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Airport planning and Design
- 1. AIRPORT PLANNING AND DESIGN BySrinivas
- 2. Introduction Airport Engineeringencompasses the planning, design, and construction of terminals, runways, and navigation aids to provide for passenger and freight service. An airport is a facility where passengers connect from ground transportation to air transportation AIRFIELD is an area where an aircraft can land and take off, which may or may not be equipped with any navigational aids or markings
- 3. Air transportation Onesystem of transportation which tries to improve the accessibility to inaccessible areas Provides continuous connectivity over water and land Provide relief during emergencies and better compared to others some times Saves productive time, spent in journey Increases the demand of specialized skill work force
- 4. Air transportation Helpstourism, generates foreign reserves Requires heavy funds during provision and maintenance Highly dependent on weather conditions compared to other modes Requires highly sophisticated machinery Adds to outward flow of foreign exchange Purchase of equipment, airbuses etc. Safety provisions are not adequate. Providing a support system during the flight is complicate Specific demarcation of flight paths and territories
- 5. Development of AirTransport 1903 – first successful flight by Wilbur and Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1909 – Louis Bleriot crossed English channel to England 1911 – Post was carried by air in India from Allahabad to Naini (pilot: Henri Pequet) crossing Ganga 1912 – Flight between Delhi and Karachi 1914 – Air passenger transport began in Germany
- 6. Development of AirTransport 1918 – first international service between France and Spain 1919 – London – Paris flight 1919 – International Commission on Air Navigation (ICAN) was established 1919 – 6 European airlines formed in Hague the International Air Traffic Association (IATA) to control the movement of air traffic and have a coordinated approach
- 7. 1928 –Havana Convention on civil aviation 1929 – Warsaw convention on civil aviation 1944 – international civil aviation convention 1944 – Chicago convention, establishing provisional ICAO (international civil aviation organization) 1945 – International Air Transport Association (IATA) established in meeting at Havana, Cuba 1947 – ICAO was established as a body of United Nations
- 8. 27, July1949 – worlds first jet airliner made its journey from hatfield airport 1954 – Boeing Dash 80 type prototype, B707 first flight 1969 – concorde first flight 2006 – Airbus A328 made first flight (one of the biggest passenger air craft i.e., 800 persons)
- 9. Air Transport inIndia 1911 – post was carried by air in India from Allahabad to Naini 1912 – flight between Delhi and Karachi 1927 – Civil Aviation Department was established 1929 – Regular air service between Delhi and Karachi 1932 – Tata airways ltd was setup 1933 – Indian trans-continental airways ltd was formed
- 10. 1938 –153 aircrafts were registered 1946 – Air transport licensing board was established 1947 – Tata changed its name to Air India Ltd 1948 – Air India International ltd was established by government 1953 – Air Transport Corporation bill was made, provision for establishing two corporations, one for the domestic services and other for the international services.
- 11. 1972 -The International Airport Authority of India (IAAI) was setup to coordinate the international aviation from different locations of the country 1981 -Vayudoot service was started. It merged into Indian Airlines in 1993 1985 - Air taxi policy 1994 -Airport Authority of India (AAI) was formed by merging International Airport Authority of India (IAAI) and National Airports Authority (NAA).
- 12. Airport Authority ofIndia Controls overall air navigation in india Constituted by an act of parliament and it came into being on 1st April, 1995 Formed by merging NAA (National Airport Authority) and IAAI (International Airport Authority of India) Functions of AAI Control and management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territory limits Design, development and operation of domestic and international airports Construction and management of facilities
- 13. Functions of AAI Development of cargo ports and facilities Provision of passenger facilities and information systems Expansion and strengthening of operating area Provision of visual aids Provision of communication and navigational aids (ex: Radar systems)
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- 18. Aircraft characteristics EngineType and Propulsion Atmospheric propulsion and trans-atmospheric propulsion Propulsion may be through any type of engine Piston engine, jet engine (turbo jet, turbo propulsion or ram jet) or rocket engine etc. Piston – most conventional form, fuel is converted to mechanical or electrical energy Jet – these have a capacity to provide a jet with a height thrust, which is used for movement. Different types of jet engines exist. In case of turbo, jet known as turbo propulsion is used. Here not simple thrust is used, instead huge amount of air is sucked, and is transformed into jet. Rocket engines used in trans-atmospheric propulsion systems Speed, power increases from piston to rockets
- 19. Type of propulsion EngineSpeed limit kmph Piston 250 to 750 Ram jet 1280 to 2400 Rocket 4600
- 20. Operative altitudeof aircraft depends up on Type of engine Propulsive power available to aircraft Piston engines – low altitudes Turbo jet or turbo propulsions – low to high altitudes Ram jets – used in missiles at middle altitudes Where other type of movements are less Rocket jets – outside atmosphere
- 21. Size ofair craft: One of the important aspect Here not just the size of main body, but the size of overall wing space is considered important By ICAO, FAA guidelines, air craft wing space is considered but not main body for classifying the airport. It is important to look at different aspects of size.
- 22. Size of Aircraft Size of Aircraft involves Fuselage length From nose of the aircraft to the tail of the aircraft Fuselage is the area which compasses the fuel which is to be transported along the aircraft, which is used along the path, at the same time it also encompasses the payload and that is the passengers and the freight that will also be placed within the fuselage length. Height and width (at tail) Since additional wings are provided at tail in lateral, vertical directions Gear tread (distance between main gears) Wheel base Distance between nose gear (pilots location) and main gear(at wings connection)
- 23. Wing span Measured at the location of wings to the furthest ends of wings Wing span decides Width of taxi way Clearance between two parallel traffic ways Size of apron and hanger Width of hanger gate
- 24. Aircraft characteristics Lengthof aircraft decides Widening of taxi way on curves Sizes of apron and hanger Height of aircraft or empennage height It decides the height of hanger gate The gear tread and wheel base Min turning radius of the aircraft.
- 25. Aircraft characteristics –weight &wheel configuration Pavement thickness, design, materials etc., depend on the weight and wheel distribution of aircraft. Different types of weights Maximum gross take-off weight Total amount of weight when it is taking off from runway Maximum standard landing weight Fuel consumed during transport will be deducted from take-off weight Operating empty weight Operating at zero pay load
- 26. Weight and wheeldistribution Pay load Load for which revenues are generated (passengers + freight) Zero-fuel weight Air craft reaching destination and fuel is getting empty Note: (maximum is taken considering biggest aircraft allowed at airport
- 27. Wheel configurationdefines how the weight will be transferred to the bottom More the no of wheels, lesser the stress, hence less thickness enough. Different wheel combinations available based on size of aircraft. Single tandem, duel tandem and multi axle tandems are used based on the size and weight of air craft. Some wheel configurations are shown in the next slide.
- 29. Minimum turning radius While making a turn, the nose gear is steered and hence it makes an angle with the axis of main gear called angle of rotation. The point of intersection of axis of main gear and line through axis of steered nose gear is called point of rotation. Max angle varies between 50 to 60 degrees The line joining the centre of rotation and the tip of farthest wing of aircraft is known as minimum turning radius. The amount depends on size of aircraft
- 31. Minimum circling radius Related to movement of aircraft with in the air Radius in space required for the aircraft to take a smooth turn It depends on Type of aircraft (size, power propulsion system etc.,) Air traffic volume Weather condition It is the total radius which is provided at the top of the air port in which the aircraft will be circling if it is not allowed to land.
- 32. Speed Air speed Speed of air craft in air relative to medium. Indicated speed Indicated by the instrument onboard 2% lower than actual true speed The reason is it is relative speed what is true, to get the correct value of speed 2% is reduced for resistance in air.
- 33. Capacity of aircraft No of passengers and amount of cargo it can handle Dependant on Size Propulsive power of aircraft Speed of air craft
- 34. Noise Big problemif nearer to developed areas Major sources of noises are Engine Machinery (more during landing) Primary jet (more during take-off) Disturbances are more during take off Since the inception of jet engines the noise has been reduced to a great extent
- 35. Vortices at tailend Vortices form at tail when moving at high speed Have a tendency to break tail if they are heavy and eddies are formed Vortices are made of 2 counter rotating cylindrical masses of air extending along the path These are formed near tail ends of wings or tail end of aircraft The velocity of wind in these vortices will be very high
- 36. Jet blast Thisaspect belongs to aircrafts having jet engines This is the blast that comes out of jet engine at the rear of air craft to provide a force for movement If we consider the case where air craft is standing and jet blast is coming from back side, it is so hot and creates severe conditions The severity depends on Height of tail pipe Angle of tail pipe Hence, blast fences are needed to control the damage to the pavements
- 37. Fuel spillage Spillingof fuel occurs when the engine is shutdown or loosing speed It is spilled fuel from the engine or other locations into the aircraft. This may cost the speed when it is moving on runways or taxiways or apron.
- 38. Influencing characteristics of aircrafton design of airport Engine type and propulsion Size Aircraft weight and wheel configuration Minimum turning radius Minimum circling radius speed capacity Noise Vortices at tail ends Jet blast Fuel spillage
- 39. Engine type andpropulsion decides Size of the aircraft Speed length of the runway (more speed ->longer runway) Weight (more if bigger propulsion system) Carrying capacity (depends on size) Noise (depends on propulsion system) Circling radius (high power, and speed crafts have high radius) Range (distance it can move without refueling) Maintenance facilities Ballast pads (required for jet propulsion)
- 40. Size ofaircraft influences Load carrying capacity Other facilities like apron, terminal area etc. Bigger the size larger are facilities to be provided at airport terminal building Wing span will increase with size It has effect on taxiway width Separation between traffic lanes Size of gate, apron size, width of hanger etc. Length Widening of taxiway on curves, apron, hangers, width of exit way Height : further influences height of hanger gate Wheel base, gear tread also changes
- 41. Aircraft wheelconfiguration Thickness of runway, taxiway, apron Distribution of load to ground Turning (difficult for more weight in case of sharp curves) Stability (depends on the support system provided and also depends on wheel configuration)
- 42. Minimum turningradius Radius of taxiways Taxiway is the connecting pavement which is provided between the runways and aprons Minimum circling radius: Defines the minimum distance between 2 near by airports For larger aircrafts it will be in kms hence more distance is required between 2 airports Adjustments of timings of landing and takeoff Airport capacity(decrease with increased air circle time) Zoning laws related to height of obstruction
- 43. Speed Reducesjourney time Increase in frequency of operations Improving and broadening the air network system Capacity Processing terminals Passenger and baggage handling facilities Cargo processing Size of apron, special equipments etc.
- 44. Vortices attail ends Hazardous to aircraft Stresses at fuselage and other joints Pressure under wings producing lifts and drags Jet blast Inconvenience to passengers May do harm to airport runways and other components of airport Fuel slippage Badly effects bitumen pavements Causes slip of wheels
- 45. Selection of sitefor airport Air traffic potential Magnitude of passenger and freight traffic expected Adequate access Sufficient airspace Circling radius should be taken care Sufficient land Various facilities, terminal buildings, security systems Atmospheric and meteorological conditions Availability of land for expansion Availability of utilities
- 46. Development ofsurrounding area Ground accessibility Presence of other airports Regional plan Soil characteristics Surrounding obstructions Use of air port
- 47. Atmospheric andmeteorological conditions Visibility Fog, smoke, haze Affected by wind Development of area (industrial) Causes reduction in frequency and hence in capacity handling Wind Direction and intensity Associated topographical features (hills, valley) Windward/leeward side Locating development w.r.t site of airport
- 48. Availability ofland for expansion Future prediction of air traffic Land for parking vehicles, providing facilities Land cost at later stage Availability of land at later stage Availability of utilities Water, power etc., Sewerage, communication etc.
- 49. Development ofsurrounding area Residential or sensitive area Industrial development Height of development Zoning laws Noise pollution Movement of air pollution Birds and hits at engines
- 50. Economy ofconstruction Alternate sites to be examined Availability of local construction material Terrain even or not Problematic areas Water logging areas Reclaimed areas
- 51. Ground accessibility Travel time in air vs on ground Easily approachable using all modes Proximity to areas of trip generation Facilities for private vehicle users Efficient transport system
- 52. Presence ofother airport Traffic volume circling radius Types of air crafts in different airports Type of operating facility Instrumental flight rules, design flight rules Separation distance between radii May cause Accidents, reduction in capacity
- 53. Characteristics ofsoil Strength of soil sub grade Drainage of soil Level of water table and its impact Sub-soil drainage effects Valley side may have flooding Soil with good amount of pervious material like sand or gravel is considered good
- 54. Use ofairport Civil or for military Adaptability for other usage during emergencies Surrounding area obstructions Clear air space for take off and landing High rise buildings not allowed High trees are cleared off Zoning laws are made to take care
- 55. Factors affecting thesize of airport Size of airport Defined by the space for operators, controlling systems, facilities, manpower etc. Controlled by peak aircraft traffic, aircraft characteristics Elevation of airport size above MSL density and air pressure reduces Effects runway requirements, lift, drag etc. Aircraft performance varies altitude, air density, pressure , temperature Meteorological conditions Wind, temperature Effects runway orientation, length and no of runways reqd. Performance characteristics of aircraft Volume of air traffic (peak hour volume, size of aircraft, nature of air traffic, runways, taxiways etc.,)