The application architeture is design by the application developer and dictates hoow the application is structured over the various end systems. List four predominant architectural paradigms used in modern network applications? Solution a) The predominant architectural paradigms are: 1)Client-Server architecture 2)P2P architecture 3)Hybrid arcitecture. Characteristics: Client-Server architecture: 1)There is an always-on host, called the \"server\", whichservices requests from many other hosts, called \"clients\". 2)The client-server architecture, clients do not directlycommunicate with each other. 3)Another characteristic of the client-server architecture isthat the server has a fixed, well known address, called an IPaddress, because the server has a fixed, well-known addressand the server is always on, then a client canalways contact the server by sending a packet to the server\'saddress 4)Application services that are based on the client-serverarchitecture are oftern infrastructure intensive, since theyrequire the service providers to purchase, install, and maintainserver farms. 5)The popular services in client-server architectures such assearch engines(e.g.,Google), Internet commerce (e.g.,Amazon ande-bay) and web based e-mail( e.g, Yahoo mail) etc. P2P architecture: 1)There is minimal(or no) reliance on always-on infrastructureservers. Instead the application exploits direct communicationbetween pairs of intermittently connected hoasts, calledpeers. 2)The most compelling features of P2P architectures is theirself-scalability. 3)P2P architectures are also cost effective, since theynormally don\'t require significant server infrastructure and serverbandwidth. 4)The features of P2P applications are ISP friendly,securityand incentives. 5)Most popular and traffic-intensive applications are based onP2P architectures. It\'s include file distribution (e.g.BitTorrent), file sharing(e.g. eMule and Lime Wire) and Internettelephony (e.g.,Skype).etc. Hybrid architecture: The combining both client-server and P2P elements. Forexample, for many instant messaging applications, servers are usedto track the IP addresses of users, but user-to-user messages aresent directly between user hosts (without passing throughintermediate servers)..

1. The application architeture is design by the application developer and dictates hoow the
application is structured over the various end systems. List four predominant architectural
paradigms used in modern network applications?
Solution
a)
The predominant architectural paradigms are:
1)Client-Server architecture
2)P2P architecture
3)Hybrid arcitecture.
Characteristics:
Client-Server architecture:
1)There is an always-on host, called the "server", whichservices requests from many other
hosts, called "clients".
2)The client-server architecture, clients do not directlycommunicate with each other.
3)Another characteristic of the client-server architecture isthat the server has a fixed, well known
address, called an IPaddress, because the server has a fixed, well-known addressand the server is
always on, then a client canalways contact the server by sending a packet to the server'saddress
4)Application services that are based on the client-serverarchitecture are oftern infrastructure
intensive, since theyrequire the service providers to purchase, install, and maintainserver farms.
5)The popular services in client-server architectures such assearch engines(e.g.,Google), Internet
commerce (e.g.,Amazon ande-bay) and web based e-mail( e.g, Yahoo mail) etc.
P2P architecture:
1)There is minimal(or no) reliance on always-on infrastructureservers. Instead the application
exploits direct communicationbetween pairs of intermittently connected hoasts, calledpeers.
2)The most compelling features of P2P architectures is theirself-scalability.
3)P2P architectures are also cost effective, since theynormally don't require significant server
infrastructure and serverbandwidth.
4)The features of P2P applications are ISP friendly,securityand incentives.
5)Most popular and traffic-intensive applications are based onP2P architectures. It's include file
distribution (e.g.BitTorrent), file sharing(e.g. eMule and Lime Wire) and Internettelephony
(e.g.,Skype).etc.
Hybrid architecture:
The combining both client-server and P2P elements. Forexample, for many instant messaging

2. applications, servers are usedto track the IP addresses of users, but user-to-user messages aresent
directly between user hosts (without passing throughintermediate servers).