How is a cell membrane selectively permeable - what permeates and.pdf
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How is a cell membrane selectively permeable - what permeates and what does not? How is a dialysis membrane selectively permeable - what Dermeates and what does not? Solution The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable as it allow some substances to enter through while limiting the passage of others. Three ways in which the cell membrane controls the movement of substances is diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport. The cell membrane, or plasma membrane has lipid bilayer with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and their hydrophilic heads in the exterior and interior of the cell membrane. With diffusion, substances such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide flow from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration. In facilitated diffusion, ions and large molecules pass thru a membrane down their concentration gradients. Active transport require energy to power the pumps that pass substances from one side of the membrane to the other in opposition to their concentration gradients. For example, the sodium- potassium pump pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell using the ATP. This dialysis membrane is selectively permeable regenerated cellulose used to illustrate the principles of osmosis and diffusion. Pores within the membrane allow the passage of water, most ions, and small molecules. High molecular weight debris along with starch, polysaccharides, fats and protein are limited..
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1.Define the term selectivity permeable2. A. Name 3 types of p.pdf
1.Define the term selectivity permeable
2. A. Name 3 types of passive transport
B. Does passive transport require cellular energy (e.g ATP) in order to occur
3.Define diffusion
4. A.Why does cell require substances to diffuse across the plasma membrane?
B. Give 2 examples of substances that must diffuse across the plasma membrane.
5. A. Name 5 factors that can affect diffusion across the plasma membrane
B. Which molecule would cross the cell membrane more easily- O2 (molecular oxygen) or
sodium ions? Why? Pre-Lab: Read the Introduction to this lab below. Complete the Pre-Lab
Questions to be turned in at the beginning of your next lab. Living organisms and cells are
constantly exchanging materials with their surroundings in order to stay alive. We take in food
molecules for energy and building materials for our tissues and organs and eliminate waste. We
take in oxygen when we breathe in and eliminate the waste product carbon dioxide when we
breathe out. The cells of our body are surrounded by bodily fluids, which are mostly water but
also contain many different molecules. So, the cell, like our bodies, must control or regulate what
goes in and out. Cells do that by controlling what crosses the cell or plasma membrane. In other
words, the plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Once the plasma membrane, they must
move through the cytoplasm rapidly enough to allow the cell to function. There are a number of
different ways that molecules can cross the selectively permeable plasma membrane, based on
the size and the chemical nature of the molecules. Some molecules move by a process called
passive transport. Remember that all molecules are constantly moving and the direction of this
movement is random; this molecular movement is referred to as Brownian motion. In passive
transport, molecules move from high concentration to low concentration
Solution
1. Selective permeable mean that a membrane allows only specific molecules to pass through it
and do not let others to pass. This can be through active or passive transport.
2. A. Passive transport includes transfer of molecules through the cell membrane without the
need of energy. This includes : Osmosis, Diffusion and Facilitated diffusion.
B. Passive transport does not require energy as it is down the concentration gradient..
Cell d pharma 1st year Human anatomy and physiology
D pharma
Human anatomy ad physiology
Cell chapter
1. Compare the 3 ways in which water and smaller solutes can be tran.pdf
1. Compare the 3 ways in which water and smaller solutes can be transported across the cell
membrane. How is this different from bulk transport?
2. Describe how hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions affect water balance in cells.
3. What are the two forces directing movement of ions across a membrane?
4. Explain how an electrochemical gradient can facilitate coupled transport.
5. Explain how large particles and molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides cross the
plasma membrane.
Solution
The three ways in which water and smaller molecules can be transported across the cell
membrane are,
1). Simple diffusion is a process of passive transport in which molecules diffuse down their
concentration gradient. Diffusion of molecules mainly depends on the lipid solubility and their
size and polarity.
Small molecules such as water, gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions such as hydrogen
ions, etc. can pass through the cell membranes and membranes of cellular organelles by means of
simple diffusion.
2). Facilitated diffusion: Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules
using the membrane bound proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into
and out of the cell, which are otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to
the carrier molecule present on the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is
facilitated by insulin.
3). Active transport: Active transport needs energy, and it help to move ions against their
concentration gradients. The concentration of some of the ions is more inside the cell and some
is more outside the cell. For example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell.
Still, the sodium ions move from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of
active transport.
Bulk transport:
It is the transport of macromolecules into and out of the cell by to processes known as
Exocytosis or endocytosis. It involves the action of transport vesicles. Eg: Bulk transport of
proteins..
Biochemistry of Cell Membrane.pptx
The plasma membrane, which is also called the cell membrane, has many functions, but the most basic one is to define the borders of the cell and keep the cell functional.
Mechanism of transport of small molecules across membrane.pptx
Some molecules can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane while others cannot , so they require certain mechanisms for their transport which will be discussed in the following sections.
In this chapter, we consider how cell membranes control the traffic of inorganic ions and small, water-soluble molecules into and out of the cell and its membrane-enclosed organelles.
Recommended
1.Define the term selectivity permeable2. A. Name 3 types of p.pdf
1.Define the term selectivity permeable
2. A. Name 3 types of passive transport
B. Does passive transport require cellular energy (e.g ATP) in order to occur
3.Define diffusion
4. A.Why does cell require substances to diffuse across the plasma membrane?
B. Give 2 examples of substances that must diffuse across the plasma membrane.
5. A. Name 5 factors that can affect diffusion across the plasma membrane
B. Which molecule would cross the cell membrane more easily- O2 (molecular oxygen) or
sodium ions? Why? Pre-Lab: Read the Introduction to this lab below. Complete the Pre-Lab
Questions to be turned in at the beginning of your next lab. Living organisms and cells are
constantly exchanging materials with their surroundings in order to stay alive. We take in food
molecules for energy and building materials for our tissues and organs and eliminate waste. We
take in oxygen when we breathe in and eliminate the waste product carbon dioxide when we
breathe out. The cells of our body are surrounded by bodily fluids, which are mostly water but
also contain many different molecules. So, the cell, like our bodies, must control or regulate what
goes in and out. Cells do that by controlling what crosses the cell or plasma membrane. In other
words, the plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Once the plasma membrane, they must
move through the cytoplasm rapidly enough to allow the cell to function. There are a number of
different ways that molecules can cross the selectively permeable plasma membrane, based on
the size and the chemical nature of the molecules. Some molecules move by a process called
passive transport. Remember that all molecules are constantly moving and the direction of this
movement is random; this molecular movement is referred to as Brownian motion. In passive
transport, molecules move from high concentration to low concentration
Solution
1. Selective permeable mean that a membrane allows only specific molecules to pass through it
and do not let others to pass. This can be through active or passive transport.
2. A. Passive transport includes transfer of molecules through the cell membrane without the
need of energy. This includes : Osmosis, Diffusion and Facilitated diffusion.
B. Passive transport does not require energy as it is down the concentration gradient..
Cell d pharma 1st year Human anatomy and physiology
D pharma
Human anatomy ad physiology
Cell chapter
1. Compare the 3 ways in which water and smaller solutes can be tran.pdf
1. Compare the 3 ways in which water and smaller solutes can be transported across the cell
membrane. How is this different from bulk transport?
2. Describe how hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions affect water balance in cells.
3. What are the two forces directing movement of ions across a membrane?
4. Explain how an electrochemical gradient can facilitate coupled transport.
5. Explain how large particles and molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides cross the
plasma membrane.
Solution
The three ways in which water and smaller molecules can be transported across the cell
membrane are,
1). Simple diffusion is a process of passive transport in which molecules diffuse down their
concentration gradient. Diffusion of molecules mainly depends on the lipid solubility and their
size and polarity.
Small molecules such as water, gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions such as hydrogen
ions, etc. can pass through the cell membranes and membranes of cellular organelles by means of
simple diffusion.
2). Facilitated diffusion: Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules
using the membrane bound proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into
and out of the cell, which are otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to
the carrier molecule present on the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is
facilitated by insulin.
3). Active transport: Active transport needs energy, and it help to move ions against their
concentration gradients. The concentration of some of the ions is more inside the cell and some
is more outside the cell. For example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell.
Still, the sodium ions move from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of
active transport.
Bulk transport:
It is the transport of macromolecules into and out of the cell by to processes known as
Exocytosis or endocytosis. It involves the action of transport vesicles. Eg: Bulk transport of
proteins..
Biochemistry of Cell Membrane.pptx
The plasma membrane, which is also called the cell membrane, has many functions, but the most basic one is to define the borders of the cell and keep the cell functional.
Mechanism of transport of small molecules across membrane.pptx
Some molecules can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane while others cannot , so they require certain mechanisms for their transport which will be discussed in the following sections.
In this chapter, we consider how cell membranes control the traffic of inorganic ions and small, water-soluble molecules into and out of the cell and its membrane-enclosed organelles.
Unit 2-plasma membrane and membrane transport
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》MEMBRANE CHANNELS AND PUMPS
1) INTRODUCTION:
2) MEMBRANE (COMPOSITION,STRUCTURE,SIGNIFICANCE )
3) TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE (SIMPLE DIFFUSION,
PASSIVE,ACTIVE)
4) MEMBRANE CHANNELS AND TYPES
5) MEMBRANE PUMP AND TYPES
6) COTRANSPORT: ●UNIPORT
●SYMPORT
●ANTIPORT
7) BULK TRANSPORT:●EXOCYTOSIS
●ENDOSMOSIS
●PINOCYTOSIS
SUMMERY
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What are the products of the secondary metabolism in plants? Terpenoids; Phenolic agents;
Flavonoids; Secondary metabolites; Nutraceuticals.
Solution
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Which of the following is incorrect about emergent propertiesA. T.pdf
Which of the following is incorrect about emergent properties?
A. They can be inferred just by studying the individual parts.
B. They emerge as individual components organized into complex systems.
C. They result from the way in which individual components interact.
D. They are in part responsible for the complexity of living systems.
Solution
A. They can be inferred just by studying the individual parts. -----> FALSE
B. They emerge as individual components organised into complex systems. ----> TRUE
C. They result from the way in which individual components interact. ------> TRUE
D. They are in part responsible for the complexity of living systems. ---> TRUE
Emergence is a phenomenon in which the complex entities are formed by the interactions among
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It gives in detail about cellular transport, different mechanism , types and classification for same.
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》MEMBRANE CHANNELS AND PUMPS
1) INTRODUCTION:
2) MEMBRANE (COMPOSITION,STRUCTURE,SIGNIFICANCE )
3) TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE (SIMPLE DIFFUSION,
PASSIVE,ACTIVE)
4) MEMBRANE CHANNELS AND TYPES
5) MEMBRANE PUMP AND TYPES
6) COTRANSPORT: ●UNIPORT
●SYMPORT
●ANTIPORT
7) BULK TRANSPORT:●EXOCYTOSIS
●ENDOSMOSIS
●PINOCYTOSIS
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Transport Across Membranes
A cell is in similitude with a fenced house that has a gate. The cell membrane serves to a cell what function does to a house. Just like a gate allows for passage to and fro the house, the cell membrane has adaptions that allow communication between the internal environment with the external environment.
PHYSIOLOGY OF CELL TRANSPORT.pptx
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a)
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Suppose a company’s ROE is 16%. This company’s payout ratio is 40%. The required rate of
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theory.
This theory is support Darwin s view on transmission acquired characters to next generation. But
all acquired characters do not pass to next generation only useful character transmite to next
generation.
It supports the natural selection theory too.
Points support Darwin theory-
1)Naturally selected animals are able to reproduce and transmit Acquired character to next
generation.
2)Survival of fittest
3) acquired characters transfer through genetic material.
Points of psuedo Darwinian theory not support Darwin theory-
1) All acquired characters do not transmit to next generation only useful character transmite.
2) Genes for the useful character can transfer trait if present in genital pole.
3)Human races are separate species which is rejected by Darwin.
4) Language evolve from speachless pre human.which is not mentioned in Darwin theory.
Answer 2)
E) The vertibrate lineage has a longer evolutionary history.
Vertibrates evolve from their ancestors contain large number of genes and thus large size of
genome because throughout the evolutionary period many characters are acquired in terms of
separate gene. More gene results in more complex structure ..
Please research Meaningful Use. Prepare a brief report on its origin.pdf
Please research Meaningful Use. Prepare a brief report on its origin, its purpose, how it is
conducted, etc. Please make sure you understand and explain the three different stages.
Solution
Meaningful Use(MU)
Purpose: The concept of meaningful use rested on the \'5 pillars\' of health outcomes policy
priorities, namely:
->Improving quality, safety, efficiency, and reducing health disparities
->Engage patients and families in their health
->Improve care coordination
->Improve population and public health
->Ensure adequate privacy and security protection for personal health information
Origin:
The American Reinvestment & Recovery Act (ARRA) was enacted on February 17, 2009.
ARRA includes many measures to modernize our nation\'s infrastructure,
one of which is the \"Health Information Technology for Economic and
Clinical Health (HITECH) Act\". The HITECH Act supports the concept of
electronic health records - meaningful use [EHR-MU], an effort led by
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS ) and the Office of the
National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC). HITECH proposes the meaningful
use of interoperable electronic health records throughout the United States
health care delivery system as a critical national goal. Meaningful Use is
defined by the use of certified EHR technology in a meaningful manner
(for example electronic prescribing); ensuring that the certified EHR
technology is connected in a manner that provides for the electronic
exchange of health information to improve the quality of care; and that
in using certified EHR technology the provider must submit to the Secretary
of Health & Human Services (HHS) information on quality of care and other measures.
How its conducted:
As in order to encourage widespread EHR adoption, promote innovation and to avoid
imposing excessive burden on healthcare providers, meaningful use was showcased
as a phased approach, which is divided into three stages which span 2011
(data capture and sharing), 2013 (advanced clinical processes) and 2015
(improved outcomes). The incentive payments range from $44,000 over 5 years
for the Medicare providers and $63,750 over 6 years for Medicaid providers
(starting in 2011). Participation in the CMS EHR incentive program is totally
voluntary, however if EPs or EHs fail to join in by 2015, there will be negative
adjustments to their Medicare/Medicaid fees starting at 1% reduction and escalating
to 3% reduction by 2017 and beyond.
The CDC currently offers several types of technical assistance to state and
local health departments related to Meaningful Use, including:
->Meaningful Use Public Health Technical Assistance Team - To request assistance
from this team, email meaningfuluse@cdc.gov with “Request for Technical Assistance”
in the Subject line.The CDC National Program of Cancer Registries provides support
and tools for cancer registries. For more info visit its official website
->The CDC Immunization Information Systems Support Branch (IISSB) provides technic.
Mention the major difference in the physical phenomena occurring rel.pdf
Mention the major difference in the physical phenomena occurring related to heat transfer in
external flow as opposed to internal flow.
Solution
Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. The rate ofheat
transfer is dependent on the temperatures of the systems and the properties of the intervening
medium through which the heat is transferred. The three fundamental modes of heat transfer are
conduction, convection and radiation.
On a microscopic scale, heat conduction occurs as hot, rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and
molecules interact with neighboring atoms and molecules, transferring some of their energy
(heat) to these neighboring particles. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when
adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as electrons move from one atom to another.
Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer within a solid or between solid objects
in thermal contact. Fluids—especially gases—are less conductive.Thermal contact conductance
is the study of heat conduction between solid bodies in contact.
Convection
The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by
buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume),
thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called \"natural convection\". All
convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. Another form of convection is
forced convection. In this case the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan or other
mechanical means.
Convective heat transfer, or convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the
movement of fluids, a process that is essentially the transfer of heat via mass transfer. Bulk
motion of fluid enhances heat transfer in many physical situations, such as (for example)
between a solid surface and the fluid. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in
liquids and gases.
In a body of fluid that is heated from underneath its container, conduction and convection can be
considered to compete for dominance. If heat conduction is too great, fluid moving down by
convection is heated by conduction so fast that its downward movement will be stopped due to
its buoyancy, while fluid moving up by convection is cooled by conduction so fast that its
driving buoyancy will diminish. On the other hand, if heat conduction is very low, a large
temperature gradient may be formed and convection might be very strong..
My code is not matching up with the results.The output for the cod.pdf
My code is not matching up with the results.
The output for the code should be:
>>> Test Teacher class
Teacher: Paul Tan(8 sunset way)
IM101 added.
IM102 added.
IM101 cannot be added.
IM101 removed.
IM101 removed.
IM102 removed.
IM102 cannot be removed.
Person class:
public class Person {
private String name;
private String address;
public Person(String name, String address) {
this.name = name;
this.address = address;
}
public Person(String address){
this.address = address;
}
public String getName(){
return name;
}
public String getAddress(){
return address;
}
public void setAddress(String address){
this.address = address;
}
public String toString() {
return name + \"(\" + address + \")\";
}
}
Teacher sub class
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Teacher extends Person {
private int numCourses = 0;
private ArrayList courses = new ArrayList();
public Teacher(String name, String address){
super(name,address);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return \"Teacher: \" + super.toString();
}
public boolean addCourse (String course){
for (int i = 0; i < numCourses; i++) {
if (courses.get(i).equals(course))
return false;
}
courses.add(course);
numCourses++;
return true;
}
public boolean removeCourse (String course){
boolean found = false;
int courseIndex = -1;
for (int j = 0; j < numCourses; j++) {
if (courses.get(j).equals(course)) {
courseIndex = j;
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (found) {
for (int k = courseIndex; k < numCourses-1; k++) {
courses.get(k+1);
}
numCourses--;
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
}
Person Launcer
System.out.println(\"\ \");
System.out.println(\">>> Test Teacher class\");
Teacher tch = new Teacher (\"Paul Tan\", \"8 sunset way\");
System.out.println(tch);
String[] courses = {\"IM101\", \"IM102\", \"IM101\"};
for (String course: courses) {
if (tch.addCourse(course)) {
System.out.println(course + \" added.\");
} else {
System.out.println(course + \" cannot be added.\");
}
}
for (String course: courses) {
if (tch.removeCourse(course)) {
System.out.println(course + \" removed.\");
} else {
System.out.println(course + \" cannot be removed.\");
}
}
System.out.println(\"\ \");
Solution
// edit the below method like this :
public boolean removeCourse (String course){
boolean found = false;
int courseIndex = -1;
for (int j = 0; j < numCourses; j++) {
if (courses.get(j).equals(course)) {
courseIndex = j;
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (found) {
courses.remove(course);
numCourses--;
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}.
Logical FallociesP1 All college students have pet monkeys.P2 J.pdf
Logical Fallocies
P1: All college students have pet monkeys.
P2: Janice is a college student.
C: Janice has a pet monkey.
Valid and Sound
Valid but not Sound
Not Valid, but Sound
Not Valid, Not Sound.
The answer Valid and Sound was found the be the wrong answer. Please give correct answer.
and reason why.
Solution
Based on the premise that all college students have pet monkeys , as Janice is a college student,
must have a pet monkey is valid , but it is unlikely , so the correct answer is VALID BUT NOT
SOUND..
IP Security One problem with Internet protocol (IP) is that it has.pdf
IP Security
One problem with Internet protocol (IP) is that it has no method for confirming the authenticity
and security of data as it moves through the net. IP datagrams are typically routed between
devices over disparate networks; as a result, information within these datagrams could be
intercepted and altered. As use of the Internet for critical applications has increased, the need for
enhancements to IP security became necessary. As a result, the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) created a set of protocols called IP Security, or IPsec, to support the secure exchange of
packets over the Internet. IPsec is now a mandatory component of IPv6 and must be supported
for any IPv6 implementation. IPsec is implemented in IPv6 using the authentication header (AH)
and the encapsulating security payload (ESP) extension header.
Answer the following questions in a 3- to 4-page, APA-formatted paper:
1 What is IPsec, and why is it necessary? How is IPsec used in VPN?
2 Which network layer currently suffers from attacks, and why? At which layers of the
network stack architecture should a solution be attempted? Provide details.
3 How is IP security achieved? What is the basic authentication scheme? Which mechanisms
are used? What are some of the application venues of IPsec?
4 How is a VPN implemented on a server so that its clients can connect to it?
Remember to properly cite your sources according to APA guidelines.
Solution
IPSec
IPsec also known as IP Security.Internet Protocol Security is a framework for a set of protocols
that provide security for internet protocol. It can use cryptography to provide security. IPsec
support network level data integrity, data confidentiality. As it is integrated at the internet layer
(i.e. layer 3), it provides security for all the protocols in the TCP/IP. IPsec applied transparently
to the applications, there is no need to configure separate security for each application the uses
TCP/IP.
IPsec provides security for
IPsec provides two choices of security service: Authentication Header (AH), which essentially
allows authentication of the sender of data, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), which
supports both authentication of the sender and encryption of data as well. The specific
information associated with each of these services is inserted into the packet in a header that
follows the IP packet header. Separate key protocols can be selected, such as the
ISAKMP/Oakley protocol.
IPsec is necessary for
Earlier security approaches have inserted security at the Application layer of the communications
model. IPsec is said to be especially useful for implementing virtual private networks and for
remote user access through dial-up connection to private networks. A big advantage of IPsec is
that security arrangements can be handled without requiring changes to individual user
computers. Cisco has been a leader in proposing IPsec as a standard (or combination of standards
and technologies) and has included support fo.
Genmo CorporationOn the night of February 27, 2012, certain recor.pdf
Genmo Corporation*
On the night of February 27, 2012, certain records of the Genmo Corporation were accidentally
destroyed by fire. Two days after that the principal owner had an appointment with an investor to
discuss the possible sale of the company. The owner needed as much information as could be
gathered for this purpose, recognizing that over a longer period of time a more complete
reconstruction would be possible.
On the morning of February 28, the following were available: (1) A balance sheet as of
December 31, 2010, and an income statement for 2010 (Exhibit 1) and (2) certain fragmentary
data and ratios that had been calculated from the current financial statements (Exhibit 2). The
statements themselves had been destroyed in the fire. (In ratios involving balance sheet amounts,
Genmo used yearend amounts rather than an average.) And (3) the following data (in thousands):
2011 revenues.............................................................. $10,281
Current liabilities, December 31, 2011 ......................... 2,285
EXHIBIT 1 Genmo Corporation Financial Statements
(thousands of dollars)
BALANCE SHEET
As of December 31, 2010
Assets
Current assets: Cash................................................................ $ 18
Marketable securities..................................... 494
Accounts receivable...................................... 728
Inventories...................................................... 972
Prepaid expenses........................................... 214
Total current assets..................................... 2,426
Investments……………………………………………. 898
Real estate, plant, and equipment........................... $4,727
Less: Accumulated depreciation..................... 2,433 2,294
Special tools............................................................. 171
Goodwill................................................................... 594
Total assets.............................................................. $6,383
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Current liabilities: Accounts payable............................................. $ 732
Loans payable.................................................. 266
Accrued liabilities.............................................. 1,232
Total current liabilities............................. 2,230
Long-term debt.......................................................... 250
Other noncurrent liabilities......................................... 951
Total liabilities............................................................ 3,431
Shareholders’ equity: Preferred stock................................................. 25
Common stock................................................. 54
Additional paid-in capital.................................. 667
Retained earnings............................................ 2,206
Total shareholders’ equity....................... 2,952
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity.................... $6,383
Income Statement, 2010
Total revenu.
In the formula for determining a populations genotype frequencies, .pdf
In the formula for determining a population\'s genotype frequencies, the pq in the term 2pq is
necessary because the population is diploid. heterozygotes can come about in two ways. the
population is doubling in number. heterozygotes have two alleles. What is the founder effect? a
selection of the best-suited traits for the environment a series of chance events that change allele
frequency when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, and their gene pool
differs from that source population a sudden change in the environment that reduces the size of
the population Which of the following activities occurs first in order to begin speciation? single
gene change formation of mechanical barrier to reproduction postzygotic hybrid sterility in
Drosophila interruption of gene flow between two populations A genetic change that caused a
certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back
helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of the
influence of environment on development. paedomorphosis. A change in a developmental gene
or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts. heterochrony. Which of
the following statements about dinoflagellates is true? They possess two flagella. All known
varieties are autotrophic. Their walls are usually composed of silica plates. Many types lack
mitochondria. Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor and are mined to serve as a filtering
material.
Solution
Ans. 6: pq in the term 2pq is necessary because heterozygoted have two alleles, hence option D
is correct.
Ans. 7: Founder\'s effect is when few individuals separate from large population and their gene
pool differs from source population. Hence option C is correct.
Ans. 8: interruption of gene flow between two population is first step for speciation hence option
D is correct.
Ans. 9: the given process is best explained by option C.
Ans. 10: option E is more correct amongst the given options..
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