any foods
that may produce gas or lead to bloat need to be avoided. This includes healthy foods, such as
cabbage, broccoli and beans. In addition to altering your appearance, the consumption of these items
can lead to you feeling less than your best and this will show during the event.
I have used these tips with great success in physique competitions and I am sure they will be of help
to you also. Be sure to browse my entire site to obtain additional information on how to succeed in
events of this type. I know how great it is to take top honors in a competition and would love to see
you be able to do the same. Every time I do, I feel a great sense of pride, as I am bettering myself.
It's not the attention that I may receive or any funds I may bring in. It's all about me and how far I
have come. You'll love how you feel after an event of this type also, and together we can both move
forward with our training

Hyperkalemia Process
Disease Process: Hyperkalemia
Introduction
Potassium (K+) is a major intracellular cation and is responsible for electrical conduction
throughout the body. Additionally, it is necessary for proper heart and muscle function, and
digestion. The normal serum potassium range is between 3.5–5.0 mEq/L; hyperkalemia occurs when
potassium levels exceed 5.0 mEq/L. Monitoring and treating hyperkalemia is quintessential to
primary care as excess potassium can heart blocks and ventricular fibrillation which can result in
sudden death (Pannone et al., 2012).
Pathophysiology
Epidemiologically, the exact incidence of hyperkalemia is unknown. However, hyperkalemia is
prevalent in patients with predisposing conditions, such as patients with chronic kidney disease
(Kovesdy, 2014). Furthermore, there is a higher incidence of hyperkalemia, between 9% and 12%,
in patients over 60 years old who receive angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE
inhibitors) (An et al., 2012).
There are many common causes of hyperkalemia. Patients who ingest foods or salt substitutes high
in potassium are at risk of developing hyperkalemia. Medications such as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In severe hyperkalemia, calcium gluconate will prevent arrhythmias, and sodium bicarbonate is
preferred when acidosis is present, and diabetes mellitus is absent (Teo et al., 2011). Furthermore,
nebulized albuterol is administered to treat severe hyperkalemia along with insulin and dextrose.
Mild to moderate hyperkalemia is treated with furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide if renal function
permits. Additionally, Teo et al., 2011, recommends oral sodium bicarbonate when patients have
chronic kidney disease and are acidotic. If a patient has chronic hyperkalemia, a regimen of sodium
polystyrene sulfonate and furosemide is administered along with recommended changes in diet
which will normalize serum potassium within two weeks (Teo et al.,

Describe The Importance Of Electrolytes
Electrolytes are very important to have in the human body. It is very unhealthy to have an imbalance
of electrolytes. Electrolyte imbalance may lead to disease or even death. ( Nate Morrow )
Salt is a very important electrolyte. Humans need salt to survive on the planet of Earth. Salt can also
be called sodium. Low sodium levels are very dangerous. People with diseases are at higher risk of a
low sodium level.Another important electrolyte is magnesium. Magnesium is important for 300
biochemical reactions! Also an important electrolyte is phosphate. Phosphate strengthens bones and
teeth. Bicarbonate is also one of the major electrolytes. Kidneys release bicarbonate when acids
build up through metabolic processes. Also, potassium is a key electrolyte. Potassium is important
for regulating your heartbeat and muscle function. ( U.S National Library of Medicine ) It is also
important to keep your electrolytes balanced. Electrolyte loss is very dangerous. Water does not
replenish the electrolytes lost in sweat. Most sports drinks claim to replenish electrolytes lost in
sweat. Although, not all beverages are made to hydrate, so be aware on which sports drink you
choose next. Hydration is also crucial to live a healthy life. Dehydration can cause electrolyte
imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance symptoms include twitching, weakness, and seizures. ( Healthline
)
It is also important to have a healthy amount of salt in your body. Salt imbalances can lead to heart
disease. Eat healthy to

Effect of Temperature on Solubility of Potassium Chloride...
IB Chemistry Lab Report Design Example–
Effect of Temperature on Solubility of Potassium Chloride in Water
Research question
How does temperature affect the solubility of potassium chloride in water?
Hypothesis
As the temperature of water increases, the particles of solid Potassium chloride, KCl, which are
absorbing energy from its surrounding, start moving more easily between the solution and its solid
state because. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the particles will shift to the more
disordered, more highly dispersed solution state. I predict that as the temperature of a KCl and water
mixture increases, then the solubility of the KCl will also increase.
Variables
Dependant variable
The dependant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of different syringes for the extraction of the Potassium chloride and distilled water solution
from each beaker avoids the possibility of contamination in the case where the same syringe was
used in all 6 beakers.
The needle of the syringe should be placed at the midpoint between the surface of the solution and
the bottom of the beaker upon extraction. This is because of it were placed at the surface of the
solution some air particles might enter the syringe, and if it were placed at the bottom of the beaker
some undissolved particles might be extracted, thereby leading to an increase in the actual
concentration of the dissolved salt.
The weight of each 50ml beaker (used for weighing the mass of dissolved Potassium chloride after
the evaporation of water) should be recorded. If the experimenter were to weigh the mass of one
beaker and take it as a default mass, the latter may be a source of error.

In order to minimize errors and to "place" the solutions in the same environment, the same volume
should be extracted from each solution using the syringes.
After heating the extracted solution in the 50ml beaker for weighing purposes, some of the water
might condense back into the liquid state (in the form droplets), thereby leading to an increase in the
calculated weight of Potassium chloride. Therefore

The Periodic Table : Potassium, Sulfur, And Krypton
The Periodic Table contains 118 elements, all different with shape, size, and what it's made up of.
Out of the 118, 3 were chosen and they will be discussed later in this paper. Those elements are
Potassium, Sulfur, and Krypton.
The first is Potassium. Potassium was first discovered and isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy, a
Cornish chemist and inventor, in 1807. Potassium is highly reactive, but Davy isolated the element
through a process what's called electrolysis, a process by which an electric current is passed through
the element to cause chemical change within the element. Potassium could be extracted through
minerals such as carnalite, langbeinite, and polyhalite minerals. Potassium is also found in the
Earth's crust, and makes up around 1.5 to 2% of the Earth's crust. Potassium also can't be found in
nature as a free element. Potassium is atomic number 19 in the periodic table and is symbolized as
the letter "K" in the periodic table. The element is in Group 1, Period 4 on the periodic table. The
element is an alkali metal and has somewhat of silver color to the element. The structure of the
element has a cubic shape at room temperature and has a density of 0.862 g/cm
Elnaka 2 cubed. The melting and boiling point of the element are 63.65 °C (146.57 °F) for melting
and 759.0 °C (1398°F) for boiling. The atomic mass of the element is 39.0983 amu (atomic mass
unit). The element is made up of 19 protons, 19 electrons,

Calcium and Potassium modifications are specialized...
Calcium and Potassium modifications are specialized individual according to a specific disease, age
and inadequate amounts of calcium or potassium higher or lower than normal value. Calcium
modifications are the results of to low or to high calcium levels. When calcium levels are to low
compromises in bone integrity will occur. Adults 50 years of age and older are encouraged to
increase calcium intake to help prevent osteoporosis. Patients with thyroid dysfunctions may
experience low hormone levels causing low calcium secretion. Kidney disease, liver disease and
pancreatitis also decrease the calcium level due to the effects of absorptions of vitamins and
minerals in the body. Patients that have a calcium deficiency are encouraged to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients with renal failure, tissue destruction, adrenal gland disease and certain medication can
increase potassium levels in the body. High levels of potassium can lead to cardiac arrest. Potassium
rich food should be avoided until potassium levels return to normal. Medication such as a water pill
can be administered to remove excess potassium via the urinary track. High amounts of potassium
can lead to life threatening heart changes and intake of potassium should be stopped until potassium
is within normal range. Patient experiencing gastrointestinal loss, renal loss, and lake of intake
contribute to inadequate amount of potassium. A potassium rich diet will be recommended. Intake is
all individualized based on the patient. Food intake is recommended over supplements, and fruits
and vegetables are preferred due to the absorption rate. (Dudek, 2010) There is no recommended
dietary allowance for potassium intake but experts suggest that potassium intake of 4700mg/day
with food. Americans that have a higher consumptions of potassium incorporated in the diet delay
and even prevent high blood pressure. Special considerations for African Americans will be to be
placed on potassium rich diet do to the high prevalence of hypertension. Salt substitutes tend to very
high. Upon calcium and potassium modification each diet will be individualized based on the
preexisting conditions. Handouts will be passed out with list of sources of food

Potassium And Sodium Lab Report
Is Potassium or Sodium in our Bicarbonate
Introduction
A mix–up at a local distribution company has occurred and the company needs assistance in
determining which bicarbonate contains potassium and which possess sodium. Due to the uniquely
opposite reactant properties each element contains, it is essential to determine and be positive of
which bicarbonate is which. Three possible chemical reactions occur during the thermal
decomposition of either bicarbonate. We are to use the predicted product masses of those reactions
to determine if it has potassium or sodium, along with a flame test.
Procedure
Experiment 1
To start this experiment, I began by first creating the three different chemical reactions that could
occur as a decomposition of the bicarbonates. Once these were made and I had the predicted mass of
each reaction, I gathered the essential materials that I would need. These included a plastic boat, a
scale, two crucibles, a Bunsen Burner, and metal tongs, and a sample of each carbonate that was
labeled "A and B." Upon getting these supplies together, I measured out 2.5 grams of the unknown
bicarbonate A. Before doing anything else, I made sure to measure out the crucible to help me
determine the mass of the reactant. After this was measured and recorded, I put the 2.5 grams of
substance A in the crucible and placed is over the Bunsen Burner. I turned the burner on and
adjusted the flame until the blue cone was just below the crucible. Once the burner was adjusted
appropriately, I left the crucible on the Bunsen Burner for approximately 15 minutes. After 15
minutes passed, I used the metal tongs to take the crucible off the Bunsen Burner and allowed it time
to cool. As the crucible with substance A in it cooled off, I got bicarbonate B and used the plastic
boat to collect and measure 2.5 grams of it. Then, I grabbed my second crucible and measured the
mass of it using my scale. After that, I placed the 2.5 grams of bicarbonate B in my crucible and put
it over the Bunsen Burner, adjusting the flame as I did with my prior bicarbonate. As I allowed my
second substance to set above the flame for 15 minutes, I made sure my first crucibles, with
bicarbonate A, was cool enough to be weighed. Seeing that

Chemical Safety Assignment On The Use Of Potassium Nitrate...
Chemical Safety Assignment
Student's Name:
Institution:
Chemical Safety Assignment
Answer 1
The chemical that will be analyzed in this section is potassium nitrate. There are different types of
information related to the chemical the student needs to gather to ensure proper air sampling is
carried out. It is necessary to determine the fire properties of this chemical and the level of damage
it might cause when left in the open. Significantly, the assessment must find out about other
processes that affect the usage of potassium nitrate in different environments within the organization
(McDermott, 2004). This knowledge will enable the worker to recognize how various control
measures can be used to deal with various hazards associated with the chemical that might cause
harm to different people. Therefore, evaluating the real magnitude of different dangers involved will
enable all those involved to come up with appropriate methods that limit workers' exposure to the
hazards.
It is important for the student to determine how the risk of fire and explosion after exposure to
potassium nitrate can be dealt with. In effect, this knowledge will equip the student with skills to
deal with the dispersal effects of potassium nitrate dust at the workplace when it occurs. More
importantly, it is vital for the analysis to determine if the dust has harmful effects to the respiratory
system when inhaled and the levels of protection an organization can initiate to prevent

Periodic Paralysis Syndrome
Periodic Paralysis Syndrome is a blanket term for a couple of inherited muscular disorders. The
most common types are hypokalemic periodic paralysis and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Both
of these are inherited and generally present from childhood, tho it is possible for symptoms to start
showing later in adolescence. In hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, high levels of potassium in the
blood interact with genetically caused abnormalities in sodium channels (pores that allow the
passage of sodium molecules) in muscle cells, resulting in temporary muscle weakness and, when
severe, in temporary paralysis. This disease may be caused by genetic defects in either the calcium
channel or the sodium channel. Hypokalemic disease may be caused by genetic defects in either the
calcium channel or the sodium channel (Medline Plus).
PPS symptoms include periods of extreme muscle weakness and fatigue, muscle pain, irregular
heartbeat, and in rare cases difficulty breathing or swallowing. This last can be life threatening and
require a trip to the emergency room. Episodes of severe weakness in the arms and legs are the
major symptom. Typically, these episodes occur during sleep, early morning, or after strenuous
activity. Cold, stress, and alcohol may also produce attacks(med.nyu.edu). Some people with certain
types of PPS can be at risk for hyperthermia, which is when the body fails to regulate its body
temperature and it skyrockets. This can occur during surgery under anesthesia.

Modified Calcium and Potassium Diets
Modified Calcium and Potassium Diets
Morgan Tilley
West Coast University NURS211L
The mineral that is the most plentiful in the body is calcium. It is mainly found in bones and teeth
but also in plasma and other fluids within the body. Calcium plays an important role in blood
clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and relaxation, cell membrane permeability and the
activation of certain enzymes, along with protecting against colorectal cancer. The intake of calcium
or dairy products is associated with lower blood pressures, controlling body weight and obesity.
Potassium in the human body is largely located in the cells as the major cation of the intracellular
fluid. There is also a small amount of potassium in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although medications are very effective, lifestyle and dietary changes can help treat or prevent high
blood pressure more effectively.
Potassium works with sodium to regulate the body's water balance. The kidneys help to control the
blood pressure by controlling the amount of fluid stored in the body. Therefore, the more fluid then
the higher the blood pressure is. The kidneys do this by filtering out the blood and extracting any
extra fluid, which then is stored in the bladder as urine. This is done very delicately as both sodium
and potassium pull the water across the wall of the cells from the bloodstream into a collecting
channel that leads to the bladder. When eating to much salt, the amount of sodium in the
bloodstream will be imbalanced compared to the amount of potassium and thus reducing the ability
of the kidneys remove the extra fluid. Eating more fruit and vegetables, the potassium levels
increase and can help restore the chemical imbalance. However, there is a possibility of too much
potassium, also known as hyperkalemia, which can lead to other issues like renal failure.
Calcium can sometimes act like a natural diuretic, helping the kidneys release sodium and water.
Also, when calcium levels in the blood drop, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released, which causes
calcium to be released from the bones to increase calcium blood levels and PTH can raise blood
pressure. Scientists are still trying to figure out how and why, but

Essay on The Importance of Potassium in Plants
1. Purpose of potassium within the plant
To begin the process, potassium is a vital nutrient to productively grow many plants, although
potassium isn't an active ingredient of the chemical structure it still plays several significantly high
roles in the development. There are several roles potassium does such as enzyme activation,
photosynthesis, stomatal activity, transportation of sugars, water and nutrient transportation, starch
synthesis, and improving the quality of the desired crop.
2. How much potassium will be lost at harvest
The amount of potassium lost at harvest will vary from each crop type, moisture available, and
plenty other variables assuring minimum losses. With this being said, these losses are higher with
crops such as: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is something everyone has to consider when deciding on fertilizing if potassium is deficient. It
is always important to remember the value of additional production has to pay for the fertilizer and
the costs associated with it. This is why as a producer, one must make informed decisions before
spending those input dollars to assure the maximum potential of a crop to essentially get out what
one puts in.
6. Potassium Shortage signs
Symptoms of potassium deficiency are signs such as cholris, which is scorching of plant leaves,
causing yellowing of the margins of the plants leaves and this is the first symptoms of potassium
deficiency. Slow or stunted growth, for potassium is a very important part of the growth catalyst in
plants. Poor resistance to temperature changes and also to drought, for poor intake will cause less
circulation in the plant, this is the reasoning behind the plant being more susceptible to drought and
temperature changes. Defoliation causes plants to lose their leaves sooner than they should and this
will increase if the plant is exposed to drought or high temperatures. This all causes the leaves to
turn yellow, then brown and eventually fall off one by one. Some other symptoms will include poor
resistance of pests, weak and unhealthy roots, and uneven ripening of

Benefits Of A Plant-Based Diet
This is why a plant–based diet may be perfect for you. Not only are plants much lower in sodium
than animal products and processed foods, but they contain these vital minerals. Natural, Plant–
Based Foods for Lower Blood Pressure
1. White beans. White beans include navy beans, cannellini beans (white kidney beans), and Great
Northern beans. One cup of navy beans contains 10% of your daily value of potassium, and 26%
magnesium. Check labels on bags and cans, because some varieties provide even more! My favorite
way to enjoy white beans is in a soup, much like this EASY recipe including kale. Always drain and
thoroughly rinse your canned beans. There's usually a lot of sodium hiding in the packing liquid. 2.
Broccoli. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Green & Black's uses organic cane sugar. 5. Beets. If you only add one new food to your low blood
pressure grocery list, make it beets. A University of London study reveals that drinking just over two
cups of beetroot juice daily lowers blood pressure. The active ingredient here are dietary nitrates that
react with our digestive juices. I'm guessing that the juice in particular is effective because it's a high
concentration of nutrients. Two cups of juice would likely take four beets, depending on the size.
That's quite a lot for one glass! Because fiber is crucial to absorption, try putting beetroot into your
smoothies. Good juicers are mighty expensive for having but one purpose. Modern countertop
blenders are tough enough to break beets down to a smooth, silky texture. 6. Hibiscus tea. In other
countries, hibiscus tea is a common natural cure for lowering blood pressure quickly. This tart herbal
infusion made from the beautiful flowering plant has many medicinal benefits. It's very high in
vitamin C and iron, so you should drink it even if blood pressure isn't a concern. But it's not a source
of magnesium or potassium, so how does it work? For one, hibiscus tea is a natural diuretic. But it
also dilates blood vessels, and disrupts hormones that send vessel–constricting signals. Some studies
show that it's as effective or almost as effective as medications like captopril or

Intake Report On Micronutrient Intake
Micronutrient intake
1. Use the following sections of your 3 Day Average Report to answer the following questions:
a. Intake vs Goals
2. From your intake versus goals report:
a. Pick two vitamins or minerals that your average intake does not meet 75% of the DRI.
i. Why would you be concerned about having an inadequate intake of these nutrients? Vitamin:
riboflavin intake was 65 %. Recommended intake by DRI is 1.10 mg and only took 0.72 mg.
Riboflavin deficiency can cause weakness, throat swelling, skin cracking, and anemia. Also cause
vision or eye problems. Mineral: calcium intake was 35 %. Recommended intake by DRI is 1000.00
mg and only took 346.80 mg. Calcium deficiency can cause hypocalcemia, confusion, muscle
spasms, numbness, and easy fracturing of the bones. ii. What foods can you increase in your diet to
meet the recommended intake for these nutrients? Food high in riboflavin is beef liver (3 oz. is 100
% DV), milk (1 cup is 26 % DV), natural yogurt (1 cup is 34 % DV), and almonds (1 oz. is 19%).
Food high in calcium is milk (1 cup is 30 % DV), yogurt (6 oz. is 30 %), and cheese (1 oz. is 22%
DV).
3. From your intake versus goals report:
a. Compare your average intake of sodium to recommendations. The recommendation is 2300.00
mg and my intake was 2,243.88 mg. I was at 98 %, closely met the require sodium intake.
b. If your intake was above recommendations, what changes can you make in your food choices to
become more in line with recommendations? My

Symptoms Of Potassium
Have you ever heard of an element named potassium? Potassium is an element in the 4th period and
1st group on the periodic table. Potassium is not free in nature. For example, exposing it to water
can cause it to explode to purple flame. Potassium quickly combines in air and responds to give off
hydrogen. Having low potassium levels can give you hypokalemia. Symptoms of hypokalemia are
muscle cramps, irregular heartbeat, and weakness. Did you know that 2.4% of Earth's crust is
potassium? Potassium's symbol is K. Its atomic number is 19 while its atomic mass is 39.0983. The
melting and boiling points are 63.65°C and 774°C. It has 19 protons and electrons, while it has 20
neutrons. Potassium is an alkali metal. It has a density of 0.862

Action Potential Essay
Question 1
The action potential occurs in the space between the myelinated sections of the axon. The diffusion
and electrostatic pressure pushes sodium ion Na+ into the cell despite the lack of permeability of the
membrane. The cell uses sodium–potassium transporters to pump out three Na+ and pump in two
potassium ions K+ resulting in a low intracellular levels of Na+. this creates a voltage difference of
–70mv which is the neurons resting potential. When the neuron is stimulated by a presynaptic
neuron the sodium channels open, letting in positive sodium ions in. this changes the electrical
environment inside the cell more positive than the outside. This process is called depolarization, and
it causes a chain reaction with the rest of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sympathetic division controls the disbursement of energy from reserves in the body. The
parasympathetic division controls the storing of energy during a relaxed state. The sympathetic
fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord The parasympathetic fibers
originate cranial and sacral region. Both divisions require efferent preganglionic neurons and
postganglionic neurons, whose synapsis housed in ganglia. Sympathetic ganglia are located close to
the spin and can send out signals far and wide to the surrounding organs. Parasympathetic ganglia
are located further from the spinal cord and closer to the organs that they operate with.
Question 4 The book mentions peripheral ganglia primary part of the peripheral nervous system. It
also mentions basal ganglia are the nuclei in the telencephalon, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus,
and the putamen all significant to the motor system. Sympathetic ganglia are located close to the
vertebral column and are part of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.
Parasympathetic ganglia are located adjacent to the organs that they operate with and are part of the
parasympathetic branch of the autonomic system. Dorsal root ganglia bring rise to somatosensory
information to the spinal cord.
Question

What Is Potassium?
Potassium is an intracellular cation that plays an important roll in the maintenance of cellular
osmolality, the acid–base buffer system, determining resting membrane potentials, and allowing for
cellular depolarization. When a patient is in a hypokalemic state, their resting membrane potential is
increased and the cellular refractory period is prolonged. This overall slowing of the electric
conduction has systemic slowing effects that result in physical symptoms of weak muscles,
respiratory depression, flattening T waves, ST depression, and constipation. (Moran, 2017). The
kidneys play an extremely important role in maintenance of potassium. They are responsible for
excretion, via feces and sweat. Due to the renin–aldosterone system controlled

Potassium Dichromate
Analysis:
Safety Analysis:
A number of safety precautions needed to be adhered to in order to maintain a safe and controlled
working environment. Acetic acid and potassium dichromate are two examples of hazardous
substances used throughout the practical, with their effects being intense redness, potential blisters,
inhalation is potentially irritant to lungs etc. In order to prevent all contact with these substances,
paper towels were used to wipe the glassware in order to remove any traces. Sulfuric acid was the
most hazardous substance used in the practical, hence the use of a fume hood was required due to its
harmful effects in case of inhalation. Its corrosive and irritant nature could be of great damage onto
skin, hence potential skin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it contains a carbonyl bond additional to a covalently–bonded oxygen, water is able to
form strong hydrogen bonding with two of its hydrogen atoms. Propyl ethanoate is only able to form
dipole–dipole bonding in addition to dispersion forces in their intermolecular interactions. In
contrast, water is able to form strong hydrogen bonds with surrounding molecules while conforming
to dispersion forces. It follows that water will require a higher boiling point in comparison to
isopropyl ethanoate due to its ability to form H–bonds with surrounding molecules, which require a
higher heat energy input to break. As the ester's polarity is low in comparison to water, it is unable to
dissolve completely in water and therefore, after esterification, the aqueous and organic layers are
separated as seen in Apparatus 2. The layer of ester is on the top as it is less dense than water due to
its lower polarity in comparison to water, which remains in the aqueous layer at the bottom.
(Science.uwaterloo.ca,

Potassium Chloride
IV medication may include giving the medication by rapid injection (push) into the vein using a
syringe; this is called a bolus dose. One additive that must never be given as a direct IV bolus is
potassium chloride. Potassium is an essential electrolyte which the body needs to function correctly.
Potassium is works on the nerves and muscles in the body including the heart. As important as
potassium is having too much potassium can be life threatening. Potassium's role on the heart is to
keep the heart beating at a normal rhythm. A bolus dose of potassium chloride may cause cardiac
arrest within minutes if the dose is too high is the medicine is push in too quickly (Australian
Prescriber, 2014).
A normal healthy person generally flushes out

Potassium Chlorate
The Composition of Potassium Chlorate
Objectives
The objectives of this laboratory are: a) To experimentally determine the mass percent of oxygen in
the compound potassium chlorate (KClO3) via the thermal decomposition of a sample of potassium
chlorate. b) To qualitatively demonstrate that the residue resulting from the decomposition of
potassium chlorate is potassium chloride.
Background
All compounds consist of elements chemically combined in fixed proportions – they obey the Law
of Constant Composition. One way to express the proportion each of element in a compound is as a
percentage by mass, or mass percent. In Part A of this lab, a sample of potassium chlorate will be
experimentally analyzed in order to determine the mass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do not do this over the balance! Then weigh and record the mass of the crucible, lid and potassium
chlorate sample. 4. Fetch a stand and ring clamp from the back of the lab. As shown in the figure
and photo on the following page, place your clay triangle on the ring, and then place the crucible
containing the sample onto the triangle. Cover the crucible with the lid. 5. Using a Bunsen burner,
heat the crucible and sample for a total of 12 minutes. Be sure that the crucible is covered, and that
that the top of the flame is touching the bottom of the crucible.
For the first 6 minutes, the sample should be gently heated by adjusting the Bunsen burner flame to
a low–moderate temperature. Note that heating the sample too intensely at this point could cause
loss of the sample via splattering, and could crack the crucible. For the last 6 minutes, the sample
should be strongly heated by adjusting the Bunsen burner flame to a high temperature.
6. Allow the crucible to cool to room temperature. Then weigh and record the mass of the crucible,
lid, plus the residue that remains. Note that the weight of your sample is expected to decrease by at
least 30 % of its original mass (~ 0.3 g).
Page 2 of 4
7. Now heat the sample a second time for an additional 6 minutes using a high temperature flame.
Then, once again, allow it to cool to room temperature. Weigh the cooled crucible, lid and sample
after this second heating

Frusemide: A Case Study
Using effective communication skills and easily understood english with Mrs Smith the enrolled
nurse will explain what the drug Frusemide is and how the drug works on the body and precautions
that Mrs Smith may not be aware of. Frusemide may have been prescribed for Mrs Smith for her
history of cardiac failure and hypertension and is usually given in conjunction with a potassium
supplement to counteract potassium loss. Frusemide works on the body by preventing reabsorption
of sodium, potassium and chloride in the proximal and distal renal tubules but mainly in the
ascending limb of the loop of Henle (Tiziani, 2013, p 694). So, rather than being returned to the
body the sodium, potassium and chloride are excreted in the urine and where salt

Concentration Of Potassium
High concentration of potassium also causes the muscle cells to decrease in efficiency, causing
cramping and fatigue. Potassium builds up in the t–tubule system and around the muscle fiber as a
result of action potentials. The shift in potassium changes the membrane potential around the muscle
fiber. The change in membrane potential causes a decrease in the release of calcium from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Potassium maintain fluid balance, regulates heart rate, allows storage of glycogen and plays a role
for muscle contractions.
Potassium deficiency causes fatigue, muscle disorder and thirst.
One of the functions of the calcium is to help control muscle contractions. Researchers at the
Columbia University Medial Center, conducted a study

Potassium Hexacyanoferrate Lab Report
Why Potassium Hexacyanoferrate (III)
I chose to write this paper on potassium Hexacyanoferrate(III) because its inorganic chemical
formula is almost seem similar to Prussiate blue. Prussiate Blue exhibits interesting structural
characteristics and properties. My aim is to explore if potassium Hexacyanoferrate (III) exhibit the
similar properties and characteristics as prussiate blue.
Introduction
The Potassium Hexacyanoferrate (III) is one of the common salts of the ferricyanide. Its chemical
structure is K3[Fe(CN)6], and its common name is potassium ferricyanide.1The coordination
complex is also known under names such as red prussiate of potash, or red potassium prussiate.
Potassium ferricyanide appears as a bright red soluble crystalline ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, ferricyanide is toxic with LD50 value equal to 6400 mg/kg.4 Potassium ferricyanide salt
has been isolated as ruby–red crystals and is photosensitive.5 Potassium ferricyanide has the ability
to react with metallic silver to produce silver ferrocyanide, which is used in photography processes.5
Since potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) is a cyanide, it reacts explosively with sodium nitrite and
oxidizes ammonia explosively. Acids, in particular strong acids react with potassium ferricyanide to
form ferricyanic acid, which decomposes to form toxic hydrogen cyanide. Additional physical
characteristics of potassium fericyanide are that it is water–soluble and can also exist as crystals as
well as in powder form, and decomposes when heated.5 Its vapor pressure at 200 C is negligible and
it is one of the most stable cyanide complexes.7Potassium ferricyanide is poorly oxidized by active
chlorine, ozone, and potassium permangante.7 Its maximum allowable concentration is 1.25 mg/L
and the oxidation of potassium ferricyanide at pH 7–11 proceeds as

Hyperkalaemia And Depolariization Of Potassium
Potassium is a necessary intracellular ion, found in each cell membrane, playing a vital role in the
normal functioning of nerve and muscle cells. It is crucial for proper fluid balance in the body by
countering the effect of sodium and creates an electrical charge across the cell membrane. This is
important as it allows nerves to conduct electrical impulses to communicate between muscles and
cells to contract. A majority is found inside muscle tissue, and the balance between sodium and
potassium ions is crucial to maintain an electrical gradient which works to transport substances
in/out the cell and transmit nerve signals which consequently trigger muscle contractions.
When this balance is disrupted, the functioning of muscles is drastically affected.
An excess amount of potassium can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, the kidneys can maintain blood potassium within a health range, excreting extra when
necessary. But when one cannot efficiently eliminate excess potassium, hyperkalemia occurs.
Hyperkalaemia can result in depolarization of membrane potentials of nerve and muscle cells, due to
the increased equilibrium potential of potassium. This impairs the normal process of depolarization;
the depolarization of the membrane potentials opens several voltage–gated sodium channels;
however it elevates the inactivation process. Depolarization is slowed due to the concentration
changes, which means an action potential is not generated; the process of accommodation occurs
instead. This is when nerve cells adjusts slowly to a slowly increasing stimulus so that its threshold
of excitation of greater than it would be were the stimulus

Potassium Research Paper
Introduction:
Potassium is a mineral found inside body cells. It is one of several minerals known as electrolytes.
These minerals (potassium, sodium, and chloride) are found in the fluids inside of body cells
(intracellular) and outside the cells (extracellular).
Functions: Potassium is important in human body because it helps:
Maintain water balance and acid–base balance along with sodium
Muscles contract, including maintaining a normal heartbeat
Transmit nerve impulses
Maintain normal blood pressure
Maintain healthy bones.
Food sources:
Potassium is distributed widely in foods, both plants and animals. Unprocessed whole foods such as
fruits and vegetables (especially winter squash, potatoes, oranges, grapefruits, and bananas), ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, changes in body potassium may not be a concern if you do not have risk factors. Healthy
kidneys are often enough to regulate body potassium. Medical conditions that affect levels should be
monitored regularly. Call your doctor if you experience any unusual symptoms. how much of each
mineral you need depends on your age and gender. There is no perfect food with all the vitamins and
minerals. You need in just the right amounts. Remember, real food contains healthy things which a
pill cannot give us. When we take a nutrient out of a food and concentrate it in a pill, it is not quite
the same thing. Be sure to consider your individual situation and consult a doctor or an RDN before
considering supplements. Therefore, the best way to get all the daily vitamins and minerals you need
is to eat a balanced diet that contains a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, fortified dairy foods,
legumes (dried beans), lentils, and whole

Potassium Trisoxalatoferrate Lab Report
Abstract By using the green salt synthesis, we obtained Introduction When it comes to using
inorganic compounds, such as salts, they contain a complex ion. A complex ion has a central metal
ion, to which is then bonded with a neutral molecule that forms ligands. In this experiment,
potassium trisoxalatoferrate(III) and potassium ferrioxalate will take part in purifying the product
using recrystallization. A pH titration will be used to analyze the mass percent of potassium and
iron, meanwhile, the oxidation–reduction titration will be used in order to figure out the mass
percent oxalate in the finalized purified product. Once the results of the two percentages are
calculated, one must compare them to the theoretical values to indicate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Product was rinsed/washed with separate 5 mL portions of ice–cold ethanol. Appearance was
recorded of the solid and filtrate before liquid was discarded. Product was dried for 24 hours by
being placed in the dark. The mass of the dried product was determined and percent yield was
calculated. Part II: Characterization of the Green Salt Observing Photoactivity of the Dissolved
Complex Ion Approximately 0.2 g of green salt was transferred in a beaker and dissolved in 50 mL
of 1 M H2SO4. One–half of the solution was poured in another beaker and placed in the sunlight,
meanwhile, the other half was placed in a cabinet with complete darkness and isolation. Color of
both solutions were obtained after 0, 5, 15, and 30 minutes. Each solution was tested for presence of
Fe3+ with adding 2 drops of SCN– solution. B. Experimentally Determining Mass% Water Two hot
and dry vials were brought to room temperature. Each vial was weighed on a balance to the nearest
0.001 g. 0.9xx g was weighed of the green salt into each vial. Each vial was placed in a 50 mL
beaker and initialed with partners names. Samples were heated in the oven for 2

Hypertension Research Paper
Foods for high blood pressure reduction include unsalted foods, low fat foods and foods high in
potassium and foods that are high in fiber. Sodium is an enemy to hypertension. By itself, a high
sodium diet will usually elevate blood pressure readings. Foods that are high in potassium tend to
neutralize or even lower levels of sodium. So, can we put this all together into a diet that will help
lower blood pressure? Yes, we can, and in this article, we will do so.
Just about any bean you can think of is high in potassium, and therefore good for lowering blood
pressure. Baked beans, lentils beans, lima beans, refried beans; they're all great foods especially
when you're looking to avoid hypertension. Nuts, such as peanuts, almonds and Brazil nuts are also
very good. However, you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, adding these to your diet could be very helpful for your anti–hypertension campaign. Fresh
garlic, while not being known for its high potassium content, is known as an effective blood
pressure reducer. Chop it up finely and sprinkle it over your meal and you will get garlic's great
benefits without its overbearing taste.
Adding things to your diet is one way to help reduce blood pressure. However, aside from salt, there
are other things you should cut out of your diet. For instance, you should lay low on fatty meats and
replace them with fish and poultry. Even at that, if you are replacing a hamburger with a chicken
breast, it should be skinless.
Though it may not be appropriate for everyone, most people who are told to go on a blood pressure
lowering diet are told so because they also need to lose a few pounds. If you are in this position,
remember it is better to eat several small meals daily than it is to eat one large one. This is because
the metabolism tends to shut down when it is not burning food. So, when you suddenly eat a big
meal you will not be able to burn off all the calories in the meal and they will be stored as

Cation and Amnion Lab Essay
Name: Lisa Brewer iLab, Week # 2 CATIONS AND ANION LAB Introduction The purpose of this
week's lab is to learn to demonstrate a double–replacement reaction of ionic compounds. To
accomplish this, two ionic compounds will be mixed together and the product will precipitate out of
solution. In this procedure, the product must be precipitated out of the solution and then weighed.
For this lab, lead (II) nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) and potassium chromate (K2CrO4) will be reacted together
to demonstrate double replacement reaction between 2 ionic compounds. This was shown when
chromate replaced the nitrate and formed lead (II) chromate, and when the nitrate replaced the
chromate and formed potassium nitrate, which is shown in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This indicates a reaction occurred and precipitate has formed and settled on the bottom of the
beaker. Set up the Erlenmeyer flask with a Buchner funnel. Select equipment from toolbar, then
from the dropdown menu, select Erlenmeyer flask–250mL. Right click the Erlenmeyer flask, choose
Buchner funnel. The Buchner funnel will be added to your Erlenmeyer flask. Select the 100mL
beaker and right click on Pour/Decant. The flask will turn on its side so that you can move the
beaker above the Buchner funnel. The solution will pour into the funnel when positioned correctly.
Note: When the solution has been filtered, a white area will appear on the bottom of the flask. Right
click the flask. Select Buchner funnel. Message window appears with question. Select place solid
into 50mL Test tube. Click OK. Note: a test tube will appear with a small amount of precipitate on
the bottom. To measure the weight of the precipitate, right click the test tube. Select show weight.
The weight of the precipitate will appear below the test tube. Record this information in the
Observations and Results section of the lab report, including the weight and appearance of the
precipitate. Observations and Results The appearance of the precipitate was shown several ways
during the experiment. In the 100mL beaker, after both chemicals were added, it was shown as a
dotted solution. It was then shown as a solid and a white color in

Mullelr and Glial Cells Essay
This experiment was done to determine the main purpose Muller cells, a type of glial cell, and its
cell regions have in the body. The Muller cell's endfoot was of particular interest, and scientists
wanted to observe the affects the endfoot has on conductance and resistance, as well as its overall
purpose. The results from this experiment could then provide us with a more generalized view of the
purpose that other glial cells, especially astrocytes, have in the brain. It was hypothesized that if
most of the Muller cell's conductance was located in the endfoot, then the resistance in the endfoot
would also vary significantly compared to the rest of the cell and this would have huge impacts on
how potassium ions removed from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The measurement of resistance in the Muller cell with the endfoot still intact was much lower than
when the resistance in the cell after the endfoot had been removed. Additionally, when researchers
cut a part of the cell above the endfoot, leaving the endfoot untouched, the cell resistance did
increase slightly, but not by very much. These observations helped to prove that the endfoot, not
other parts of the cell, contributes to most of the cell's resistance, and therefore conductance. When
measuring impedance in the cell, the endfoot impedance increased when penetrated, while other
parts of the cell showed no real changes. When KCl solution was added into the cell and the amount
of potassium ion efflux was recorded along the cell, it was found that about the same amount of
potassium efflux occurred all along the cell membrane, with the endfoot having a much greater
efflux of potassium ions than anywhere else on the Muller cell. All in all, it was determined that the
Muller endfoot is not only where the highest conductance and lowest membrane resistance in the
cell is locate, but also where the most potassium channels are located. Therefore, the endfoot greatly
controls how much potassium ion movement. This goes for Muller

Transport Proteins on Strike Essay
Case Study: Newsflash! Transport Proteins on Strike!
1. What is the meaning behind the PHOSPHOLIPIDS' chant?
Phospholipids make up most of the cell membrane, in a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipid
molecules form two layers, with the hydrophilic (water loving) head facing the extracellular fluid
and the cytosol (intracellular) fluid, and the hydrophobic (not water loving) tails facing one another.
The cell membrane is constructed in such a way that it is semipermeable, and allows oxygen, CO2
and lipid soluble molecules through easily, while other molecules like glucose, amino acids, water,
and ions cannot pass through quite as easily. That is the meaning behind the chant "some things can
pass, others cannot!".
2. Why is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. Could O2 and CO2 make the same claim as GLUCOSE and AMINO ACID? Why or why not?
No. They cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion and don't need proteins.
Mary Amico
Physiology 141 Section 002
Case Study: Newsflash! Transport Proteins on Strike!
5. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the cell is called gas exchange.
Which two body organ systems are involved in gas exchange? Which type of plasma membrane
transport is used for gas exchange? Is this method best? Explain your answer.
The two body organ systems involved in gas exchange are the respiratory and cardiovascular
systems. O2 and CO2 cross the cell membrane via simple diffusion. Because cells all throughout the
body require oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide, this simple method of diffusion is the best
way to transport such small molecules over a large area as efficiently as possible.
6. PHIL LIPID and PROFESSOR TOSOL discuss the Great Dehydration. Explain what you think
occurred during the Great Dehydration. Why are sports drinks recommended to prevent, or treat,
dehydration?
The Great Dehydration was a result of a stomach virus which apparently caused the body to lose
water. As the body lost water, water moved out of the cells in attempt to keep solute concentrations
balanced across the cell membrane. Sports drinks contain water as well as "electrolytes" like

The Pros And Cons Of Potassium
Since Dmitri Mendeleev created his periodic table of elements in 1869, scientists have worked to
identify the materials that make up the world around us. While many discoveries were made through
fairly benign methods, there have been some horrifying deaths along the way.
Marie and Pierre Curie's work with radioactive material killed the married couple. In fact, their
notebooks are still so highly contaminated that researchers have chosen to lock them away.
There has always been a bit of excitement when a "new" element is discovered. In some cases,
merchants and advertisers have unknowingly exposed thousands of people to dangerous chemicals,
such as selling water laced with radium as a cure for ailments of the endocrine system.
Then there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within 30 minutes, Adams was dead and Cornish was in severe pain.
People v. Molineux is considered a landmark case because an appeals court decided that the
evidence regarding Barnet's death should not have been allowed during the trial. The court's
reasoning was that Molineux had been denied the presumption of innocence that is guaranteed by
US law. Molineux was acquitted after a retrial.
3 Potassium
Potassium is an essential but volatile element that is needed by the human body to regulate muscular
contractions. Although most of us do not get enough potassium in our diets, it is important to note
that potassium in its pure form is extremely reactive. Therefore, this element is usually used in one
of its compound forms such as saltpeter or potash.
Potassium chloride is considered a double–edged sword. Small doses can be used to treat
deficiencies, but large doses can stop the heart. For this reason, it has been used in lethal injections,
both legal and illegal.
There are a number of suspected "mercy killings" by doctors or nurses who wished to help their
patients escape the pain of possibly terminal diseases. Unfortunately, there are also people who have
randomly killed those in their care simply because they

Neuron Function
When a neuron is not sending a signal, it is at rest. When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the neuron
is negative relative to the outside. At rest, potassium ions are at higher concentration inside the
neuron. While there's a higher concentration of chloride ions and sodium ions outside of the neuron.
There's also negatively charged protein molecules inside the neuron, which cannot cross the
membrane. When the neuron is at rest, it has a resting membrane potential, voltage between the two
layers, is –70mV. When the dendrite of the neuron receives a stimulus, and when the stimulus
depolarizes the cell to its action potential threshold of –55mV an action potential will occur. If the
neuron does not reach this threshold level, then no action

Diffusion on a Liquid in a Liquid
Part A: Diffusion on a liquid in a liquid.
I did an experiment with three different glasses of tap water from the faucet. All three cups
measured the same which happened to be 13 cm from the top of the cup to the bottom of the cup. I
let the water settle, and sit for about an hour so the temperature was the same for all three cups. I
then placed one drop of food coloring into the first glass and waited for the coloring to reach the
bottom. I calculated 93 seconds. I then went to the second glass and duplicated the experiment in the
same exact manner and counted 107 seconds. Finally I went to third glass, did the same as before
and counted for 103 seconds. To figure the rate of diffusion you must divide the distance the dye
migrated in cm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It appeared to be shriveled throughout the whole specimen. It measured 2,000 cubic millimeters in
size. The specimen in the 3.50% solution was also softer more so on the outside, it appeared to be
darkened more towards to outer edges and also smaller in size than the original size pre exposure to
the solution. It measured 3,000 cubic millimeters in size. The specimen took from the 1.75%
solution seems pretty close to the size that it originally appeared. The color was the same as before
however it did seem softer to the touch. It measured 4,000 cubic millimeters in size. The final
specimen taken from the 0.00% solution was significantly bigger than before it was placed in the
solution and a lot harder. The color stayed the same. It measured 6,000 cubic millimeters in size.
2..
Table 1: Potato Core Measurements
Salt Solution: 0.00% 1.75% 3.50% 7.00% Beginning avg volume 4,000 cubic millimeters 4,000
cubic millimeters 4,000 cubic millimeters 4,000 cubic millimeters Ending avg volume 6,000
cubic millimeters 4,000
cubic millimeters 3,000 cubic millimeters 2,000 cubic millimeters
Disscusion:
The results came out the way they did because of the simple process called osmosis. Because the 7%
solution had so much more sodium than the

The Effects of Dehydration
Dehydration james November 18, 2010
Dehydration Water is an essential part to maintaining a healthy body and weight. Without the proper
intake of water, the body becomes dehydrated and it begins to pull it from other places including
from your blood. "This causes the closing of some smaller vessels (capillaries), making your blood
thicker, more susceptible to clotting, and harder to pump through your system. This can have serious
implications in hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart disease. Recent studies have also linked the
lack of water to headaches, arthritis, and heartburn." (TheraGear 2001) An estimated 60 percent of
our body weight is made up of water. Water helps to decrease fat because it suppresses the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sodium exists outside the cell and concentrated potassium exists inside the cell. When nerve cells
are stimulated, sodium passes into the cell and a negative electrical charge is created. The electrical
travels to a muscle cell which causes the muscle to contract. To maintain healthy intracellular
charges, muscle contraction and fluid balance, a diet high in potassium is highly recommended.
Fresh fruits and vegetables, grains, beans, whole milk and meat can help achieve a potassium–rich
diet. Sodium and chloride react together in blood cells which trigger a sodium concentration. This
concentration causes sensations of thirst in the body and causes us to drink. Within 24 hours, the
sodium and excess water is secreted and the body is returned to its normal state. A diet high in
sodium and chloride can lead to hypertension and decreased kidney and heart function." (The effects
of dehydration) Caffiene should be drank in moderation. Caffeine is a stimulate of the cardiac
muscle and central nervous system. When caffeine is consumed in excessive amounts it can cause
stomach issues, insomia, nervousness, and dehydration. "Caffeine affects the kidneys by acting as a
diuretic, which increases urine production and therefore increases loss of water from the body.
Numerous studies have provided evidence linking this loss of fluid with high levels of caffeine

Potassium ( K + ) Channels
Potassium (K+) channels are ubiquitous throughout biological systems as they are found in many
different cell types including prokaryotes, eukaryotes and archaea. (However, for the scope of this
exam, the examples will be limited to K+ channels found in neurons.) They are tetrameric integral
membrane proteins that assemble to form transmembrane aqueous pores. Their basic function is to
allow the passive flow of potassium ions down an electrochemical gradient rapidly and with high
specificity. The high specificity of these channels is crucial in excitable cells such as neurons as they
are able to exclude sodium ions (Na+) despite the sub–angstrom difference between ionic radii,
which allows for the establishment of ion gradients as well as a delayed flow between sodium and
potassium ions to shape action potentials. This specificity also allows the channels to establish and
maintain the resting potential in many cells.
All potassium channels have a distinctive, universal feature of two transmembrane (TM) helices and
a short loop ("P loop") between them that lines the top of the pore and is responsible for potassium
selectivity. This canonical feature is referred to as 2TM/P. In terms of membrane topology, there are
two broad classes of K+ channels: 1) the two–transmembrane–helix (2TM/P) subunit, typical of the
inward rectifying (KIR) channels and, 2) the 6–transmembrane–helix (6TM/P) subunit, typical of
voltage–gated (KV ) subtypes. It must be noted that the 6TM/P

Dehydration Effects
Dehydration Effects
Dehydration is the "excessive loss of water resulting in depletion of body fluids" (Grosvenor &
Smolin, 2006, p. 282). When the body goes through dehydration there can be many symptoms.
Some of these symptoms can include: feelings of nausea, light–headedness, and feeling dizzy.
Dehydration can cause symptoms to show more rapidly than any other vitamin deficiency. With
other vitamin deficiencies, days or weeks can pass before symptoms are felt by the body (Grosvenor
& Smolin, 2006). Symptoms can be seen when dehydrated after only an hour of activity on a
hot day. Water is essential to health maintenance because the human body is more than half water.
The typical adult's body weight is about 60% water. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The minor symptoms of dehydration will go away quickly after replacing the lost water but if left
untreated medical attention may be necessary. While it may be difficult to consume too much water,
overhydrating can be as dangerous as dehydrating. Water toxicity can be the result of consuming too
much water. Some of the early symptoms of water toxicity can be similar to dehydration. Nausea,
muscle cramps, disorientation, and confusion are just some of the symptoms of water toxicity. "To
help prevent water toxicity it is recommended that beverages containing dilute solutions of sodium
as well as sugar, such as sports beverages, be used to replace water losses when exercise continues
for more than an hour" (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, p. 287). Electrolytes are important because
they help maintain acid–base in the body. Electrolytes are "substances that separate in water to form
positively and negatively charged ions that conduct an electrical current" (Grosvenor &
Smolin, 2006, p. 287). The three key electrolytes in the body are sodium, potassium, and chloride. It
is important to control the amount of sodium excreted from the body because sodium helps to
regulate blood pressure. If the body loses more sodium than it takes in blood pressure can drop.
When this happens the body will release proteins and hormones to help the kidneys retain water and
sodium. Renin is an enzyme that

Blood Pressure Effects

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